Plato’s Democratic Entanglements This page intentionally left blank Plato’s Democratic Entanglements ATHENIAN POLITICS AND THE PR ACTICE OF PHILOSOPHY S Sara Monoson PRINCETON UNIVERSITY PRESS PRINCETON , NEW JERSEY Copyright  2000 by Princeton University Press Published by Princeton University Press, 41 William Street, Princeton, New Jersey 08540 In the United Kingdom: Princeton University Press, Chichester, West Sussex All Rights Reserved Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Monoson, Susan Sara, 1960– Plato’s democratic entanglements : Athenian politics and the practice of philosophy / S Sara Monoson p cm Includes bibliographical references and index ISBN 0-691-04366-3 (cloth : alk paper) Democracy—Greece—Athens—History Plato— Views on democracy I Title JC75.D36 M65 2000 320.438′5—dc21 99-054924 This book has been composed in Adobe Galliard The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of ANSI/NISO Z39.48-1992 (R1997) (Permanence of Paper) www.pup.princeton.edu Printed in the United States of America 10 For Mimi and David Monoson, my wonderful parents This page intentionally left blank CONTENTS Acknowledgments ix INTRODUCTION Siting Plato PART ONE: Aspects of the Athenian Civic Self-Image 19 CHAPTER ONE The Allure of Harmodius and Aristogeiton: Public/Private Relations in the Athenian Democratic Imaginary Telling the Tale Embracing the Simplified Tale Thinking with the Tale Thucydides’ Critique Aristotle’s Critique 21 22 28 29 42 49 CHAPTER TWO Citizen as Parrhesiastes (Frank Speaker) ¯ ¯ 51 Truth-Telling and Risk-Taking Frank Speaking and Freedom Frank Speaking and the Integrity of Assembly Debate 52 54 56 CHAPTER THREE Citizen as Erastes (Lover): Erotic Imagery and the Idea of ¯ Reciprocity in the Periclean Funeral Oration Citizen as Erastes ¯ Citizenship as Reciprocity between Lover and Beloved 64 67 74 CHAPTER FOUR Citizen as Theates (Theater-Goer): Performing Unity, ¯ Reciprocity, and Strong-Mindedness in the City Dionysia The Event Representing the Unity of the Democratic Polis Enacting Democratic Norms 88 90 92 98 viii CONTENTS PART TWO: Plato’s Democratic Entanglements 111 CHAPTER FIVE Unsettling the Orthodoxy Philosopher as Tyrant-Slayer The Matter of Bias Dismay over the Fate of Socrates Disdain for the Common Man The “Doctrine” of the Republic The Work of the Academy Personal Involvement in Syracusan Politics 113 113 115 118 122 125 137 145 CHAPTER SIX Philosopher as Parrhesiastes (Frank Speaker) ¯ ¯ The Laches: Recognizing Parrhesia ¯ The Gorgias: Embracing Parrhesia ¯ The Republic: Practicing Parrhesia ¯ The Laws: Practicing Parrhesia ¯ 154 155 161 165 179 CHAPTER SEVEN Remembering Pericles: The Political and Theoretical Import of Plato’s Menexenus Plato’s Opposition to the Veneration of Pericles Plato’s Rejection of Pericles’ Model of Democratic Citizenship Plato’s Theoretical Interest in Funeral Oratory 181 182 189 202 CHAPTER EIGHT Theory and Theatricality 206 A Puzzle Four Patterns Preliminary Thoughts on Theory and Theater-going Philosopher as Theates in the Republic ¯ Theorist as Theoros in the Laws ¯ Why Is Socrates Absent from the Laws? Concluding Remarks 206 207 208 212 226 232 237 Citation Index 239 General Index 245 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I OFFER an interpretation of Plato that aims to expose his forging of a serious, though limited, alliance between the practice of philosophy and Athenian democratic politics This project may seem preposterous to some, intriguing to others, long overdue to others still I have tried to write with this diverse and multidisciplinary readership in mind My approach is contextual I juxtapose Plato’s depictions of intellectual labor with contemporaneous demotic forms of civic discourse and the democratic ideals celebrated therein In so doing, I engage work in Greek historiography and literature by classicists as well as recent scholarship on Plato’s political thought by theorists and philosophers I have relied on Oxford Classical Texts (Oxford: Clarendon) for the Greek text of material cited I have also regularly consulted the following commentaries: James Adam, The Republic of Plato, Edited with Critical Notes, Commentary and Appendices, vols., 2d ed (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1963); E R Dodds, Plato Gorgias A Revised Text with Introduction and Commentary (Oxford: Clarendon, 1959); A W Gomme, A Historical Commentary on Thucydides, vols (vols and by A W Gomme, A