Let children learn to judge their own work. A child learning to talk does not learn by being corrected all the time: if corrected too much, he will stop talking. He notices a thousand times a day the difference between the language he uses and the language those around him use. Bit by bit, he makes the necessary changes to make his language like other people’s. In the same way they learn all the other things they learn to do without being taught – to talk, run, climb, whistle, ride a bicycle – compare their own performances with those of more skilled people, and slowly make the needed changes. But in school we never give a child a chance to find out his mistakes for himself, let alone correct them. We do it all for him. We act as if we thought that he would never notice a mistake unless it was pointed out to him, or correct it unless he was made to. Soon he becomes dependent on the teacher. Let him do it himself. Let him work out, with the help of other children if he wants it, what this word says, what the answer is to that problem, whether this is a good way of saying or doing this or not. If it is a matter of right answers, as it may be in mathematics or science, give him the answer book. Let him correct his own papers. Why should we teachers waste time on such routine work? Our job should be to help the child when he tells us that he can’t find the way to get the right answer. Let’s end all this nonsense of grades, exam, marks. Let us throw them all out, and let the children learn what all educated persons must someday learn, how to measure their own understanding, how to know what they know or do not know. Let them get on with this job in the way that seems most sensible to them, with our help as school teachers if they ask for it. The idea that there is a body of knowledge to be learnt at school and used for the rest of one’s life is nonsense in a world as complicated and rapidly changing as ours. Anxious parents and teachers say, “But suppose they fail to learn something essential, something they will need to get on in the world?” Don’t worry! If it is essential, they will go out into the world and learn it. 1: What does the author think is the best way for children to learn things? A. by copying what other people do B. by making mistakes and having them corrected C. by listening to explanations from skilled people D. by asking a great many Questions 2: What does the author think teachers do which they should not do? A. They give children correct answers B. They point out children’s mistakes to them C. They allow children to mark their own work D. They encourage children to copy from one another 3: The passage suggests that learning to speak and learning to ride a bicycle are A. not really important skills B. more important than other skills C. basically different from learning adult skills D. basically the same as learning other skills 4: Exams, grades and marks should be abolished because children’s progress should only be estimated by A. educated persons B. the children themselves C. teachers D. parents 5: The author fears that children will grow up into adults who are A. too independent of others B. too critical of themselves C. unable to think for themselves D. unable to use basic skills Since water is the basis of life, composing the greater part of the tissues of all living things, the crucial problem of desert animals is to survive in a world where sources of flowing water are rare. And since man’s inexorable necessity is to absorb large quantities of water at frequent intervals, he can scarcely comprehend that many creatures of the desert pass their entire lives without a single drop. Uncompromising as it is, the desert has not eliminated life but only those forms unable to withstand its desiccating effects. No moist-skinned, water-loving animals can exist there. Few large animals are found. The giants of the North American desert are the deer, the coyote, and the bobcat. Since desert country is open, it holds more swift-footed running and leaping creatures than the tangled forest. Its population is largely nocturnal, silent, filled with reticence, and ruled by stealth. Yet they are not emaciated. Having adapted to their austere environment, they are as healthy as animals anywhere else in the word. The secret of their adjustment lies in the combination of behavior and physiology. None could survive if, like mad dogs and Englishmen, they went out in the midday sun; many would die in a matter of minutes. So most of them pass the burning hours asleep in cool, humid burrows underneath the ground, emerging to hunt only by night. The surface of the sun-baked desert averages around 150 degrees, but 18 inches down the temperature is only 60 degrees. Question 1: The title for this passage could be _____ . A. “Desert Plants” B. “Life Underground” C. “Animal Life in a Desert Environment” D. “Man’s Life in a Desert Environment” Question 2: The word “inexorable” in the passage mostly means _____ . A. relentless B. full C. demanding D. essential Question 3: Man can hardly understand why many animals live their whole life in the desert, as _____ . A. sources of flowing water are rare in a desert B. water is an essential part of his existence C. water composes the greater part of the tissues of living things D. very few large animals are found in the desert Question 4: The phrase “those forms” in the passage refers to all of the following EXCEPT _____. A. water-loving animals B. the coyote and the bobcat C. moist-skinned animals D. many large animals Question 5: According to the passage, creatures in the desert _____. A. are smaller and fleeter