NOVEL APPLICATIONS OF THE UWB TECHNOLOGIES Edited by Boris I. Lembrikov Novel Applications of the UWB Technologies Edited by Boris I. Lembrikov Published by InTech Janeza Trdine 9, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia Copyright © 2011 InTech All chapters are Open Access articles distributed under the Creative Commons Non Commercial Share Alike Attribution 3.0 license, which permits to copy, distribute, transmit, and adapt the work in any medium, so long as the original work is properly cited. After this work has been published by InTech, authors have the right to republish it, in whole or part, in any publication of which they are the author, and to make other personal use of the work. Any republication, referencing or personal use of the work must explicitly identify the original source. Statements and opinions expressed in the chapters are these of the individual contributors and not necessarily those of the editors or publisher. No responsibility is accepted for the accuracy of information contained in the published articles. The publisher assumes no responsibility for any damage or injury to persons or property arising out of the use of any materials, instructions, methods or ideas contained in the book. Publishing Process Manager Viktorija Zgela Technical Editor Teodora Smiljanic Cover Designer Jan Hyrat Image Copyright Sura Nualpradid, 2010. Used under license from Shutterstock.com First published July, 2011 Printed in Croatia A free online edition of this book is available at www.intechopen.com Additional hard copies can be obtained from orders@intechweb.org Novel Applications of the UWB Technologies, Edited by Boris I. Lembrikov p. cm. 978-953-307-324-8 free online editions of InTech Books and Journals can be found at www.intechopen.com Contents Preface IX Part 1 General Aspects of UWB Communication Systems 1 Chapter 1 Multiband OFDM Modulation and Demodulation for Ultra Wideband Communications 3 Runfeng Yang and R. Simon Sherratt Chapter 2 Orthogonal Pulse-Based Modulation Schemes for Time Hopping Ultra Wideband Radio Systems 31 Sudhan Majhi and Youssef Nasser Chapter 3 A 0.13um CMOS 6-9GHz 9-Bands Double-Carrier OFDM Transceiver for Ultra Wideband Applications 59 Li Wei, Chen Yunfeng, Gao Ting, Zhou Feng, Chen Danfeng, Fu Haipeng and Cai Deyun Chapter 4 Implementation-Aware System-Level Simulations for IR-UWB Receivers: Approach and Design Methodology 79 Marco Crepaldi, Ilze Aulika and Danilo Demarchi Chapter 5 Time-Hopping Correlation Property and Its Effects on THSS-UWB System 97 Zhenyu Zhang, Fanxin Zeng, Lijia Ge and Guixin Xuan Chapter 6 Fine Synchronization in UWB Ad-Hoc Environments 123 Moez Hizem and Ridha Bouallegue Part 2 Novel UWB Applications in Networks 141 Chapter 7 High-Speed Wireless Personal Area Networks: An Application of UWB Technologies 143 H. K. Lau Chapter 8 UWB Technology for WSN Applications 159 Anwarul Azim, M. A Matin, Asaduzzaman and Nowshad Amin VI Contents Chapter 9 Green Femtocell Based on UWB Technologies 175 Moshe Ran and Yossef Ben Ezra Chapter 10 A Telematics System Using In-Vehicle UWB Communications 195 I.J. Garcia Zuazola, J.M.H. Elmirghani and J.C. Batchelor Part 3 Novel UWB Applications in Cognitive Radio Systems 209 Chapter 11 UWB Cognitive Radios 211 Sithamparanathan Kandeepan, Gianmarco Baldini and Radoslaw Piesiewicz Chapter 12 Detection and Avoidance Scheme for DS-UWB System: A Step Towards Cognitive Radio 237 Shaoyi Xu and Rumin Yang Chapter 13 Performance Analysis of Spectrum Management Technique by Using Cognitive Radio 263 Keisuke Sodeyama and Ryuji Kohno Part 4 Novel UWB Applications in Medicine 273 Chapter 14 The Future of Ultra Wideband Systems in Medicine: Orthopedic Surgical Navigation 275 Mohamed Mahfouz, Michael Kuhn and Gary To Chapter 15 Ultra-Wideband Pulse-Based Microwave Imaging for Breast Cancer Detection: Experimental Issues and Compensations 317 Joshua C. Y. Lai, Cheong Boon Soh, Kay Soon Low and Erry Gunawan Chapter 16 Frequency Domain Skin Artifact Removal Method for Ultra-Wideband Breast Cancer Detection 337 Arash Maskooki, Cheong Boon Soh, Erry Gunawan and Kay Soon Low Part 5 Novel UWB Application in Radars and Localization Systems 357 Chapter 17 Full-Wave Modelling of Ground-Penetrating Radars: Antenna Mutual Coupling Phenomena and Sub-Surface Scattering Processes 359 Diego Caratelli and Alexander Yarovoy Contents VII Chapter 18 Impact of Ultra Wide Band Emission on Next Generation Weather RADAR and the Downlink of UMTS2600 381 Bazil Taha Ahmed and Miguel Calvo Ramon Chapter 19 High-Precision Time-of-Arrival Estimation for UWB Localizers in Indoor Multipath Channels 397 Marzieh Dashti, Mir Ghoraishi, Katsuyuki