Andrewes, and K J Dover) (Oxford: Clarendon, 1950–81); and P J Rhodes, Thucydides Book 2, Edited Greek Text, Translation and Commentary (Warmister: Aris and Philips, 1988) All Greek cited has been transliterated Note that I have employed ch for chi, x for xi, ph for phi, u for upsilon, ¯ for eta, ¯ for omega, and i for iota e o subscript In the case of well-known names, however, I have retained the customary Latinized spelling (e.g., Socrates, not Sokrates) Unless otherwise noted, translations cited are or derive from the following editions: Allan Bloom, The Republic of Plato Translation with Notes and Interpretive Essay (New York: Basic, 1968); Terence Irwin, Plato Gorgias (Oxford: Clarendon, 1979); R E Allen, “Plato’s Menexenus,” in his The Dialogues of Plato, vol (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1985), pp 315–43; Thomas Pangle, The Laws of Plato Translated, with Notes and an Interpretive Essay (New York: Basic, 1980) The remaining texts of Plato cited are from, or are adapted from, those collected in John M Cooper, ed., Plato: Complete Works, (Indianapolis, Ind.: Hackett, 1997) Translations from Thucydides are from Robert B Strassler, ed., The Landmark Thucydides: A Revised Edition of the Richard Crawley Translation (New York: Free Press, 1996) Translations from Aristotle’s Constitution of Athens are from Kurt von Fritz and Ernst Kapp, Aristotle’s Constitution of Athens and Re- 238 CHAPTER EIGHT cratic deliberations today might come from attention to the Athenian practice of frank speaking? What questions about the demands of democratic citizenship today might rise from consideration of the centrality of reciprocity in the Athenian democratic imaginary? Throughout this study I have focused on identifying the intricacies of Plato’s involvement with democracy as he knew it Perhaps we can now bring Plato into conversations about democracy as we know it INDEX OF CITATIONS Boldface designates page numbers Aeschines Against Cteisiphon 18–22, 35n Against Timarchus 4–5, 35n 28ff., 59n 132, 37n, 38n Aeschylus Eumenides 851–56, 72 Persians 210–20, 35n, 55n 591–94, 54 Aristophanes Acharnians 520–30, 196n Clouds 521, 104n 575, 104n Frogs 677, 104n 729, 106 1109–18, 104n Knights 732, 66n, 86 1340–44, 66n, 87 Thesmophoriazusae 540–43, 53n Wasps 65, 104n 753–54, 102 1012–14, 104n Aristotle Constitution of Athens 2.3, 236 5.1–12.5, 236 16.6, 55n 18.1–19.2, 22n, 49–50 21, 95n 28.1, 183n 40, 184n 58.1, 26n, 40n 63–69, 97n Nichomachean Ethics 1111a9ff., 175n 1165a29, 53n Politics 1273b34–1274a21, 236 1281a11, 122n 1295a20, 34n, 55n 1310a31, 166n 1316a1-b30, 114 1316a5–6, 35n 1317b3–5, 35n 1317b11, 166n 1319b20–30, 88nRhetoric 1358b, 65n, 67n, 83n, 204 1367b8, 181n 1414a6, 204 1415b3, 181n 1416b1–2, 205 Athenaeus Deipnosophists 15.695.10–13, 33n, 40n Demokritos Fragment 226, 54 Demosthenes Against Aristocrates 204, 53n Against Leptines 70, 41n 159, 41n On the Chersonese 32, 60n On the Crown 120, 99 169–73, 51n, 57n On the False Embassy 280, 37n First Olynthiac 1.1, 58 First Philippic 51, 60n, 61 For the Liberty of the Rhodians 1, 61n Fourth Philippic 54, 53n 76, 60n 240 INDEX OF CITATIONS Funeral Speech 25–26, 54n Demosthenes (cont.) On Halonnesus 1, 61n On Organization 15, 56n, 60n, 177n Third Olynthiac 3–4, 60n Third Philippic 3, 53n Dinarchus Against Demosthenes 63, 27 101–2, 27 Diogenes Laertius Lives and Opinions of the Eminent Philosophers 2.26, 197n 3.30, 149n Euripides Bacchae 668–71, 55n Electra 1055–60, 53n Hippolytus 421–23, 54 Ion 671–75, 54n Orestes 905, 62n, 166n Phoenician Women 386–94, 56n Suppliant Women 403–8, 36n 433–41, 54n 438–42, 57n Herodotus Histories 1.29–30, 236 3.80–89, 33–36 5.69–72, 22n 5.78, 56n 6.109.3, 40 6.123, 22n Hyperides Against Philippides 2–4, 39 3, 41n Isaeus On the Estate of Dicaeogenes 46–47, 27n, 31–32n Isocrates Antidosis 43.8–44.1, 60n Panathenaicus 96, 53n, 60n On the Peace 14, 161n, 165–66 Lysias Funeral Oration 17, 82 Old Oligarch (Pseudo-Xenophon) Constitution of the Athenians 1.6–9, 165n 1.12, 54n 2.10, 93 3.2, 88n 3.12–13, 57n Plato Alcibiades I 118d-119a, 185n 132a, 87n Apology 23b, 123 28d7, 199 36c-e, 27 Charmides 156a, 155 Crito 44d-e, 125 52b, 232 Gorgias 455d-3, 185n 457e, 160n 461b-e, 162 461e, 54n 465d, 223 474a5–10, 124 481c-e, 160n, 163, 193n 485d, 164 487a-e, 154, 162, 163 491e, 154, 162 492d, 154, 163 494d-e, 80n 494e, 164 500c-d, 212n 502e-503d, 218n 503c, 185n 515c-519c, 185n 516a, 119 516d-517b, 185, 199 519b, 119 521a, 154, 