than forest animals B. live in an accommodating environment C. are more active during the day than those in the tangled forest D. are not as healthy as those anywhere else in the world Question 6: The author mentions all the following as examples of the behavior of desert animals EXCEPT _____. A. they sleep during the day B. they dig home underground C. they are noisy and aggressive D. they are watchful and quiet Question 72: The word “emaciated” in the passage mostly means _____. A. wild B. cunning C. unmanageable D. unhealthy Question 83: : the word “Them” means A. animals B. people C. water D. minutes Question 9: The word “burrows” in the passage mostly means _____. A. “places where insects or other small creatures live and produce their young” B. “holes or tunnels in the ground made by animals for them to live in” C. “structures made of metal bars in which animals or birds are kept” D. “places where a particular type of animal or plant is normally found” Question 105: We can infer from the passage that _____ . A. living things adjust to their environment B. water is the basis of desert life C. desert life is colourful and diverse D. healthy animals live longer lives Are organically grown foods the best food choices? The advantages claimed for such foods over conventionally grown and marketed food products are now being debated. Advocates of organic foods- a term whose meaning varies greatly- frequently proclaim that such products are safer and more nutritious than others. The growing interest of consumers in the safety and nutritional quality of the typical North American diet is a welcome development. However, much of this interest has been sparked by sweeping claims that the foods supply is unsafe or inadequate in the meeting nutritional needs. Although most of these claims are not supported by scientific evidence, the preponderance of written material advancing such claims makes it difficult for the general public to separate fact from fiction. As a result, claims that eating a diet consisting entirely of organically grown foods prevents or cures disease or provides other benefits to health have become widely publicized and formed the basic for folklore. Almost daily the public is besieged by claims for “no-aging” diets, new vitamins, and other wonder foods. There are numerous unsubstantiated reports that natural vitamins are superior to synthetic ones, that fertilized eggs are nutritionally superior to unfertilized eggs, that untreated grains are better than fumigated grains, and the like. One thing that most organically grown foods products seem to have in common is that they cost more than conventionally grown foods. But in many cases consumers are misled if they believe foods. So there is real cause for concern if consumers, particularly those with limited incomes, distrust the regular food supply and buy expensive organic foods instead. Question 1 The “ welcome development” mentioned in paragraph 2 is an increase in A. interest in food safety and nutrition among North Americans. B. the nutritional quality of the typical North American diet. C. the amount of healthy foods grown in North America. D. the number of consumers in North America. Question 2. According to the first paragraph, which of the following is true about the term “organic foods”? A. It is accepted by most nutritionists. B. It has been used only in recent years. C. It has no fixed meaning D. It is seldom used by consumers. Question 3. The author implies that there is cause for concern if consumers with limited incomes buy organic foods instead of conventionally grown foods because . A. organic foods can be more expensive but are often no better than conventionally grown foods. B. many organic foods are actually less nutritious than similar conventionally grown foods. C. conventionally grown foods are more readily available than organic foods. D. too many farmers will stop using conventional methods to grow food crops. Question 4. According to the last paragraph, consumers who believe that organic foods are better than conventionally grown foods are often . A. careless B. mistaken C. thrifty D. wealthy Question 5. What is the author’s attitude towards the claims made by advocates of health foods? A. Very enthusiastic B. Skeptical C. Neutral D. Somewhat favourable The tourist industry is (21)…………… to be the largest industry. Before 1950 one million people traveled abroad each year but by the 1900s the figure (22) ………………to 400 million every year. (23) ………… large numbers of tourists, however, are beginning to cause problems. For example, in the Alps the skiers are destroying the mountains they came to enjoy. Even parts of Mount Everest in the Himalayas are reported to be covered (24) ……………old tins, tents, and food that have been (25) ……… But at a time when we have (26) …………… freedom to travel than ever before, more and more people are asking how they can enjoy their holidays (27) …… causing problems by spoiling the countryside. Now there is a new holiday (28) … called "Holidays That Don't Cost The Earth". It tells you (29) ………… you can help the tourist industry by asking your travel agent the right questions (30) … you go on holiday. 