[...]... Publication of the visionary book on nanotechnology potential Engines of Creation (Drexler 1987) Maturation of the field of supramolecular chemistry relevant to nanotechnology: construction of artificial molecules that interact with each other leading to award of the Nobel prize (Lehn 1988) Awarded the Nobel Prize Atoms visualized by the scanning tunneling microscope discovered in the 1980s at the IBM Z¨... at the molecular scale, along with the means to assemble them into larger systems, economically and in great numbers Some of the applications of nanobiotechnology in medicine are given in Table 1.1 Basics of Nanobiotechnology in Relation to Nanomedicine Nanotechnology (Greek word nano means dwarf) is the creation and utilization of materials, devices, and systems through the control of matter on the. .. in diagnosis as well as therapy and can be referred to as nanomedicine Nanomedicine Nanomedicine is the application of nanotechnology to medicine and is based on three mutually overlapping and progressively more powerful molecular technologies (Freitas 2002): K.K Jain, The Handbook of Nanomedicine, C 2008 Humana Press, Totowa, NJ 1 2 1 Introduction Table 1.1 Nanomedicine in the twenty-first century... biotechnology and conservative elements of the profession may be slow in accepting and learning about nanobiotechnology, which is at the cutting edge of biotechnology The high cost of new technologies is a concern for healthcare providers Cost– benefit studies are needed to convince the skeptics that some of the new technologies may actually reduce the overall cost of healthcare Molecular medicine is already... nanotechnology, depends on the application but can range from 1 nm to 1 mm Nano is not the smallest scale; further down the power of ten are angstrom (0.1 nm), pico, femto, atto, and zepto By weight, the mass of a small virus is about 10 ag An attogram is one thousandth of a femtogram, which is one thousandth of a picogram, which is one thousandth of a nanogram The dimensions of various objects in nanoscale... applications in the pharmaceutical industry such as drug discovery and drug delivery can be covered under the term “nanobiopharmaceuticals.” The relationship of nanobiotechnology to nanomedicine and related technologies is depicted graphically in Fig 1.1 Landmarks in the Evolution of Nanomedicine Historical landmarks in the evolution of nanomedicine are listed in Table 1.3 Fig 1.1 Relationship of nanobiotechnology... Feynman gave a lecture entitled “There’s Plenty of Room at the Bottom,” at the Annual Meeting of the American Physical Society He outlined the principle of manipulating individual atoms using larger machines to manufacture increasingly smaller machines (Feynman 1992) Start of development of molecular electronics by Aviram and Rattner (Hush 2003) Norio Tanaguchi of Japan coined the word “nanotechnology” Colloidal... (Batten and Hopkins 1979) Conception of the idea of designing molecular machines analogous to enzymes and ribosomes (Drexler 1981) The first description the term dendrimer and the method of preparation of poly(amidoamine) dendrimers (Tomalia et al 1985) Discovery of buckyballs (fullerenes) by Robert Curl, Richard Smalley, and Harold Kroto, which led to the award of the 1996 Nobel Prize in Chemistry (Smalley... considered a subspecialty of medicine as molecular technologies would have an overall impact on the evolution of medicine Recognition of the usefulness of biotechnology has enabled progress in the concept of personalized medicine, which again is not a branch of medicine but simply indicates a trend in healthcare and simply means the prescription of specific treatments and therapeutics best suited for... attachment to the surfaces of MEMS structures (most commonly, thiol groups to gold) and their interactions are monitored through mechanical (deflection of a cantilever), electrical (change in voltage or current in the sensor), or optical (surface plasmon resonance [SPR]) measurements The biological components are in the nanometer range or smaller; therefore, the size of these systems is limited by the minimum . 130 5.1 Examples of application of nanoparticles for gene therapy . . . . . . . . . 166 7.1 Classification of nanobiotechnology approaches to drug delivery in cancer 209 14.1 Applications of nanotechnologies. Institutes of Health (USA) NIR near-infrared NP nanoparticle ODN oligodeoxynucleotide PAMAM polyamidoamine (dendrimers) PCR polymerase chain reaction PEG polyethylene glycol PEI polyethylenimine POC point -of- care QD. 143 Liposomes 145 LiposomesIncorporatingFullerenes 146 Polymerized Liposomal Nanoparticle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146 Stabilization of Phospholipid Liposomes Using Nanoparticles