162, 164 INDEX OF CITATIONS 521c, 119 521d, 118 523e, 223 524e, 223 525c, 218n 527d, 161 Hipparchus 229b-d, 114n Laches 178a-b, 154, 156 179c, 154, 156 179e, 218n 181a, 218n 184e, 158 187e-188c, 158 188d-189b, 159 188e-189a, 157 189a, 154 201a-b, 156 Laws 625b, 234 626d, 233 635a, 234 637b5, 234 639d, 234 640a4, 234 642b, 235n 642e, 235n 643a, 235n 654a, 106 659a-c, 227n 693d-e, 144 697a, 129n 700c, 104 701a, 105, 206 701a-c, 226–27 756e, 226 758b, 125 767e, 227 780c, 132n 806c8-d2, 179 811a5–7, 179 811d-e, 167n, 225n 829d, 160 835c, 179 835d-e, 171 862b, 227 950a, 231 950d-951e, 229–31 952b-d, 231 952e-953d, 233–34 961a-962d, 230, 231–32 965c, 232 976d, 227 Letter 324c-326a, 167 325b-c, 120 327b, 146 327d, 147 328c, 146 328c-d, 148, 150 329b, 148 333d, 147 334c, 148 341b-d, 135 342d8–10, 344b, 136 Letter 353c-e, 150 354a, 151, 155 354a, 155 354c-d, 151 354e, 150 355e, 152 356b, 152 356d, 152 Lysis 222a-b, 191 310a, 193n Menexenus 235e, 188 235e-236d, 186 236c-d, 192 237c, 198 238c-d, 187 238e-239a, 187, 198 243e, 184n 244a, 120n 246a-d, 186–87, 196–97, 199, 200 247a-e, 200 248a-d, 200–201 249a-c, 201–202 249d-e, 192 Phaedo 59b, 192 66e, 223 99d-e, 223 109e-110a, 223 111e3, 223 Phaedrus 240e, 155n 247c-e, 223 249e, 223 241 242 INDEX OF CITATIONS Plato (cont.) Protagoras 310a, 192–93n 319e3–320a, 185n Republic Book 8, 113–14, 115–17, 126 327a-b, 212, 215, 217 328a-b, 216, 217 368c-d, 218 369a, 217, 218 372e9, 218 376eff., 172 402d, 217 413d, 217 414a, 129 414bff., 172 445c2, 219n 449a-b, 116 450cff., 177–178 464c-465d, 131n 466b-c, 127 467c, 217, 218 467e, 218 469a-b, 129n 470e-471c, 117n 471d-e, 130, 167 471d-473b, 130 472b, 130 472e, 130 473a-b, 130 473b-e, 131, 178–79 473e-474b, 132 474a, 132 475c-476b, 221 475d-e, 220 486a, 206, 217, 223 488a-e, 123 489b-497a, 3n 489d, 173n 490c-d, 219n 490e, 219n 491e-492a, 125 492a-c, 123 492b, 97 493b-c, 123 493c-e, 124 496a-e, 167 497a, 169 499a, 173n, 178 499b8–10, 173n 500b, 125 501d, 191 511c-d, 221 516a-517d, 222 518c-d, 123–24 520c-d, 128n, 217, 222 520d, 128n 520d-e, 129 521a, 127 521a-b, 128 523a7, 219 525a, 206, 217, 223 525c, 218n, 221 526e, 221, 223 529a-e, 223, 224–25 532c, 217 537a, 218 540a-b, 117, 225n 540b, 129, 130 540d, 133 541a-b, 132 544a, 116 545c-d, 116, 217, 219 555e, 126n 557b-e, 54n, 154, 165–69, 170–71, 175, 223–24 557d-558c, 225 558c, 225 559dff., 171 560b-e, 172 561a-e, 168, 171, 173–74 562a-563d, 174–75 564d-565e, 125 564eff., 173 565a-566d, 126n 565d1–2, 176 567a5–6, 177 567b, 177n 568b-c, 173 576e, 217, 219n 579e, 217, 219n, 226 580b, 118 580b-c, 219 582c, 217 591e-592b, 203 596e, 209 605d, 210 607a-e, 206 611b-d, 217 614d, 217 619e, 217, 218n Statesman 301c-d, 121 302b, 121 INDEX OF CITATIONS 303a-c, 303a-d, 120–22 Symposium 182c, 38, 114 210c, 223 211d, 223 212a, 223 220a, 218n Timaeus 17d-19a, 236 19b6, 221n 19b-c, 204, 221n 20b, 236 20e-25d, 236 22a, 236 23a, 236 26d-e, 236 Simonides Fragment 118, 40n Thucydides History of the Peloponnesian War 1.20, 22n, 43, 45 1.22, 46, 187 2.34, 85 2.36, 98n 2.36–42, 2.37, 72, 83, 84, 167n 2.38, 88n, 97 2.40, 58, 71, 81n, 108 and n 2.41.1, 49 243 2.42.4, 71n 2.43, 40n, 64, 67–74, 75n, 84, 101, 102, 189, 195, 196 2.45.2, 76 2.46.1, 85 2.63, 81n, 189 2.65, 46, 182–83, 187, 188, 189 3.43.5, 62 3.69–82, 45n 3.82, 46 4.78.3, 35n 6.9–15, 157n 6.20–23, 157n 6.24, 85n, 157n, 177n 6.28, 46 6.31.1, 219n 6.35–40, 46 6.53, 47, 48 6.54, 42, 43–44, 49 6.54–59, 22n 6.55, 43 6.56–57, 45n 6.59–60, 44, 47, 48 6.59.1, 50n 6.60.2, 50n 7.86.5, 120 8.68.1–2, 186 Xenophon Hellenica 2.4.20–21, 92n This page intentionally left blank INDEX Academy, of Plato, 137–45; goals of, 139– 42; and the Laws, 143–44; political influence of, 141–45, 146–53; and political research, 144; as source of law-givers, 141–42, 143–45; structure of, 138–40 accountability, and power, 127 See also responsibility Adam, J., 130n, 154n, 167n, 169n, 170n, 171n, 175n Alcibiades, 45–46, 47, 48, 172 Allen, D., 16n Allen, R E., 181n, 185n, 188n anachronism: in the Laws, 232; in the Menexenus, 188–89 Andrewes, A., 23n, 43n, 46n, 47n Annas, J., 215n anonymity, Platonic See voice, in Platonic dialogues antityrantism: Athenian, 21, 29, 37; in Plato, 113–14 See also freedom; Harmodius and Aristogeiton; tyranny Apology, of Plato, 27, 125, 161, 172; and the Menexenus, 199–200 aporia: in the Menexenus, 184; and philosophy, 133 Archinus, and the restoration of democracy, 184n Arendt, H., 14n aristocracy: distinguished from oligarchy in Plato, 117; Platonic