1. a. regarded b. considered c. seen d. figured 2. a. had risen b. rose c. has risen d. were rising 3. a. The b. Those c. These d. Such 4. a. by b. with c. under d. beneath 5. a. disposed b. littered c. thrown away d. launched 6. a. greater b. bigger c. larger d. better 7. a. apart from b. instead of c. without d. hardly 8. a. guidance b. guide c. direction d. instruction 9. a. where b. what c. when d. how 10. a. before b. when c. as soon as d. after Champagne, the king of wines and wine of kings, tastes all the better when it is drunk from an elegant, fine-quality glass. That, however, is only one of thousands of ways glass is used today. And for all those different uses, many different types of glass are produced. Glass products are manufactured in different ways. Today, glass is blown by hand in the traditional way which the Roman first developed, but now this work is done by robots, too. Generally, in industry, much faster methods of mass production are needed. Often, for example, glass is pressed into the necessary shape by machine. Glass is shaped in other ways too. For example, it is made into long, very thin fibres. Fibres like these are required to make the fibre-opitic cables that help to build the information Super-Highway around the world. 11. The phrase "the king of wines and wine of kings" means ______. a. Champagne is the best wine of kings. b. Champagne is the king that drinks lots of wine. c. Champagne is the best wine and is made for kings. d. Champagne is the best wine made by kings. 12. According to the passage, ______. a. the only way glass is used today is for drinking wine. b. today glass is used in one thousand different ways. c. an elegant, fine-quality glass makes champagne taste better. d. champagne is drunk in thousands of ways. 13. It can, be inferred from the passage that ______. a. the traditional way of blowing glass by hand is still in use today. b. today the blowing of glass is all done by robots. c. the Romans first developed methods of mass production. d. the traditional way is no longer in use today. 14. According to the passage, which of the following is correct? a. Mass production of glass is done by robots. b. Glass can be shaped in many different ways. c. In industry glass is often shaped by machine. d. Both Band C. 15. The passage primarily discusses a. champagne, a kind of wine. b. the uses of glass. c. the types of glass products. d. the ways of making glass. The next generation of telephone users will probably laugh (36) we explain how we used to stand next to a wall in the kitchen to (37) a phone call. Mobile communications, already highly advanced compared with a decade ago, will completely change communication using mobile phones, most people know (39) about the mobile telecommunications industry and its technology. There are three types of mobile phone. These are hand portables, pocket-sized hand portables and transportable. The smallest and most popular are pocket-sized hand portables. These work on rechargeable batteries, which allow an (40) of up to 80 minutes’ conversation. Mobiles that are fitted permanently in a vehicle do not (41) on separate batteries. They require an external aerial on the vehicle. This can mean a stronger signal with clearer (42) Transportables have a high power capability and can be used (43) anywhere. They come with powerful battery packs for longer, continuous use and may also be put (44) a vehicle, using its electrics. They (45) to be bulkier than hand portables. 36.A. unless B. when C. while D. whether 37. A. make B. give C. take D. do 38.A. In addition B. Because C. As a result D. Although 39. A. little B. come C. few D. lots 40. A. amount B. account C. activity D. average 41. A. rely B. create C. carry D. insist 42. A. wave B. letter C. speech D. speed 43. A. mostly B. hardly C. most D. almost 44. A. on with B. into C. up with D. in to 45. A. used B. haved C. tend D. are Sometimes you know things about people the first time you see them, for example, that you want to be friends with them or that you don’t trust them. But perhaps this kind of intuition isn’t as hard to explain as it may seem. For instance, people give out body language signal all the time. The way you hold your body, head and arms tells people about your mood. If you hold your arms tightly at your sides, or fold them across your chest, people will generally feel that you are being defensive. Holding your head to one side shows interest in the others, while an easy, open posture indicates that you are self-confident. All this affects the way you feel about someone. Also, a stranger may remind you of a meeting with someone. This may be because of something as simple as the fact that he or she is physically similar to someone who treated you well or badly. Your feeling about a stranger could be influenced by a smell in the air that brings to mind a place where you were happy as a child. Since even a single word can bring back a memory such as that, you may never realize it is happening. 46. What does the word “open” in the passage most closely mean? A. unrestrained B. relaxed C. confined D. unlimited 47. What influences your impression of a person you meet the first time? A. intuition B. familiarity C. knowledge D. feeling 48. What one fells about a stranger may be influenced by something that A. strengthens one’s past behaviours B. reminds one of one’s past treatment C. revives one’s past memories D. points to one’s childhoods 49. What does the second paragraph discuss? A. Meanings of signal some implies towards a stranger. B. Factors that may influence one’s feelings about a stranger. C. How people usually behave to a stranger. D. Factors that cause people to act differently. 