SOLAR CELLS – DYE-SENSITIZED DEVICES Edited by Leonid A. Kosyachenko Solar Cells – Dye-Sensitized Devices Edited by Leonid A. Kosyachenko Published by InTech Janeza Trdine 9, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia Copyright © 2011 InTech All chapters are Open Access distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license, which permits to copy, distribute, transmit, and adapt the work in any medium, so long as the original work is properly cited. After this work has been published by InTech, authors have the right to republish it, in whole or part, in any publication of which they are the author, and to make other personal use of the work. Any republication, referencing or personal use of the work must explicitly identify the original source. 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Used under license from Shutterstock.com First published October, 2011 Printed in Croatia A free online edition of this book is available at www.intechopen.com Additional hard copies can be obtained from orders@intechweb.org Solar Cells – Dye-Sensitized Devices, Edited by Leonid A. Kosyachenko p. cm. ISBN 978-953-307-735-2 free online editions of InTech Books and Journals can be found at www.intechopen.com Contents Preface IX Chapter 1 Chasing High Efficiency DSSC by Nano-Structural Surface Engineering at Low Processing Temperature for Titanium Dioxide Electrodes 1 Ying-Hung Chen, Chen-Hon Chen, Shu-Yuan Wu, Chiung-Hsun Chen, Ming-Yi Hsu, Keh-Chang Chen and Ju-Liang He Chapter 2 Investigation of Dyes for Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells: Ruthenium-Complex Dyes, Metal-Free Dyes, Metal-Complex Porphyrin Dyes and Natural Dyes 19 Seigo Ito Chapter 3 Comparative Study of Dye-Sensitized Solar Cell Based on ZnO and TiO 2 Nanostructures 49 Y. Chergui, N. Nehaoua and D. E. Mekki Chapter 4 The Application of Inorganic Nanomaterials in Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells 65 Zhigang Chen, Qiwei Tian, Minghua Tang and Junqing Hu Chapter 5 Fabrication, Doping and Characterization of Polyaniline and Metal Oxides: Dye Sensitized Solar Cells 95 Sadia Ameen, M. Shaheer Akhtar, Young Soon Kim and Hyung-Shik Shin Chapter 6 Dye Sensitized Solar Cells Principles and New Design 131 Yang Jiao, Fan Zhang and Sheng Meng Chapter 7 Physical and Optical Properties of Microscale Meshes of Ti 3 O 5 Nano- and Microfibers Prepared via Annealing of C-Doped TiO 2 Thin Films Aiming at Solar Cell and Photocatalysis Applications 149 N. Stem, E. F. Chinaglia and S. G. dos Santos Filho Chapter 8 Dye Sensitized Solar Cells - Working Principles, Challenges and Opportunities 171 Khalil Ebrahim Jasim VI Contents Chapter 9 Shape Control of Highly Crystallized Titania Nanorods for Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells Based on Formation Mechanism 205 Motonari Adachi, Katsuya Yoshida, Takehiro Kurata, Jun Adachi, Katsumi Tsuchiya, Yasushige Mori and Fumio Uchida Chapter 10 Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells Based on Polymer Electrolytes 223 Mi-Ra Kim, Sung-Hae Park, Ji-Un Kim and Jin-Kook Lee Chapter 11 Development of Dye-Sensitized Solar Cell for High Conversion Efficiency 245 Yongwoo Kim and Deugwoo Lee Chapter 12 Effective Methods for the High Efficiency Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells Based on the Metal Substrates 267 Ho-Gyeong Yun, Byeong-Soo Bae, Yongseok Jun and Man Gu Kang Chapter 13 Dye Solar Cells: Basic and Photon Management Strategies 279 Lorenzo Dominici, Daniele Colonna, Daniele D’Ercole, Girolamo Mincuzzi, Riccardo Riccitelli, Francesco Michelotti, Thomas M. Brown, Andrea Reale and Aldo Di Carlo Chapter 14 Ordered Semiconductor Photoanode Films for Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells Based on Zinc Oxide-Titanium Oxide Hybrid Nanostructures 319 Xiang-Dong