attitudes toward, 127; in the Republic, 117, 127 Aristogeiton, motives of, 49–50 See also Harmodius and Aristogeiton Aristotle: on epideictic oratory, 204–5; on Harmodius and Aristogeiton, 49–50; on Pericles, 183n Armstrong, C B., 138n, 139n, 141n Arnott, P., 96n, 105n, 106n Aspasia, in the Menexenus, 186, 193–96 Assembly: deception of, 59–60; decisions of, 15; isegoria in, 56–57; parrhesia in, ¯ ¯ 51, 56–63; as scrutinizer of drama, 97n; and the theater, 96–97 astronomy, and philosophy, 223–25 Athenian Stranger: as theoros, 233–35; and the work of Plato’s Academy, 143–44, 234 Athens: beauty of, 72–74; as eromenos, 74– ¯ 87 audience performance, 103n, 222n, 223, 226–27 See also drama autochthony, and citizenship, 196–99 Bambrough, R., 14n Barker, E., 3n Benardete, S., 33n benefaction, toward Athens, 37, 39, 99– 101; and class, 197; in oratory, 86; in the Republic’s ideal city, 129–30; Socrates’ and Pericles’ performance of, 220 See also charis; reciprocity Bennett, S., 222n Bloedrow, E F., 181n Bloom, A., 21n, 114n, 124n, 214n, 219n, 223, 224n Boedeker, D., 29n Bonner, R J., 51n, 59n Bourdieu, P., 4n Bowen, A., 136n Bowra, C M., 26n, 33n, 40n, 149n Brandwood, L., 152n, 186n Brown, W., 194n Browning, R., 9n Brumbaugh, R., 119n Brunt, P A., 119n, 120n, 137n, 138n, 141, 142, 144n, 145n, 148n, 149n, 226n Burkert, W., 29n Burnyeat, M F., 14n Callicles, in the Gorgias: as lover, 193n; as touchstone, 163 Cartledge, P., 107n Castoriadis, C., 8n, 61n, 169n Castriota, D., 21n, 25n, 26n, 28n, 30n, 31n Cave, allegory of the, 123, 216–17, 221– 23 Cephalus, in the Republic, 212–216 246 INDEX charis, 81, 83, 195; in the Menexenus, 192 See also benefaction; reciprocity Chartier, R., 8n Cherniss, H., 138n, 139, 140 choregoi, 93, 100 ¯ choruses: citizen’s identification with, 105– 6; educational function of, 106–7 See also drama Christ, M., 99n Chroust, A.-H., 138n, 140, 142n citizens, ordinary: intellectual capacity of, 102–9, 122–25; Platonic views on, 122– 25 citizenship: and class, 83–84; definitions of, 6–7, 94–95; and eros, 64–87; family as metaphor for, 81–82, 190, 196–99, 201– 2; and reciprocity, 21, 22, 37–42, 74–87, 98–102, 114, 190, 196; and ritual, 94– 95 City Dionysia, 88–110; and citizens’ intellectual activity, 102–9, 235; and civic unity, 92–98; reciprocity at, 98–102; rituals and events of, 90–92, 93–95, 98–102, 108 See also drama; festivals Clark, M., 8n class: and citizenship, 83–84; and democracy, 89–90, 92–93, 95; and drama, 92– 94; and eros, 75n; and Harmodius and Aristogeiton, 44–45; and intellect, 123; in Plato, 115–18 See also citizens; elites Clavaud, R., 181n Clay, D., 133n, 134n Cleisthenes, 24, 30–31; reforms of, 95 Cleon, use of erotic metaphors by, 66, 86– 87 Clouds, of Aristophanes, 113, 224 Cohen, D., 12n, 67n, 68n, 77n, 228n colonization, and erotic imagery, 66 Comedy, parrhesia in, 178 See also drama ¯ Connor, W R., 6n, 11n, 26n, 29n, 33n, 46n, 47, 66n, 72n, 81n, 86n, 89n, 95n, 118n corruption: and democracy, 126–27; problem of in the Republic’s ideal city, 127– 28; of theatai, 227n courage, and parrhesia, 156–57 See also ¯ risks Coventry, L J., 181n Crane, G., 66n Critias, and the funeral oration, 204 Cross, R C., 3n Dahl, R., 3n Davidson, J N., 68n Dedousi, C., 103n democracy: and the Athenian imaginary, 6– 8; capacity for evil in, 120–21, 125; and class, 89–90, 92–93, 95; and corruption, 126–27; diversity in culture of, 170; elites in, 17, 115; gentleness in, 12; in Herodotus’ constitutional debate, 33– 36, 121, 126, 128; judgment and, 168; and knowledge in Plato, 123–35; lack of adequate laws in, 121–22; lack of parrhe¯ sia in, 175–77; in the Menexenus, 181– 205; origins of, in Plato, 171–72; Pericles and, 7, 182–83, 187–88; and philosophy, 17, 168–69; as praised by Plato, 120–21, 166–68; Republic’s portrayal of, 116–17, 125–37, 167–68; restoration of in Athens, 184n; risks of, 171; self-examination in, 12; Socrates’ attitude toward, 11–12; status and, 100; theory concerning, 5, 6–9, 33–36, 121, 126, 128; true and false speech in, 172–74; and truth, 170; variety in, 12, 170–71, 224–25 See also Harmodius and Aristogeiton; imaginary, Athenian demokratia, definition of, ¯ Derrida, J., 126n, 135n, 182n, 187, 196n, 198n Dewald, C., 33n dialogue, as literary genre: and the “doctrine” of the Republic, 133–37; and drama, 9–10, 134, 208, 236; and epideictic oratory, 205; and poetry 211–12 dialogue, as mode of inquiry, 139, 159, 162–63, 190, 215–17 Dion, 147, 148, 149, 150, 