50. Intuition described in the passage can be explained by means of A. styles B. languages C. patterns D. behaviours Upon the creation of the United State, one of the core concepts on which the hopes for the new democracy were pinned was the ideal that its citizens would be enlightened individuals with clearly articulated rights and the opportunity for individual achievement and education. It was believed that in a free nation where the power belongs to the people, the commitment to education defines the progress of that democracy and is the catalyst for future progress. This core value has not only stood the test of time but has also grown in importance. In this new Information Era and international economy, education is an increasingly vital commodity, a precursor of potential success and a driving force of chance. It is importance to recognize, however, that we approach education today differently than in the past, partly because the kinds of jobs people had didn’t require the kind of basic education and specialized training that is often required in the workforce today. In the 1950s, for instance, only 20 percent of American jobs were classified as professional, 20 percent as skilled; and 60 percent as unskilled. Today, our world has changed. The proportion of unskilled jobs has fallen to 20 percent, while jobs now account for at least 60 percent of the workforce. Even more important, almost every job today increasingly requires a combination of academic knowledge and practical skills that require learning throughout a lifetime. 51. Education is defined in this passage as a driving force of chance because A. without education, no changes could have happened in American society so far. B. the government of the United States wants to drive social changes in their own ways. C. education has helped to bring about and orient most changes in the American workforce. D. any American citizen who wants to changes his driving licence must be very well-educated. 52. The passage shows the percentage of jobs that require higher training in the US between 1950s and now. A. has remained the same B. has changed dramatically C. has been reversed D. has changed slightly 53. The phrase “enlightened individuals” in the first sentence most likely means “people who ” A. always appear brilliant-looking in public B. have often been well-exposed to light C. have acquired an adequate level of education D. bring light to anywhere they go 54. In order to become a good American citizen today, in the author’s point of view, any individual must A. know well all his/her rights and be ready to grasp his/her opportunity of success in life B. study carefully the history of American educational and vocational systems even since their creation C. understand thoroughly the combination of academic knowledge and practical skills D. move actively forward in the new Information Era and international economy with a prestigious diploma 55. Which of the following titles would be best for the passage? A. Education and Jobs in the Past and at Present in the United States. B. The Significant Role of Education in American Citizens’ Careers C. Academic Knowledge and Practical Skills in American Professions D. Recent Changes of Educational and Vocational Systems in America The Industrial Revolution in Britain was built on the use of machines in factories. Since the 1950s, Britain's (51) _______ industries have replaced machine operators with computers, and this (52) ________ has led to a decline in the number of (53) ________ in many factories. Goods are bought and used much more than ever before but a lot of these goods are imported. By the beginning of the 20th century, other industrial countries like the USA were (54) ________ with Britain's exports, and countries in the Far East have been able to provide cheaper (55) _________since the 1970s. Areas located with heavy industries are suffering high unemployment. During the last 30 years, there has been a constant rise in smaller industries (56) ________ as "light industries". These ones use electricity and are not (57) _________ on raw materials such as coal so they are "footloose", i.e. they can be located anywhere. They produce such things as washing machines or spare (58) ________ Some of these industries produce nothing at all, but provide services like distribution. The consumer boom of the 1980s and the increased leisure time of most Britons have led to rapid (59) ________ in service industries like banking, tourism, retailing and information processing, and in industries which distribute, maintain, and repair (60) _________ consumer goods. 6: A. manufacturing B. big C. large D. running 7: A. replacement B. change C. exchange D. automation 8: A. employers B. employees C. labors D. servers 9: A. working B. familiar C. competing D. fed up 10: A. things B. products C. produce D. imports 11: A. considered B. regarded C. known D. worked 12: A. dependent B. reliable C. dependable D. command 13: A. details B. parts C. sections D. gadgets 14: A. growth B. increase C. expansion D. extension 15: A. everyday B. home C. household D. expensive Colours and Emotions Colors are one of the most exciting experiences in life. I love them, and they are just as important to me as emotions are. Have you ever wondered how the two are so intimately related? Color directly affects your emotions. Color both reflects the current state of your emotions, and is something that you can use to improve or change your emotions. The color that you choose to wear either refects your current state of being, or reflects the color or emotion that you need. The colors that you wear affect you much more than they affect the people around you. Of course they also affect anyone who comes in contract with you, but you are the one saturated with the color all day ! I even choose items around me based on their color. In the morning, I choose my clothes based on the color or emotion that I need for the day. So you can consciously use color to control the emotions that you are exposed to, which can help you to feel better. Colour, sound, and emotions are all vibrations. Emotions are literally energy in motion; they are meant to move and flow. This is the reason that real feelings are the fastest way to get your energy in motion. Also, flowing energy is exactly what creates healthy cells in your body. So, the fastest was to be healthy is to be open to your real feelings. Alternately, the fastest way to create disease is to inhibit your emotions. 