Gao, Cai-Lu Wang, Xiao-Yan Gan and Xiao-Min Li Chapter 15 Photo-Induced Electron Transfer from Dye or Quantum Dot to TiO 2 Nanoparticles at Single Molecule Level 343 King-Chuen Lin and Chun-Li Chang Chapter 16 Porphyrin Based Dye Sensitized Solar Cells 373 Matthew J. Griffith and Attila J. Mozer Chapter 17 The Chemistry and Physics of Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells 399 William A. Vallejo L., Cesar A. Quiñones S. and Johann A. Hernandez S. Chapter 18 Preparation of Hollow Titanium Dioxide Shell Thin Films from Aqueous Solution of Ti-Lactate Complex for Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells 419 Masaya Chigane, Mitsuru Watanabe and Tsutomu Shinagawa Chapter 19 Fabrication of ZnO Based Dye Sensitized Solar Cells 435 A.P. Uthirakumar Contents VII Chapter 20 Carbon Nanostructures as Low Cost Counter Electrode for Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells 457 Qiquan Qiao Chapter 21 Dye Sensitized Solar Cells as an Alternative Approach to the Conventional Photovoltaic Technology Based on Silicon - Recent Developments in the Field and Large Scale Applications 471 Elias Stathatos Preface Most solar modules used in photovoltaics are currently produced from crystalline and polycrystalline silicon wafers, the representatives of so-called first generation of solar cells. This type of devices are among the most efficient but at the same time the most expensive since they require the highest purity silicon and involve a lot of stages of complicated processes in their manufacture. Wafer-based silicon photovoltaics is giving place to thin-film technology, which provides much higher performance and lower cost of products, but inferior to silicon solar modules in photoelectric efficiency. Intensive search for materials and solar cell structures for photovoltaics is continuing. They are mostly yet too immature to appear in the market but some of them are already reaching the level of industrial production. The second book of the four-volume edition of “Solar cells” is devoted to dye- sensitized solar cells (DSSCs), which are considered to be extremely promising because they are made of low-cost materials with simple inexpensive manufacturing procedures and can be engineered into flexible sheets. DSSCs are emerged as a truly new class of energy conversion devices, which are representatives of the third generation solar technology. Mechanism of conversion of solar energy into electricity in these devices is quite peculiar. The achieved energy conversion efficiency in DSSCs is low, however, it has improved quickly in the last years. It is believed that DSSCs are still at the start of their development stage and will take a worthy place in the large- scale production for the future. It appears that chapters presented in this volume will be of interest to many readers. Professor, Doctor of Sciences, Leonid A. Kosyachenko National University of Chernivtsi Ukraine [...]... revealed in Fig 13 (d), the cracks 16 Solar Cells – Dye- Sensitized Devices MAO-treated 0.0 61% 0.2 0 -0.2 -0.4 Voltage (V) -0.6 -0.8 A (10 5) A( 211 ) MAO + Alkali + Annealing MAO + Alkali Ti Ti substrate 0 A(200) R (10 1) A(004) A (11 2) MAO-treated+alkali-etched 0.329% 0.4 A (10 1) R (11 0) MAO-treated+alkali-etched+heat-treated 2 .19 4% Intensity (arb unit) Current density (mA/cm2) 0.6 R (11 1) causing the discontinuity... Physics, Vol .10 , pp.S180– S183 Wu, S Y., Chen, Y H., Chen, K C & He, J L (2 010 ) Japanese Journal of Applied Physics, Vol .10 , pp .18 0 18 3 Chu, P J, Wu, S Y., Yerokhin, A., Matthews, A & He, J L (2009) Program and Abstract Book of TACT 2009 International Thin Films Conference, (December 2009.) pp .11 5 -11 6 2 Investigation of Dyes for Dye- Sensitized Solar Cells: Ruthenium-Complex Dyes, Metal-Free Dyes, Metal-Complex... using low-cost process 7 