151–52; relations of with Plato, 142, 145–49; as symbol in the Menexenus, 184–85n Dionysius I, 145, 146 Dionysius II, 145, 146–47, 148, 149 Dodds, E R., 161, 162n, 181n Dombrowski, D., 13n Dougherty, C., 66 Dover, K J., 23n, 43n, 46n, 47n, 66n, 67n, 68n, 73, 77n, 78, 81, 102 drama: and the Assembly, 96–97; and the Athenian imaginary, 15; citizen participation in, 102–6; and citizenship, 17, 88– 110; and class, 92–94; dialogues as, 134; as education for citizens, 102–9, 210–11; financing of, 93; as influence on Platonic INDEX dialogue, 9–10, 134; and oratory, 96–97, 103–4; and parrhesia, 53; and philoso¯ phy, 206–37; seating arrangements for, 95–96; and status, 93–94 Dunn, J., 5n Easterling, P., 89n, 105n Edelstein, L., 119n, 134n education: in the Assembly, 58–59; choruses as, 106–7; drama as, 108–9, 210–11; in the Lysis, 190–91; of philosophers, 132–33; and philosophy, 208–9, 220; in Plato’s Academy, 138–45; Platonic views on, 123–24, 155–56, 158; in the Republic’s ideal city, 132–33, 217–18 Ehrenberg, V., 5n, 32n eleutheria See freedom elites: and democratic culture, 17, 115; discourse of, 15; ideology of in Athens, 117n; and Plato’s Academy, 138–39 See also citizens; class Else, G., 83n equality: in the Athenian imaginary, 16, 32–33; in Athens, 8, 71–72, 197; and the family metaphor of the state, 197– 99; and responsibility, 36–37 See also isonomia; reciprocity Er, myth of in the Republic, 169, 217 erastai: citizens as, 64, 67–74, 81–87, 189– 90, 195–96; as long-term lovers, 77–78; philosophers as, 191 eromenos, Athens as, 64, 72–74 ¯ eros, 17; between Plato and Dion, 149 and n; and citizenship, 64–87; and class, 75n; and colonization, 66; and dominance, 69–71, 75, 76–78; and freedom, 38; Greek attitudes toward, 68–69, 73, 77– 81, 191; of Harmodius and Aristogeiton, 38–39, 42, 44–45; in the Menexenus, 190–94; and philosophy, 191; and pursuit, 76; and reciprocity, 74–87; and selfcontrol, 70–71, 75, 78, 85; for the Sicilian Expedition, 85n; and sight, 67–68n; and status, 68–69, 71–72, 76, 77–78 Euben, J P 7n, 8n, 9, 11n, 12, 89n, 108n, 136n, 197n, 211n factional strife: in Athens, 30–31; Plato’s critique of, 116–17, 151–52 family, as metaphor for citizenship, 81–82, 190, 196–99, 201–2 See also erastai, citizens as; eros, and citizenship 247 Farrar, C., 5n, 43n, 46n, 48n, 64n Fehr, B., 25n, 31n, 38n festivals: Athenian, 88n; in the Laws, 179, 230; imagery of in the Republic, 212–13, 216; imagery of attendance at in Plato, 206–7, 212–37; lovers of, 221; and philosophy, 225–26, 227–28, 230 See also City Dionysia; drama Fine, J V A., 23n, 184n Finley, M I., 5n, 51n, 114n, 126, 145n, 146, 148, 152n Fisher, N., 75n Fitzgerald, T R., 23n Flory, S., 33n, 35n Forde, S., 42–43n, 46n, 114n Forms, Platonic, 207, 223 Fornara, C W., 23n, 27n Foucault, M., 52n, 68n, 70, 73, 75, 76–77, 79n, 81, 155n, 159 Foxhall, L., 5n, 70n Frank, J., 7n frank speech See parrhesia ¯ Frede, M., 136n freedom: in the Athenian imaginary, 5, 16; intellectual, 54; and license, 168; and parrhesia, 54–56; risks associated with, 174– ¯ 75; of thought, 54, 177; and tyranny, 174–75 free speech See isegoria (right of public ad¯ dress); parrhesia (frank speech) ¯ Friedlander, P., 21n, 114n funeral oration, Attic: 17, 181–205; and the Athenian imaginary, 65n; and the Critias, 204; and reciprocity, 99, 201; and the Republic, 203; and the Timaeus, 204; of Pericles, 64–87; of Socrates in the Menexenus, 181–205; Plato’s interest in, 202–5 Furley, W., 47–48n Gadamer, H G., 135n, 140n, 160n Geertz, C., 98n Gill, C., 16n glory: contrasted with self-sacrifice, 40; and death in battle, 40 See also reciprocity Goff, B., 89n Gofmann, B., 8n Goldhill, S., 12n, 16n, 70n, 88n, 89n, 91n, 95n, 96n, 100n, 107n Gomme, A W., 23n, 43n, 46n, 47n, 72, 84 248 INDEX Gorgias: allusion to Socrates’ fate in, 118; and the Menexenus, 185; parrhesia in, ¯ 161–65 Gould, J., 90n Green, J R., 89n Griffith, G T., 56n Griswold, C., 10n, 134n Irwin, T H., 11n Isagoras, 24, 30 isegoria: in the Assembly, 56–57; definition ¯ of, 57; distinguished from parrhesia, 52, ¯ 58–59; and education, 58–59 isonomia, 5, 33, 36; definitions of, 32n; in Plato, 174 See also equality; reciprocity Halliwell, S., 51n, 52n, 53n, 89n Halperin, D., 67n, 68n, 69n, 70n, 80n, 191n, 192n, 194n, 195n Hansen, M H., 5n, 24n, 101n Harmodius and Aristogeiton, 16–17, 21– 50; Aristotle’s views on, 49–50; as benefactors, 37; erotic attachment of, 38–39; hero cult of, 26, 28–29; honors given to, 26, 100; honors given