56: What is the main ideal of the passage? A. Colorful clothes can change your mood B. Emotions and colours are closely related to each other. C. Colors can help you become healthy. D. Colors are one of the most exciting. 57: Which of the following can be affected by color? A. Your need for thrills B. your friend's feelings C. your appetite D. your mood 58: Who is more influenced by colors you wear? A. The people around you are more influenced B. neither A nor C C. You are more influenced D. Both A and C 59: According to the passage, what do color, sound, and emotion all have in common? A. They all affect the cells of the body B. They are all forms of motion C. They are all related to health D. none of the above 60: According to this passage, what creates disease? A. wearing the color black B. exposing yourself to bright colors C. being open to your emotions D. ignoring your emotions 61: The term "intimately" in paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to A. clearly B. closely C. obviously D. simply 62: The term "they" in paragraph 3 refers to A. emotions B. people C. colors D. none of the above 63: Why does the author mention that color and emotions are both vibrations? A. to show how color can affect energy levels in the body. B. Because they both affect how we feel. C. to prove the relationship between emotions and color. D. Because vibrations make you healthy. 64: The phrase "saturated with" in paragraph 3 is closest in meaning to A. bored with B. in need of C. covered with D. lacking in 65: What is the purpose of the passage? A. to persuade the reader that colors can influence emotions and give a person more energy B. to show that colors are important for a healthy life C. to give an objective account of how colors affect emotions D. to prove the relationship between color and emotion During the 19th century, women in the U. S organized and participated in a large number of reform movements, including movements to reorganize the prison system, improve education, ban the sale of alcohol, and most importantly to free slaves. Some women saw similarities in the social status of women and slaves. Women like Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucy Stone were feminists and abolitionists who supported the rights of both women and blacks. A number of male abolitionists, including William Lloyd Garrison and Wendell Phillips also supported the rights of women to speak and participate equally with men in anti- slavery activities. Probably more than any other movement, abolitionism offered women a previously denied entry into politics. They became involved primarily in order to better their living conditions and the conditions of others. When the Civil war ended in 1865, the 14th, and 15th, Amendments to the Constitution adopted in 1868 and 1870 granted citizenship and suffrage to blacks but not to women. Discouraged but resolved, feminists influenced more and more women to demand the right to vote. In 1869, the Wyoming Territory had yielded to demands by feminists, but eastern states resisted more stubbornly than ever before. A woman's suffrage bill had been presented to every Congress since 1878 but it continually failed to pass until 1920, when the 19th Amendment granted women the right to vote. 71: What is the topic of the passage? A. Women's suffrage B. Abolitionists C. The Wyoming Territory. D. The 14th and 15th Amendment 72: What is not among the reformation movements of women? A. reorganizing the prison B. passing the laws C. freeing the slaves D. prohibiting the sale of alcohol 73: According to the passage, why did women become active in politics? A. to improve the conditions of life that existed at the time. B. to support Elizabeth Cady Stanton C. to amend the Declaration of Independence D. to be elected to public office. 74: The word" primarily" in the first paragraph is closest in meaning to A. somewhat B. above all C. always D. finally 75: What had occurred shortly after the Civil War? A. The eastern states resisted the end of the war. B. Black people were granted the right to vote. C. The Wyoming territory was admitted to the Union. D. A women's suffrage bill was introduced in Congress. 76: The word " suffrage" could be best replaced by A. citizenship B. right to vote C. pain D. freedom 77: What does the 19th Amendment guarantee? A. Citizenship for women B. Citizenship for blacks C. Voting rights for women D. Voting rights for blacks 78: When were women allowed to vote throughout the US? A. After 1920 B. After 1878 C. After 1870 D. After 1866 79: What is wrong about William Lloyd Garrison? A. He was living at the same time with Lucy Stone and Wendell Phillip. B. He used to be a slave. C. He supported the rights of women D. He believed in equality between men and women. 