References O’Regan, B & Grätzel, M (19 91) Letters to nature, Vol.353, pp 733-740 Nagayama, H., Honda, H & Kawahara., H (19 88) Journal of the Electrochemical Society, Vol .13 5, pp 2 013 -2 014 18 Solar Cells – Dye- Sensitized Devices Herbig, B & Löbmann, P (2004) Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A: Chemistry, Vol .16 3, pp 359-365 He, J L., Chen, C H & Hsu, M Y (2006) The Chinese... oligothiophene dyes are used to make DSCs with conversion efficiencies greater than 9% and 10 %, respectively A zinc-porphyrin dye produced a conversion efficiency of 11 .4% Fig 1 Number of publications on DSCs in each year from 19 89 to 2 010 The data was obtained by searching online databases (Scopus, Elsevier) The keywords were dye , solar and “cell”, and the document type was limited to “article” 20 Solar Cells. .. sources; such as solar cells in these years The first commercially available photovoltaic cell (PV) by using solar energy is silicon-based solar cell however with high production cost and high energy payback time This limited the usage and agitated vigorous studies on the next-generation solar cells in order to reduce cost and increase efficiency It was until 19 91, dye- sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) have... Metal-Complex Porphyrin Dyes and Natural Dyes Seigo Ito Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, Graduate School of Engineering, University of Hyogo, Hyogo Japan 1 Introduction Following the first report on dye- sensitized solar cells (DSCs) by Prof Grätzel in 19 91, thousands of papers have been published with the aim of making DSCs commercially viable (Fig 1) They are attractive because... sensitizer dye Ruthenium-complex dyes are used to make DSCs with conversion efficiencies of over 10 %; recently, the Grätzel group reported a DSC using ruthenium dye (Z9 91) which achieved a conversion efficiency of 12 .3% Research into synthetic rutheniumfree dyes, including metal-free organic dyes and metal-complex porphyrin dyes, has intensified because of the high cost of ruthenium Indoline dyes and... J L (2 010 ) Current Applied Physics, Vol .10 , pp S176 Yerokhin, A L., Nie, X., Leyland, A., Matthews, A & Dowey, S.J (19 99) Surface and Coatings Technology, Vol .12 2, pp 73-93 Song, W., Xiaohong, W., Wei, Q & Zhaohua, J (2007) Electrochimica Acta, Vol.53, pp .18 8 318 89 Wei, D., Zhou, Y., Jia, D & Wang, Y (2008) Acta Biomaterialia, Vol.254, pp .17 75 -17 82 Wu, S Y., Lo, W C., Chen, K C & He, J L (2 010 ) Current... some natural dyes derivatives are capable of higher energy conversion efficiencies In this review, the principles and fabrication methods of DSCs are explained, and recent research on sensitizing dyes, including ruthenium-complex dyes, metal-free organic dyes, metalcomplex porphyrin dyes, and natural dyes, is reviewed 2 Ruthenium-complex dyes Ruthenium dye DSCs were first reported in 19 91 by O’Regan... and E are also measured and compared 12 Solar Cells – Dye- Sensitized Devices 60 Kα) Fig 11 I-V characteristic of the cell assembled from the as-anodized and post-annealed TiO2-nanotube array which was produced by anodic oxidation with their corresponding XRD patterns of AIP-deposited Ti, as anodized TiO2 nanotubes array and post-annealed TiO2 nanotubes array 4 .1 Summary Successful demonstration to . of Dyes for Dye- Sensitized Solar Cells: Ruthenium-Complex Dyes, Metal-Free Dyes, Metal-Complex Porphyrin Dyes and Natural Dyes 19 Seigo Ito Chapter 3 Comparative Study of Dye- Sensitized Solar. SOLAR CELLS – DYE- SENSITIZED DEVICES Edited by Leonid A. Kosyachenko Solar Cells – Dye- Sensitized Devices Edited by Leonid A. Kosyachenko. Uchida Chapter 10 Dye- Sensitized Solar Cells Based on Polymer Electrolytes 223 Mi-Ra Kim, Sung-Hae Park, Ji-Un Kim and Jin-Kook Lee Chapter 11 Development of Dye- Sensitized Solar Cell for