Haneda and Jun-ichi Takada Chapter 20 Novel Mechanisms for Location-Tracking Systems 423 Giuseppe Destino and Giuseppe Abreu Preface Ultra wideband (UWB) communication systems are characterized by high data rates, low cost, multipath immunity, and low power transmission. They are widely used in wireless communications, networking, radar, imaging, and positioning systems. In 2002, the Federal Communication Commission (FCC) legalized low power UWB emission between 3.1 GHz and 10.6 GHz for indoor communication devices stimulating many novel UWB applications such as personal area networks (PANs), accurate tracking and location, safety and homeland security. Since then, UWB technologies attracted a great research and practical interest. In recent years, UWB technologies have been rapidly developing. The number of scientific articles concerning different aspects of UWB technologies is enormous and hardly observable. For this reason, it is important to present to the UWB community an adequate review of novel UWB technology applications. We have tried our best in order to provide such a review in the proposed book Novel Applications of the UWB Technologies. The book is divided into five parts concerning the UWB communication systems, and UWB applications in PANs, medicine, radars and localization systems. Part 1, General Aspects of UWB Communication Systems, includes chapters 1 - 6 describing the general problems of UWB communication systems such as modulation formats, transmitter and receiver architecture, UWB communication system performance. Part 2, Novel UWB Applications in Networks, includes chapters 7 - 10 related to novel UWB applications in wireless personal area networks (WPANs), wireless sensor networks (WSNs), femtocells, and vehicles. Part 3, Novel UWB Applications in Cognitive Radio Systems, consists of chapters 11 - 13 where the problems of UWB cognitive radio are considered. Part 4, Novel UWB Applications in Medicine, includes chapters 14 - 16 where the novel UWB technology applications in medicine are presented. Finally, part 5, Novel UWB Application in Radars and Localization Systems, consists of chapters 17 - 20 and describes the UWB radar and localization problems. X Preface Consider briefly the outline of the chapters. In Chapter 1, the multiband orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (MB-OFDM) modulation and demodulation are considered. In order to optimize the UWB system performance the authors proposed a cost-effective and high performance modulation scheme based on quadrature phase shift keying (QPSK) and dual carrier modulation (DCM). In Chapter 2, the time hopping (TH)-UWB system model based on orthogonal pulse waveform is presented. The chapter contains a detailed analysis of the pulse based modulation schemes over multipath channel and power spectral density (PSD) for pulse shape modulation (PSM), bi-orthogonal PSM (BPSM), and combined modulation scheme of orthogonal pulse position modulation (OPPM)-BPSM. In Chapter 3, a fully integrated CMOS 6-9 GHz 9 bands transceiver for double carrier (DC) OFDM UWB system realized on the chip is described in detail. It is shown in particular that 9 carrier frequencies from 6336 MHz up to 8712 MHz with a frequency gap of 264 MHz are available. In Chapter 4, a novel simulation methodology of impulse radio (IR) UWB energy detection receiver has been developed. In Chapter 5, the correlation properties of the time-hopping (TH) sequences for TH spread spectrum (THSS) UWB systems are analyzed. The theory of TH sequences is developed and a method to improve TH sequences correlation properties is proposed. In Chapter 6, the problem of UWB system performance in single-user and multi-user environments is discussed. A fine synchronization algorithm for pulse amplitude modulation (PAM) and pulse position modulation (PPM) UWB signals with a spread spectrum involving TH is proposed. In Chapter 7, a comprehensive review of the latest developments in the field of high- speed WPANs is provided. UWB technology is especially promising for WPAN applications due to high bandwidth and small communication ranges. In Chapter 8, the UWB technology applications in WSNs are analyzed. UWB technology manifests high robustness to interference and provides low complexity and low energy consumption receivers and transmitters for WSNs. In Chapter 9, a novel concept of the fourth generation femtocell is proposed. The system is based on a recently developed UWB-radio-over-optical-fiber (UROOF) technology. It is characterized as a green femtocell since its energy consumption is significantly lower as compared to wireless systems. In Chapter 10, a novel interesting application of UWB technology is described that combines the advantages of the low cost radio-over-fiber (RoF) links and wireless [...]