80: What can not be inferred from the passage? A. The blacks were given the right to vote before women. B. The abolitionists believed in anti- slavery activities. C. A women's suffrage bill had been discussed in the Congress for 50 years. D. The eastern states did not like the idea of women's right to vote. At the beginning of the nineteenth century, the American educational system was desperately in need of reform. Private schools existed, but only for the very rich. There were very few public schools because of the strong sentiment that children who would grow up to be laborers should not “waste” their time on education but should instead prepare themselves for their life’s work. It was in the face of this public sentiment that educational reformers set about their task. Horace Mann, probably the most famous of the reformers, felt that there was no excuse in a republic for any citizen to be uneducated. As Superintendent of Education in the state of Massachusetts from 1837 to 1848, he initiated various changes, which were soon matched in other school districts around the country. He extended the school year from five to six months and improved the quality of teachers by instituting teacher education and raising teacher salaries. Although these changes did not bring about a sudden improvement in the educational system, they at least increased public awareness as to the need for a further strengthening of the system. 36. The best title for the passage could be ______. A. A Flight for Change B. American Education in the Beginning of the 19th Century C. Nineteenth - the Century of Reform D. The Beginnings of Reform in American Education 37. The passage implied that to go to a private school, a student needed ______. A. a high level of intelligence B. a strong educational background C. a lot of money D. good grades 38. The word “desperately” in the passage mostly means ______. A. partly B. urgently C. completely D. obviously 39. The author of the passage puts the word “waste” in quotation marks because he ______. A. does not want students to waste their time on education B. is quoting someone else who said that education was a waste of time C. wants to emphasize how much time is wasted on education D. thinks that education is not really a waste of time 40 According to the passage, Horace Mann wanted a better educational system for Americans because ______. A. education at the time was so cheap B. people had nothing else to do except go to school C. Massachusetts residents needed something to do with their spare time D. all citizens should be educated in a republic 41. The word “reformers” in the passage mostly means ______. A. people who work for the government B. people who really enjoy teaching C. people who try to change things for the better D. people who believe that education is wasted 42. The word “citizen” in the passage mostly means ______. A. a person who lives in a particular city B. a person who works in a particular place C. a person who has the legal right to belong to a particular country D. a person who works, especially one who does a particular kind of work 43. From 1837 to 1848, Horace Mann ______. A. worked as a headmaster in a school in the state of Massachusetts B. raised money for the educational development in Massachusetts C. funded many projects to improve the educational system for Americans D. managed education in the state of Massachusetts 44. According to the passage, which sentence is NOT TRUE? A. Horace Mann began raising teachers’ salaries. B. Horace Mann suggested schools prepare children for their life’s work. C. Horace Mann brought about changes in many schools in the United States. D. Horace Mann was a famous US educational reformer. 45. According to the passage, which of the following is a change that Horace Mann instituted? A. The five-month school year. B. Better teacher training. C. Increased pay for students. D. The matching of other districts’ policies Around the age of sixteen, you must make one of the biggest decisions of your life. “Do I stay on at school and hopefully go on to university (56)______? Do I leave and start work or begin a training (57)______?” The decision is yours, but it may be (58)______ remembering two things: there is more unemployment (59)______ those who haven’t been to university, and people who have the right (60)______ will have a big advantage in the competition for jobs. If you decide to go (61)______ into a job, there are many opportunities for training. Getting qualifications will (62)______ you to get on more quickly in many careers, and evening classes allow you to learn (63)______ you earn. Starting work and taking a break to study when you are older is (64)______ possibility. In this way, you can save up money for your student days, as well as (65)______ practical work experience. 56. A. former B. past C. later D. after 57. A. term B. class C. school D. course 58. A. necessary B. important C. worth D. useful 59. A. of B. through C. among D. between 60. A. skills B. interests C. habits D. arts 61. A. instant B. just C. straight D. direct 62. A. help B. make C. give D. let 63. A. while B. what C. where D. which 64. A. another B. always C. also D. again 65. A. Doing B. getting C. making D. taking It is hard to think of a world without gas or electricity. Both are commonly used for lighting and heating today. We now can instantly flick a lighter or strike a match to make a flame. But it was not long ago that there were no such things as matches or lighters. To make fire, it was necessary to strike a piece of iron on flint for sparks to ignite some tinder. If the tinder was damp, or the flint old, you had to borrow some fire from a neighbor. We do not know exactly when or how people first used fire. Perhaps, many ages ago, they found that sticks would burn if they were dropped into some hole where melted lava from a volcano lay boiling. They brought the lighted sticks back to make their fire in a