about the speaker towards a syntax of indexicality may 2010

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about the speaker towards a syntax of indexicality may 2010

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[...]... be attributed to sentences like the following: (1) John said that Mary is pregnant (2) Gianni ha detto che Maria è incinta In languages like English and Italian this sentence means that the pregnancy of Mary overlaps both the time of the utterance and the time of John saying it—and obligatorily so In these languages, the sentence cannot mean that Mary was pregnant at the time John said it, but that... Two years ago John said that Mary be pregnant now, at the time I, the speaker, am speaking 2.2 The Double Access Reading 15 In other words, in no language does a complement clause have exactly the same range of interpretations it has in isolation: sentence (7) cannot mean that Mary is pregnant now—which is the meaning of the sentence ‘Mary is pregnant’ used as a main clause—but that when John said it,... misusage of the evidence is my fault entirely 1.1 The Issue (5) Maria e insarcinata Maria is(pres ind) pregnant (6) 5 (Acum 2 ani) Gianni a spus ca Maria e insarcinata Two years ago John said that Maria is(pres ind) pregnant The present tense is the form used in main sentences to express simultaneity with the utterance time But in Romanian, the equivalent of sentence (1), i.e., (6), has the same meaning as... suggested that DAR phenomena were related to the representation of the speaker s coordinates in the embedded clause Though in their analysis the existence of DAR languages—such as English and Italian—next to non-DAR ones—such as Romanian and Chinese—was not accounted for, still their idea that the indexical context had to be represented in the left periphery of the clause is a crucial one, and I will... treat as equivalent:7 (14) John said that Mary left (15) Gianni ha detto che Maria è partita (16) John said that Mary will leave (17) Gianni ha detto che Maria partirà (18) John said that Mary would leave (19) Gianni ha detto che Maria sarebbe partita In sentences (14)–(15) the embedded past is interpreted as locating the eventuality of leaving before the saying In (16) and (17) the 7 In what follows the. .. English, and Italian as well, as in many other languages, however, is not a universal fact The same sentence, with an embedded present tense, in a language such as Romanian—Russian, Japanese, Chinese, etc.—does not have this interpretation Consider for instance the following Romanian examples:4 3 In this case, the speaker has to use, both in English and Italian, the so-called future-in -the- past: i John said... being either past (backwards shifted reading) or simultaneous to the sayer’s The Russian counterpart of (i) only gives a backward shifted reading That is, we find again the situation discussed above: English forces the consideration of both the utterance time and the time of the superordinate event, whereas only the latter seems to matter for Russian Again, what is missing is a language in which the embedded... Such a feature represents the temporal, and spatial, coordinates of the subject of the main clause—i.e., the bearer of the attitude It can be thought of as an index that in the semantics is expanded to include all the variables necessary for the interpretation According to this perspective, the closest second argument, e2 , is the event defined by F in the T-layer Therefore, the result is the establishing... expressing simultaneity with the main event of saying 6 Introduction Whereas in Romanian and Japanese rule (9) would be absent, and replaced by the following: (10) If a present verbal form appears in a main clause, then the eventuality must be located with respect to the speaker s temporal location If the present tense is associated with a verbal form appearing in an embedded clause, then the eventuality is... (1) and (2) Whatever these principles might be, then the distribution and interpretation of an embedded past tense and an embedded 8 The future-in -the- past is expressed in English by means of a periphrastic form including the auxiliary would which is often analysed as will + ed, i.e., a past-future auxiliary In Italian the same meaning is realized by means of the perfect conditional The other Romance . introduction, and in this book, I am mostly talking about the temporal interpretation of clauses and about the necessity of hypothesizing the presence of the speaker s temporal location in the syntax precisely. About the Speaker Towards a Syntax of Indexicality by Alessandra Giorgi 29 The Sound Patterns of Syntax edited by Nomi Erteschik-Shir and Lisa Rochman For a complete list of titles published and. preparation for the series, see pp 231–32. About the Speaker Towards a Syntax of Indexicality ALESSANDRA GIORGI 1 3 Great Clarendon Street, Oxford ox26dp Oxford University Press is a department of

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  • Oxford U. Press - About the Speaker (2010) (ATTiCA)