to descendants of, 26–27, 41; as model for philosophy, 113–15; narratives about, 22–28; as selfsacrificial, 21, 31n, 43n; songs concerning, 25, 32–33; statues of, 25–26, 30– 32, 38; Thucydides’ views on, 42–49; violence caused by, 44, 45, 50 Havelock, E., 5n Hedrick, C., 5n, 8n Heiden, B., 106n Henderson, J., 52n, 53n, 68n, 69n, 89n, 96n, 103, 104n Henderson, M M., 181n Herodotus, constitutional debate in, 33– 36, 121, 126, 128 hetairai, social role of, 195 Hewitt, J W., 84 Hicks, E L., 57n Hill, G F., 57n Hipparchus, 23–24, 43–44, 49 Hippias, 23–24, 43–44, 48, 49 Holscher, T., 25n ă Honig, B., 14n honors, public, 26–27, 28–29, 40–42, 100 Hooker, J T., 81n Hornblower, S., 67n, 73, 84n Hubbard, T K., 68n, 69n Huby, P., 181n Hunter, V., 46n, 48n Jacoby, J., 23n, 25n Jones, A.H.M., 5n judgment: and democracy, 168; and knowledge in Plato, 158–59; and parrhesia, ¯ 165 justice, in the Republic, 14–15 ideal city, of the Republic, 127–33, 203–4, 209–10, 217–18; feasability of, 130–33 imaginary, Athenian, 4, 6–8, 9, 15, 16; in Pericles’ funeral oration, 65n; in Thucydides, 189 Immerwahr, H., 33n Kahane, A., 103n Kahn, C H., 10n, 80n, 136n, 181n, 185n, 186n, 226n Kallet-Marx, L., 5n, 9n Kaplan, M., 73 Kardara, C., 26n Kateb, G., 12n Keaney, J J., 22n Kearns, E., 28n Kertzer, D., 32n Keuls, E C., 68n, 70n kinaidoi, 80n, 164 Klagge, J C., 10n, 148n Klosko, G., 4n, 134n, 140n, 153n, 226n, 231n Knapp, E., 23n knowledge: as basis for judgment in Plato, 158–59; and democracy in Plato, 123– 25; historical, 46–47, 48–49; Plato’s representation of, 134–36; and poikilia, 223–24; and politics, in Plato, 123–25 Kosman, L A., 134n Koumoulides, A., 5n Kraut, R., 11n, 128n, 134n, 137n, 139n Kurke, L., 15n, 195 Lacey, W K., 82 Laches, parrhesia in, 155–61 ¯ Lang, M., 23n Lateiner, D., 33n, 35n Lavelle, B., 23n, 30n Laws: parrhesia in, 179–80; and Plato’s ¯ Academy, 143–44; Socrates’ absence from, 232–37; theates metaphors in, ¯ 226–32 Lefort, C., 7n, 14n Letter 7, of Plato, 145–53 INDEX ´ ˆ Leveque, P., 8n, 24n, 193n Levin, D., 207n Levinson, R B., 14n Lewis, A.D.E., 5n Lewis, D M., 90n Lewis, J D., 56n Lewis, V B., 230n liturgies, 99, 101 See also reciprocity, between citizens and city Longo, O., 105n Loraux, N., 13n, 18, 29n, 65n, 82n, 83n, 87n, 181n, 196n, 202, 203n, 204 Loriaux, M., 182n, 189n lovers See eros, erastai Lynch, J P., 138n, 139n Lysias, and the Republic, 214 Lysis, treatment of eros in, 190–91 majority rule: Herodotus’ Otanes on, 15, 33–36, 121, 126, 128; justification of, 15; Plato’s critique of, 13, 123–25, 158, 170 Maletz, D J., 181n, 185n, 186n Manville, P B., 24n Mara, G., 11n, 197n Marrou, H I., 138n Martin, R., 105n masses See citizens, ordinary Maurizio, L., 90n Meier, C., 7n, 32n, 34n, 89n, 108n, 109n Menexenus: and the Apology, 199–200; chronology in, 188, 193–94; eros in, 190–94; as patterned on Pericles’ funeral oration, 186–87; Platonic views on democracy in, 181–205 Meritt, B D., 26n, 101n metals, Plato’s metaphors of, 15–16, 127–28 metics: in the Republic, 213–15; status of, 94 Mill, John Stuart, 54n Millet, P., 16n, 86n Momigliano, A., 51n, 54n monarchy: Otanes’ criticism of, 34; Platonic views on, 151–52 Morgan, M., 10n, 207n Morrow, G., 10n, 106n, 119n, 122n, 142n, 143, 146, 148, 149n, 152n, 213n, 226n, 227–28, 230n, 232–33, 235 Murdoch, I., 236n 249 Nails, D., 138n, 139n, 140n Nakategwa, Y., 56n Nehamas, A., 12n, 209n Neils, J., 29n, 90n Nicias: as character in the Laches, 157n; fate of, 120 Nightingale, A., 10n, 181n, 202n, 204n, 208n, 228n Nilsson, M., 29n noble lie, in the Republic See metals, Plato’s metaphors of Nocturnal Council, in the Laws, 230–32 Nussbaum, M., 9n, 68n, 79–80, 136n, 149n, 150n, 208n, 210n, 211, 216n Ober, J., 5n, 6n, 7n, 8n, 10, 11n, 12n, 13, 15n, 16n, 23n, 24n, 32n, 57, 58n, 59n, 61n, 66n, 80n, 81n, 83n, 86n, 88n, 89n, 93n, 96, 97n, 106n, 108n, 120n, 193n, 212n, 214n oligarchy: in Athens, 126; distinguished from aristocracy in Plato, 117; Platonic views on, 3n, 16, 115–18, 158, 171–72 oratory: competition in, 58–59; dangers of, 59–60; and drama, 96–97, 103–4; and parrhesia, 53; Platonic attitudes toward, ¯ 202–5 Ortner, S., 4n Orwin, C., 46n, 48n, 109n Osborne, R., 9n, 15n, 38n, 58n, 91n Ostwald, M., 5n, 25n, 27n, 30n, 32n, 36n, 101n Otanes: and Plato’s views in the Republic, 126–28; and Plato’s views in the Statesman, 121–22; as spokesman for democracy in Herodotus, 33–36 Palmer, M., 43n, 46n Panathenaia, 90n, 170, 225 See also festivals Pangle, T., 21n, 