[...]... Ethics: A Moral Scale of War, Peace, Justice, and Global Care (Chapter 5), Pierre Allan goes beyond Just Peace in a comparative perspective, distinguishing it in particular from its closest ‘moral’ neighbours, a stable (but usually unjust) peace and positive peace Allan develops an international ethical scale to evaluate diVerent acts from a moral standpoint, with conXict as the baseline of ethical behaviour... of Just War exists, surprisingly little conceptual thinking has gone into what ´ constitutes a peace that is a just one This book debates this problematique and develops the concept of a Just Peace The problem with the idea of a Just Peace is that striving for justice may imply a Just War, or at least ‘justiWable violence’, as Adam Roberts, one of the contributors to this book argues Peace and justice... force This brings us back to the original notion that war that is waged justly aims at peace And since a 6 Pierre Allan and Alexis Keller desire to proliferate the ‘good’ has been what has long shaped human relations, this examination of the Helsinki process provides an admirable example of how an internal focus on justice can create an environment that witnesses promulgation In Measuring International... this might have on legitimacy and thus peace Although Roberts indicates a dearth in serious academic research into the popular civil resistance that has brought about peaceful political change in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, he holds fast to his analysis that there are times when force can, in fact, be justiWable As a scholar who has published extensively on humanitarian law, Roberts is aptly... below order and peace But in reality, such peace is usually a peace of cemeteries’, where maintaining order is a constant preoccupation and in the end, there is neither stable order, nor assured peace or justice ¨ What can be done then if one wishes (not as a naıve idealist but as a realist, horriWed by constant oppression, the human and material cost of modern warfare and by the surge in passions stoked... proved unjust.) The decision by Great Britain and France to go to war after the inglorious injustices of the ‘appeasement’ might have also fallen into this category, had the all-out war against Fascism and Nazism not taken aim at so many civilians and thus violated the long-standing principle of the Just War doctrine: the protection of non-combatants As for peace, it has at times existed—I am thinking... considered unjust, and of attempts to repair past injustices, which are often inextricable The former are usually perceived as unpalatable and the latter are less celebrated than we could imagine Finally, 14 Stanley HoVmann there are peace or armistices which serve only to put a temporary end to violence and leave all sides, or at least some of them, feeling dissatisWed (as is the case with the Israeli–Arab... familiar with the theory of Just War, and this is why he advocates the use of a similar, yet substantially diVerent, term: justiWable force ‘This would move the tradition away from appearing to approve a war as a whole, and toward recognizing something more conditional and cautious—that the threat and use of military force by a particular state or group of states may in particular circumstances be justiWable.’... promise that rats will disappear once and for all, but it does demonstrate to us why and how we must Wght against them 3 Justice, Peace, and History: A Reappraisal Alexis Keller 1 INTRODUCTION Political and moral philosophy have primarily focused on the idea of a Just War Countless books have examined the relationship between war and justice from a legal, political, or moral perspective,1 while many... terms Part of arriving at a Just Peace would entail recognizing a shared identity and common history even if this approach highlights diVerences Clearly, this might be a monumental task considering the trials and tribulations that have come to pass, but for Said an ‘abridged memory’ is not an option that will lead to Just Peace In the concluding chapter, The Concept of a Just Peace, or Achieving Peace . Allan and Alexis Keller 2. Peace and Justice: A Prologue 12 Stanley HoVmann 3. Justice, Peace, and History: A Reappraisal 19 Alexis Keller 4. Just Peace: A Cause Worth Fighting For 52 Sir Adam.