[...]... Crural Interosseous Membrane, 405 The Distal Tibiofibular Joint, 405 The Subtalar or Talocalcanean Joint, 405 The Talocalcaneonavicular Joint, 406 The Calcaneocuboid Joint, 407 Index, 409 Contents xv This page intentionally left blank Human Gross Anatomy This page intentionally left blank Introduction I Anatomical Principles A Anatomy 1 The study of biological structure 2 Structure and function are inextricably... by the sides and the palms of the hands facing forward, and are noted below 3 Terms defining planes a Sagittal plane: divides the body into right and left parts; a median (midsagittal) plane divides the body in the midline into right and left halves b Coronal (frontal) plane: divides the body into front and back parts c Transverse (horizontal, axial) plane: divides the body into upper and lower parts... appreciation for the anatomical uniqueness of an individual is part of the art of medicine C Three-dimensional visualization 1 One of the objectives of learning anatomy is to construct a three-dimensional mental image of the human body 2 A three-dimensional appreciation of the human body is essential in many diagnostic procedures and may be facilitated by the study of crosssectional anatomy, perhaps through... terms for anatomical structures appear in the volume Nomina Anatomica; the meanings of their Latin names are usually noted in a medical dictionary and are often helpful in understanding their structure or function 2 Other key words in the language of anatomical description are terms defining planes, locations, and muscle actions; they are utilized relative to the anatomical position, that is, an upright... the aid of magnetic resonance images (MRIs) 3 D Living anatomy 1 Since your knowledge of anatomy will be applied to the examination and treatment of a living individual, it is important to extrapolate your laboratory experience to the living individual 2 Many of the structures you will study can be palpated through the skin, or their locations can be determined by palpable landmarks E Terminology 1... atlanto-occipital membrane 4 Intertransverse ligaments: extend between adjacent transverse processes 5 Anterior longitudinal ligament: runs the length of the vertebral column along the anterior surfaces of vertebral bodies and intervertebral discs; 14] THE BACK superiorly, it provides a narrow midline reinforcement for the anterior atlanto-occipital membrane, a fibrous band extending between the anterior arch... joints 1 Atlanto-occipital joints: oblong joints between the convex occipital condyles of the skull and the reciprocally concave superior articular surfaces of the atlas; allow flexion and extension of the head, but not rotation 2 Median atlantoaxial joints: an anterior joint lies between the dens of the axis and the articular facet on the posterior surface of the anterior arch of the atlas, and a posterior... the anterior and posterior tubercles 4 Articular processes: the articular surfaces of superior articular processes face posteriorly and superiorly; articular surfaces of inferior articular processes face anteriorly and inferiorly, thus, there is a tendency for lateral flexion to occur simultaneously with rotation (flexion and extension also occur at these joints) 5 Atlas a Consists of an anterior and... III, The Abdomen, 73 The The The The Anterior Abdominal Wall, 75 Scrotum, Spermatic Cord, and Testis, 83 Abdominopelvic or Peritoneal Cavity, 89 Posterior Abdominal Wall, 113 IV The Perineum and Pelvis, 123 The Anal Triangle, 125 The Urogenital Triangle, 131 The Pelvis, 141 xiii V The Head and Neck, 159 The Skull, 161 The Face, 177 The Scalp, 187 The Cranial Meninges and Dural Venous Sinuses, 189 The... surfaces approximate a sagittal plane, and thus permit a substantial amount of flexion and extension, however, little rotation is allowed; the articular surfaces of the inferior articular processes of vertebra L5 and the superior articular processes of vertebra Si are more coronally placed, and thus prevent forward displacement of vertebra L5 (and the entire upper part of the human body) on the sloping superior . Robert J. Human gross anatomy : an outline text / by Robert J. Leonard. p. cm. Includes index. ISBN 0-19-509003-9 1. Human anatomy Outlines, syllabi, etc. I. Title. [DNLM: 1. Anatomy outlines. . h1" alt="" Human Gross Anatomy This page intentionally left blank a n outline text Human Gross Anatomy by Robert J. Leonard, Ph.D. New York Oxford OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS 1995 Oxford . intentionally left blank Human Gross Anatomy This page intentionally left blank Introduction I. Anatomical Principles A. Anatomy 1. The study of biological structure 2. Structure and function