226n Parke, H W., 95n Parker, R., 213n parrhesia, 17; in the Apology, 178; in the As¯ sembly, 56–63; and citizenship, 51–63; in Comedy, 178; and courage, 156–57, 164; criticism of, 165–66; definition of, 52–53; distinguished from isegoria, 52, ¯ 58–59; in drama, 103–4; and education, 58–59, 102; and false speech, 172; and freedom, 54–56; in the Gorgias, 161–65; and harmony, 160–61; and judgment, 250 INDEX parrhesia (cont.) ¯ 165; in the Laches, 155–61; as lacking in democracy, 175–77; in the Laws, 179– 80; pejorative sense of, 62n; and personal integrity, 60–61; Platonic definitions of, 160; and philosophy, 17, 151, 154–80; in the Republic, 165–78; risks of, 55–56, 60–61, 62, 160, 178; and truth, 53, 61– 62, 162, 163, 173–74; and tyranny, 55 Pateman, C., 79n Patterson, O., 5n Pearson, J., 52n, 155n Pearson, L., 64n pederasty See eros; Harmodius and Aristogeton Pericles, 17; Aristotle’s views on, 183n; contrasted with Socrates by Plato, 185; on democracy, 7; funeral oration of, 64–87, 108; Plato’s attitudes toward, 181, 184– 89; Thucydides’ judgment of, 182–83, 185–86; and the Tyrannicides, 26n philosophers: education and rule of in the Republic’s ideal city, 126, 132–33, 178; as erastai, 191; as lovers of sights, 220– 23; as parrhesiastai, 154–80; and power, ¯ 129; as theatai, 211–26; as tyrant-slayers, 113–15 philosophy: and aporia, 133; and astronomy, 223–25; and the Athenian imaginary, 9; cultural attitudes toward, 133; in democratic states, 168–69; and drama, 206–37; and education, 208–9, 220; and eros, 191; and festivals, 212–13, 225–26, 227–28, 230; and foreign travel, 228–32; as indebted to democratic practice, 17; mass attitudes toward, 124; moral usefulness of, 164; and openness, 168; and parrhesia, 17, 151, 154–80; and passim; ¯ Plato’s choice of over politics, 161, 167; and poetry, 209–10; and power, 130–32, 226–27; presence of in the Laws, 229; in the Republic’s ideal city, 128–29; and rhetoric, 182n; and risk, 164–65; slanders against, 172–73, 221; and vision, 206–8 Pickard-Cambridge, A., 90n Podlecki, A., 26n, 96n poetry, and philosophy, 209–10 poikilia, and learning, 223–25 politeia, definition and translation of, 6–7 politics: Plato’s participation in, 145–53, 161, 167; Plato’s thought as opposed to, 14–15 Pomeroy, S., 70n, 194n Popper, K., 13n, 14n Postlethwaite, N., 16n power: and accountability, 127; dangers of, 121–22, 126; and philosophy, 129–32; Plato’s suspicion of, 125–26 practice theory: 4; and conceptualizing Athenian democracy, 6–9 Press, G A., 10n, 134n Protagoras, of Plato, 192–93n public and private relations: in Athens, 22, 28–29, 37–38, 39–40, 43–44, 48–50, 88, 109; in Plato, 114, 127, 189–202 Raaflaub, K., 34n, 81n, 114n Rawlings, H., 43n, 44n, 46, 47 reciprocity: between citizens and city, contrasted with self-sacrifice, 109; at the City Dionysia, 98–102; and drama, 89; and eros, 74–87; and the funeral oration, 65, 201; in the Republic’s ideal city, 129– 30 See also benefaction; charis; equality; isonomia Reeve, C.D.C., 134n, 215n Rehm, R., 89n, 105, 106n, 107 Republic, attitudes toward democracy in, 125–37; and the funeral oration, 203; parrhesia in, 165–78; theates imagery in, ¯ ¯ 212–26 See also ideal city responsibility, and power, 34–36, 114, 121–22, 128, 151–52 rhetoric, Platonic criticism of, 188, 218n Rhodes, P J., 22n, 23n Richlin, A., 70n rights, in Athens, 51 risks: on the comic stage, 104n; of democracy, 171; of freedom, 174–75; of oratory, 59–60; of parrhesia, 55–56, 60–61, ¯ 62, 160, 178; of philosophy, 164–65; in politics, 118–19; of speech, 173, 177; undertaken by Socrates, 118–19 ritual, and civic unity, 213 See also City Dionysia; festivals Roberts, J T., 3n, 12n, 117n Rocco, C., 206n, 207n, 211n Romm, J., 33n Roochnik, D L., 134n Rosen, S., 33n INDEX Rosenstock, B., 181n, 185n, 186n, 197n, 199n, 224n Rowe, C., 12n Rutherford, R B., 232n Salkever, S., 150, 181n, 182n, 194n Saunders, T., 141n, 143n, 144n, 149n, 226n Saxonhouse, 5n, 8n, 12, 14n, 33n, 36n, 66n, 115–16, 167–68, 181n, 185n, 194n, 196n Sayre, K., 135n Schmidtt-Pantel, P., 7n Schmid, W T., 120n, 156n Schnapp, A., 68n, 77n, 78–79 Schofield, M., 16n Schwartz, B., 28n Scott, J., 76n Seaford, R., 16n Segal, C., 109n, 206n, 207n self-control: in the Athenian imaginary, 71; and eros, 70–71, 75, 78, 85; of philosophers, 129 self-examination, in democracy, 12 self-image, Athenian See imaginary, Athenian self-sacrifice: contrasted with reciprocity, 84–85; of Harmodius and Aristogeiton, 21, 31n, 