  • Contents

  • General Preface

  • Acknowledgements

  • List of Abbreviations

  • 1 Introduction

    • 1.1 The issue

    • 1.2 The proposal

    • 1.3 The background

    • 1.4 The organization of this book

  • 2 The speaker’s projection

    • 2.1 Introduction

    • 2.2 The Double Access Reading

      • 2.2.1 The issue

      • 2.2.2 There is no optional Double Access Reading

      • 2.2.3 The Double Access Reading and Sequence of Tense

      • 2.2.4 A proposal on Sequence of Tense

    • 2.3 The subjunctive

      • 2.3.1 Temporal dependencies with the subjunctive

      • 2.3.2 The subjunctive and the DAR

    • 2.4 The left periphery and the speaker’s projection

      • 2.4.1 Complementizer Deletion: a description

      • 2.4.2 The representation of the speaker’s coordinate

      • 2.4.3 Temporal topics and other issues

      • 2.4.4 On Sequence of Tense: the role of Agree

    • 2.5 A remark on the morphology of the subjunctive

    • 2.6 Conclusion

  • 3 Can we ever see the speaker’s coordinates in the C-layer?

    • 3.1 Introduction

    • 3.2 Epistemic heads in Italian

      • 3.2.1 The distribution of credo with topic and focus

      • 3.2.2 Further evidence in favour of a monoclausal structure: the distribution of francamente (frankly)

      • 3.2.3 The structural position of epistemic heads

    • 3.3 Dicono (they say) as an evidential head

      • 3.3.1 The distribution of dicono

      • 3.3.2 The structural position of evidential heads

    • 3.4 A brief remark on parentheticals

    • 3.5 Further issues: interrogatives and embedded contexts

    • 3.6 Conclusions

  • 4 Is the speaker there? An analysis of some anomalous contexts

    • 4.1 Introduction

    • 4.2 The imperfect

      • 4.2.1 The issue

      • 4.2.2 The imperfect as an indicative verbal form

      • 4.2.3 The interpretation of the imperfect -va- morpheme

    • 4.3 The imperfect and the subjunctive

    • 4.4 Is there an imperfect in English?

    • 4.5 Inside a dream

    • 4.6 What about languages with no tense?

      • 4.6.1 The speaker’s projection and long distance anaphors

    • 4.7 The future-in-the-past

      • 4.7.1 The issue

      • 4.7.2 Complementizer Deletion and long distance anaphors

      • 4.7.3 A proposal

    • 4.8 Summary and conclusion

  • 5 Depending on the future: the speaker changes her perspective

    • 5.1 Introduction

    • 5.2 Dependencies from a future tense

    • 5.3 The distribution of temporal locutions

      • 5.3.1 Referential locutions

      • 5.3.2 Indexical temporal locutions

      • 5.3.3 Anaphoric temporal locutions

    • 5.4 Towards an explanation

      • 5.4.1 DAR effects

      • 5.4.2 Towards an explanation of the distribution of temporal locutions

    • 5.5 Further speculations and conclusions

  • 6 When somebody else is speaking: Free Indirect Discourse

    • 6.1 Introduction

    • 6.2 Free Indirect Discourse: properties

      • 6.2.1 Pronouns

      • 6.2.2 Indexical temporal expressions

      • 6.2.3 The past tense

    • 6.3 A theoretical proposal for Free Indirect Discourse

      • 6.3.1 Italian

      • 6.3.2 English

    • 6.4 The syntax of FID sentences

      • 6.4.1 The distribution of the introducing predicate

      • 6.4.2 The syntactic structure

    • 6.5 Conclusion

  • 7 Concluding Remarks

  • References

  • Index of Subjects

    • A

    • B

    • C

    • D

    • E

    • F

    • G

    • H

    • I

    • J

    • L

    • M

    • N

    • O

    • P

    • R

    • S

    • T

    • U

    • V

  • Index of Names

    • A

    • B

    • C

    • D

    • E

    • F

    • G

    • H

    • I

    • J

    • K

    • L

    • M

    • O

    • P

    • Q

    • R

    • S

    • T

    • U

    • V

    • W

    • X

    • Z

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