... b[g(k) +1] , b[g(k)+50], b[g(k)+ 51]  0 011   3  1  10 11 011 1   11 11 011 0 10 10 11 10 -3 -1 1 3  00 01  0000  -1  -3 010 1 010 0  10 01  10 00 (a) 011 0  0 010  11 01  11 00 b[g(k)], b[g(k) +1] , b[g(k)+50], b[g(k)+ 51]   y I (k )  3  1 111 0  0 010   10 10  010 0 11 00 0000 10 00 -3 -1 1 3  011 1  010 1  -1  -3 11 01  0 011 11 11  00 01 y I ( k 50)  10 11  10 01 (b) Fig 12 DCM constellation mapping (ECMA,... 0, 1 99; Sn is the reference signal for one of the four constellation points Then the soft value of Ymk and Ysk is used after deciding the Euclidean distance, as the following: Soft( b2 k )  Re(Ymk ) Soft( b2 k  1 )  Im(Ymk ), if ( dm  ds ) (8) Soft(b2 k )  Re(Ysk ) Soft(b2 k  1 )  Im(Ysk ), (9) Q(k) if ( ds  dm ) Q(k) Ymk dm  1 -1  00  Sn  1 -1  10 1  01 11 01 I(k) ds -1 Ysk 1 Sn 11 ... measurement that can be taken, the more reliable the CSI estimation is in the presence of thermal noise offering better decoding result The LS algorithm having low complexity to implement is one of the popular methods for the OFDM based system channel estimation 16 Novel Applications of the UWB Technologies without using any knowledge of the statistics for the channels, as in (17 ) Furthermore, it has been shown... symbol contains 10 0 data subcarriers (Cd[0 99]), 10 guard subcarriers (Cg[0 9]), 12 pilot subcarriers (Cp[0 11 ]) and 6 Null subcarriers The 10 guard 12 Novel Applications of the UWB Technologies subcarriers are aimed at minimizing ISI and are split into 2 sets of 5 carriers each set at either end of the IFFT input data set, and they are the same values as the 5 neighbouring data subcarriers The power can... Figure 12  x g( k )  jx g( k ) 50   (2b g( k )  1)  j(2 bg( k ) 50  1)      x g( k ) 1  jx g( k ) 51  (2b g( k ) 1  1)  j(2 bg( k ) 51  1)      (14 ) 2 1  H   1 2  (15 )  y( k )  1  2 1   x g( k )  jx g ( k ) 50       10  1 2   x g( k ) 1  jx g ( k ) 51     y( k  50)    (16 ) yQ( k 50) yQ (k ) b[g(k)], b[g(k) +1] , b[g(k)+50], b[g(k)+ 51] ... ( k ) b[2k], b[2k +1]  1  01 11 -1 1  -1 00 YI ( k )  10 Fig 5 QPSK constellation mapping ECMA-368 supports TDS and (or) FDS to provide repetition of the same information (complex number) mapping over the OFDM symbols for the slowest 5 out of the 8 coding schemes In conjunction with the FDS approach, 50 QPSK symbols and 50 of their respective conjugate values are mapped onto 10 0 OFDM data subcarriers... processes In Chapter 18 , the effect of the UWB interference on the next generation weather radar has been investigated Different scenarios have been discussed concerning the UWB antenna configurations and the environment influence on the UWB system performance In Chapter 19 , the UWB system applications in indoor ranging/localization are reviewed A novel algorithm for the time -of- arrival (ToA) estimation... can be obtained from the PSD and the operating bandwidth, as in (1) assuming no power loss at the transmitter and 0 dBi transmit antenna gain PTX   41. 25  10 log 10 ( fU  f L ) dBm (1) where - 41. 25 dBm/MHz is the UWB EIRP/MHz, fL = 316 8 MHz is the lower frequency of the operating bandwidth, fU is upper frequency varying from BG1 to BG6 However, BG1 is used for first generation of UWB devices, thus... illustrated in Figure 11 , the proposed system for the 200 Mb/s mode in CM1 has a better performance, while MBOA-SIG quoted 7.4 meters (Multiband OFDM Alliance, 2004) and 6.8 meters from aRenarti semiconductor (aRenarti Semiconductor, 2007) Fig 10 System performance for 200 Mb/s mode in CM1 and CM3 Fig 11 Performance comparison for 200 Mb/s mode in CM1 14 Novel Applications of the UWB Technologies 4 Dual... within the configuration of the current standard increasing system throughput thus maintaining the high rate throughput even with a moderate level of dropped packets 2 MB-OFDM in ECMA-368 2 .1 UWB standardization The fundamental issue of UWB is that the transmitted signal can be spread over an extremely large bandwidth with very low Power Spectral Density (PSD) In early 2002, the 4 Novel Applications of the . and vehicles. Part 3, Novel UWB Applications in Cognitive Radio Systems, consists of chapters 11 - 13 where the problems of UWB cognitive radio are considered. Part 4, Novel UWB Applications. provide such a review in the proposed book Novel Applications of the UWB Technologies. The book is divided into five parts concerning the UWB communication systems, and UWB applications in PANs,. NOVEL APPLICATIONS OF THE UWB TECHNOLOGIES Edited by Boris I. Lembrikov Novel Applications of the UWB Technologies Edited by Boris