cave. Or, they may have seen trees catch fire through being struck by lightning, and used the trees to start their own fires. Gradually people learned they could start a fire without traveling far to find flames. They rubbed two pieces of wood together. This method was used for thousands of years. When people became used to making fires with which to cook food and stay warm at night, they found that certain resins or gums from trees burnt longer and brighter. They melted resins and dipped branches in the liquid to make torches that lit their homes at night. Iron stands in which torches used to be fixed can still be seen in old buildings of Europe. There was no lighting in city streets until gas lamps, and then electric lamps were installed. Boys ran about London at night carrying torches of burning material. They were called torch boys, or link boys, and earned a living by guiding visitors to friends’ houses at night. For centuries homes were lit by candles until oil was found. Even then, oil lamps were no more effective than a cluster of candles. We read about the splendors and marvels of ancient palaces and castles, but we forget that they must have been gloomy and murky places at night. 66. The word “lighter” in the passage mostly means ______. A. a device that uses electricity, oil or gas to produce light B. a small device that produces a flame for lighting cigarettes, etc. C. the energy from the sun, a lamp, etc. that makes it possible to see things D. a hot bright stream of burning gas that comes from something that is on fire 67. To make a fire in times just before the advent of matches, it was essential to have access to _____. A. a burning fire or to possess flint B. a burning fire or to possess iron C. flint, iron and dry tinder D. a magnifying glass 68. The first fire used by people was probably obtained ______. A. from the sun’s heat through glass B. by rubbing wood together C. from heat or fire caused by nature D. by striking iron against flint 69. Torches for lighting were made from ______. A. the wood of gum trees B. iron bars dipped in melted resins C. wooden poles dipped in oil D. tree branches dipped in melted resins 70. Before the electric lamp was invented ______. A. oil lamps and then candles were used B. candles and oil lamps appeared about the same time C. candles and then oil lamps were used D. people did not use any form of lighting in their houses 71. The word “splendors” in the passage mostly means ______. A. wonderful things that have been achieved B. places where a lot of people go on holiday C. things that fill one with surprise and admiration D. the beautiful and impressive features of a place 72. Which sentence is NOT TRUE according to the passge? A. We know exactly when and how people first used fire. B. A world is impossible without gas or electricity. C. We can make a fire by striking a piece of iron on flint to ignite some tinder. D. Matches and lighters were invented not long ago. 73. The word “gloomy” in the passage mostly means ______. A. totally covered with darkness B. badly lit in a way that makes one feel sad C. containing a lot of white D. full of light; having the natural light of day 74. What form of street lighting was used in London when link boys used to work there? A. Gas lighting. B. No lighting at all. C. Electric lighting. D. Oil lighting. 75. The best title for the passage could be ______ . A. Prehistoric People and Fire B. Fire: Discovery and Uses C. Different Types of Lamps D. The Advantages of Candles The role of translation enabling literature to pass beyond its natural frontiers is receiving growing recognition. In view of the general increase in this 31 _____ , it is not surprising that many people with literary interests and a knowledge of languages should think of adopting translating as a full- or part-time 32 _____. Some advice may usefully be given to such would -be translators. The first difficulty the beginner will 33 _____ is the unwillingness of publishers to entrust a translator to anyone who has not already 34 _____ a reputation for sound work. The least publishers will 35_____ before commissioning a translator is a faily lengthy 36 _____ of the applicant’s work, even if unpublished. Perhaps the best way the would-be translator can begin is to select some book of the type which he or she feels competent and eager to translate, translate a 37 _____ section of the book and then submit the book and the translation to a suitable publisher. If he or she is extremely lucky, this may result in a commission to translate the book. More probably, however, publishers will 38 _____ the book as such but if they are favorably 39 _____ by the translation, they may very possibly commission some other books of a 40 _____ nature which they already have in mind. Question 31: A. field B. category C. group D. class Question 32: A. work B. employment C. occupation D. line Question 33: A. encounter B. involve C. reveal D. introduce Question 34: A. formed B. set C. founded D. established Question 35: A. instruct B. oblige C. demand D. direct Question 36: A. instance B. case C. specimen D. model Question 37: A. substantial B. main C. grand D. plentiful Question 38: A. exclude B. reject C. object D. disapprove Question 39: A. impressed B. convinced C. affected D. taken Question 40: A. common B. same C. similar D. joint Until recently, most American entrepreneurs were men. Discrimination against women in business, the demands of caring for families, and lack of business training had kept the number of women entrepreneurs small. Now, however, businesses owned by women account for more than $40 billion in