43n sexuality See eros Shapiro, H A., 28n Shawyer, J A., 181n Shear, T L., 25n ship, parable of in the Republic, 123–24 Shorey, P., 181n Sicilian Expedition, 45–47 Sinclair, R K., 51n Skinner, Q., 14 Smith, N D., 10n Socrates, 11n; as absent from the Laws, 232–33; avoidance of foreign travel by, 232; behavior of in battle, 158–59; contrasted with Pericles by Plato, 185; as critic, 13; and democratic practice, 11– 12; fate of, 118–22; Plato’s attitudes toward, 118–22; Plato’s portrayal of, 123– 24; as Platonic mouthpiece, 134 Solon, as theoros, 235–36 ¯ Sommerstein, A H., 72n, 89n sophrosune See self-control ¯ Sourvinou-Inwood, C., 90n 251 Sparta: and the liberation of Athens, 30, 48; Plato’s attraction to, 235n speech: and the creation of the ideal city, 218; and the origins of tyranny, 176; restrictions on, 52; risks of, 177 Sprague, R S., 159n Stalley, R., 226n, 235n status: and democracy, 100; and eros, 68– 69, 71–72, 76, 77–78 See also class Ste Croix, G.E.M de, 3n, Steinberger, P., 153n, 213n, 214n, 215n Stewart, A., 23n, 31n, 32, 38n Stockton, D., 5n Stone, I F., 11n Strauss, B., 88n, 92n, 96, 97n, 226n, 232n Strauss, L., 14n, 216n strong-mindedness, of ordinary citizens, 102–9, 122–25 Syracuse, Plato’s involvement with, 145–53 Taylor, A E., 181n Taylor, C.C.W., 12n, 13n Taylor, M W., 25n, 26n, 28 theatai: citizens as, 88–89, 102–9; and the Forms, 223; in the Laws, 226–32; philosophers as, 206–8, 210–26 See also drama theater See drama theatokratia, in the Laws, 227 Thebes, as foil for Athens, 15 theoria: and Athenian democracy, 235–36; ¯ definitions of, 206, 229 theoroi: as institution in the Laws, 228–32; ¯ theorists as, 226–32 See also Solon theory: democratic, 5, 6, 9; and practice in the Republic, 130–31; and theatrical terminology and practice, 206–7 See also Herodotus, constitutional debate in Theseus, and the Tyrannicides, 26n Thomas, R., 25n, 28n, 30n Thompson, N., 33n Thornton, B., 68n Thorp, J., 68n, 69n, 73n Thorson, T., 14n Thucydides: on the Athenian imaginary, 189; on Harmodius and Aristogeiton, 21, 42–49; on Pericles, 182–83, 185–86 Tigerstedt, E N., 136n Timaeus, and the funeral oration, 204 Tocqueville, Alexis de, 82–83n totalitarianism, and Plato, 13–14 252 INDEX Traill, J S., 24n truth: and democracy, 170; and parrhesia, ¯ 53, 61–62, 162, 163, 173–74 Turner, V., 28n Tyrannicides See Harmodius and Aristogeiton tyranny: in the Athenian imaginary, 114– 15; and freedom, 174–75; origins of in Plato, 173, 174, 176; and parrhesia, 55; ¯ Platonic views on, 126, 170, 189; in Syracuse, 145–53 unity, civic, 14–15, 92–98, 100, 202–3; in the Athenian imaginary, 15, 16, 22, 29– 37, 71–72; and drama, 89; question of in the Republic, 212–14; and ritual, 213 Urmson, J O., 209n, 210n Vellacott, P., 72 Vernant, J.-P., 89n Vidal-Naquet, P., 8n, 10, 17–18, 24n, 89n, 193n, 194n Vince, J H., 58n vision: and learning, 215–19; and philosophy, 206–8 See also theatai Vlastos, G., 5n, 11n, 32n, 54n, 134n voice, in Platonic dialogues, 133–37 von Fritz, K., 23n Waldron, J., 122n Walker, H., 26n, 30n Wallace, R., 51n, 52n, 103, 222n Wallach, J., 8n, 12n Walzer, M., 13n Waterfield, R., 34n Watt, D., 190n White, H., 137n Whitehead, D., 24n, 214–15n wholeness See unity Winkler, J., 68, 69, 70n, 71n, 77n, 80n, 89n, 95n, 96n, 98n, 211n Wohl, V., 90n Wolin, S., 8n, 14n, 29n, 126n, 169n women: at the Academy of Plato, 138; and dramatic festivals, 94, 96; as guardians in the Republic, 177–78; as mothers in the Menexenus, 196; Pericles’ exclusion of, 76; sexuality of, in Athenian ideology, 69–70; Socrates’ address to, 123; as theoroi in the Laws, 228, 233 See also ¯ Aspasia Wood, E M., 11n, 57n, 115n Wood, N., 11n, 115n Woodhead, A G., 56n Woozley, A D., 3n Yunis, H., 10–11n, 124n, 141n, 183n, 185n, 204n Zeitlin, F., 15n, 68n, 89n, 211n Zeller, E., 138n, 141n, 142n Zimmerman, B., 89n ... Copyright  2000 by Princeton University Press Published by Princeton University Press, 41 William Street, Princeton, New Jersey 08540 In the United Kingdom: Princeton University Press, Chichester,... Political Education, Democratic Culture and Political Theory (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1997); Richard Kraut, Socrates and the State (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1984); Gerald...Plato’s Democratic Entanglements This page intentionally left blank Plato’s Democratic Entanglements ATHENIAN POLITICS AND THE PR ACTICE OF PHILOSOPHY S Sara Monoson PRINCETON UNIVERSITY PRESS PRINCETON