annual revenues, and this figure is likely to continue rising throughout the 1990s. As Carolyn Doppelt Gray, an official of the Small Business Administration, has noted, "The 1970s was the decade of women entering management, and the 1980s turned out to be the decade of the woman entrepreneur". What are some of the factors behind this trend? For one thing, as more women earn advanced degrees in business and enter the corporate world, they are finding obstacles. Women are still excluded from most executive suites. Charlotte Taylor, a management consultant, had noted, "In the 1970s women believed if they got an MBA and worked hard they could become chairman of the board. Now they've found out that isn't going to happen, so they go out on their own". In the past, most women entrepreneurs worked in "women's" fields: cosmetics and clothing, for example. But this is changing. Consider ASK Computer Systems, a $22-million-a-year computer software business. It was founded in 1973 by Sandra Kurtzig, who was then a housewife with degrees in math and engineering. When Kurtzig founded the business, her first product was software that let weekly newspapers keep tabs on their newspaper carriers-and her office was a bedroom at home, with a shoebox under the bed to hold the company's cash. After she succeeded with the newspaper software system, she hired several bright computer-science graduates to develop additional programs. When these were marketed and sold, ASK began to grow. It now has 200 employees, and Sandra Kurtzig owns $66.9 million of stock. [...]... the following words could best replace "deficient" as used in line 6 ? A outstanding B abundant C insufficient D unequal Question 77: What does the word "this" refer to in line 8 ? A using protein supplies for energy B converting carbohydrates to energy C having a deficiency in carbohydrates D having an insufficient amount of protein Question 78: According to the passage, which of the following does... mentioned in the passage as detriments to women in the business world EXCEPT A Women were required to stay at home with their families B Women lacked ability to work in business C Women faced discrimination in business D Women were not trained in business Question 54: in line 10, “that” refers to A a woman becomes chairman of the board B Women working hard C Women achieving advanced degrees D Women believing... their own businesses fail, just as men often do They still face hurdles in the business world, especially problems in raising money; the banking and finance world is still dominated by men, and old attitudes die hard Most businesses owned by women are still quite small But the situation is changing; there are likely to be many more Sandra Kurtzigs in the years ahead Question 51:What is the main idea of... Women believing that business is a place for them Question 55:According to the passage, Charlotte Taylor believes that women in 1970s A Were unrealistic about their opportunities in business management B Were still more interested in education than business opportunities C had fewer obstacles in business than they do today D were unable to work hard enough to success in business Question 56: The author... than in the past, making them more attractive to the business world B The computer is especially lucrative for women today C Women are better at small business than men are D Women today are opening more business of their own Question 52:The word “excluded “ in line 8 is closest meaning to A not permitted in B often invited to C decorators of D charged admission to Question 53: All of the following... mentions the “shoesbox under the bed” in the third paragraph in order to A Show the frugality of women in business B show the resourcefulness of Sandra Kurtzig C Point out that initially the financial resources of Sandra Kurtzig’s business were limited D suggest that the company needed to expand Question 57: The expression “ keep tabs on “ in line 16 is closest meaning to A recognize the appearance of... the main idea of this passage? A Carbohydrates are needed for good health B Carbohydrates prevent a build-up of proteins C Carbohydrates can lead to ketosis D Carbohydrates are an expendable part of a good diet Question 72: The word "function" as used in line 2 refers to which of the following? A neglect B serve C dissolve D profess Question 73: The word "range" as used in line 3 is closest in meaning... Question 58: The word “hurdles” in line 21 can be best replaced by A fences B obstacles C questions D small groups Question 59: It can be inferred from the passage that the author believes that business operated by women are small because A Women prefer a small intimate setting B Women can’t deal with money C Women are not able to borrow money easily D many women fail at large businesses Question 60:The author’s... is deficient in carbohydrates can have an adverse effect on a person's health When the body lacks a sufficient amount of carbohydrates it must then use its protein supplies for energy, a process called gluconeogenesis This, however, results in a lack of necessary protein, and further health difficulties may occur A lack of carbohydrates can also lead to ketosis, a build-up of ketones in the body that... describe carbohydrates? A a protein supply B a necessity C a range of sugars D an energy source Question 79: Which of the following best describes the author's tone? A sensitive B emotional C informative D regretful Question 80: Which of the following best describes the organization of this passage? A Cause and result B Comparison and contrast C Specific to general D Definition and example