4 Springer Series on Fluorescence Methods and Applications Series Editor: O. S. Wolfbeis Springer Series on Fluorescence Series Editor: O.S. Wolfbeis Recently Published and Forthcoming Volumes Standardization and Quality Assurance in Fluorescence Measurements State of the Art and Future Challenges Volume Editor: Resch-Genger, U. Vol. 5, 2008 Fluorescence of Supermolecules, Polymeres, and Nanosystems VolumeEditor:Berberan-Santos,M.N. Vol. 4, 2007 Fluorescence Spectroscopy in Biology Volume Editor: Hof, M. Vol. 3, 2004 Fluorescence Spectroscopy, Imaging and Probes Volum e E dit or : Kraay en hof , R . Vol. 2, 2002 New Trends in Fluorescence Spectroscopy Volum e E dit or : Va le ur, B. Vol. 1, 2001 Fluorescence of Supermolecules, Polymers, and Nanosystems VolumeEditor:M.N.Berberan-Santos With contributions by A. U. Acuña · N. Adjimatera · F. Amat-Guerri · D. L. Andrews C.Baleizão·A.Benda·M.N.Berberan-Santos·E.J.Bieske D. K. Bird · I. S. Blagbrough · E. N. Bodunov · S. M. Borisov P. Chojnacki · R. G. Crisp · A. Deres · J. Enderlein ·Y. Engelborghs J. P. S. Farinha · B. A. Harruff · A. Hennig · M. Hof · J. Hofkens O. Inganäs · K. G. Jespersen · N. Kahya · A. A. Karasyov · I. Klimant A. S. Kocincova · A. L. Koner · T. Kral · M. Langner · J. C. Lima Y. Lin · C. Lodeiro · L. M. S. Loura · G. Maertens · J. M. G. Martinho T.Mayr·L.J.McKimmie·S.Melnikov·D.Merkle·C.Moser B.Muls·S.Nagl·S.Nascimento·W.M.Nau·M.Orrit·A.J.Parola F. Pina · M. Prieto · T. Pullerits · M. Schaeferling · P. Schwille T. A. Smith · M. I. Stich · Y P. Sun · V. Sundström · H. Uji-i B. Valeur · J. Vercammen · P. J. Wearne · S. Westenhoff · O. S. Wolfbeis A.Yartsev·Y.Zaushitsyn·B.Zhou 123 Fluorescence spectroscopy, fluorescence imaging and fluorescent probes are indispensible tools in nu- merous fields of modern medicine and science, including molecular biology, biophysics, biochemistry, clinical diagnosis and analytical and environmental chemistry. Applications stretch from spectroscopy and sensor technology to microscopy and imaging, to single molecule detection, to the development of novel fluorescent probes, and to proteomics and genomics. The Springer Series on Fluorescence aims at publishing state-of-the-art articles that can serve as invaluable tools for both practitioners and researchers being active in this highly interdisciplinary field. The carefully edited collection of papers in each volume will give continuous inspiration for new research and will point to exciting new trends. Library of Congress Control Number: 2007931851 ISSN 1617-1306 ISBN 978-3-540-73927-2 Springer Berlin Heidelberg New York DOI 10.1007/978-3-540-73928-9 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broad- casting, reproduction on microfilm or in any other way, and storage in data banks. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the German Copyright Law of September 9, 1965, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer. Violations are liable for prosecution under the German Copyright Law. Springer is a part of Springer Science+Business Media springer.com c Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2008 The use of registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. Cover design: WMXDesign GmbH, Heidelberg Typesetting and Production: LE-T E XJelonek,Schmidt&VöcklerGbR,Leipzig Printed on acid-free paper 02/3180 YL – 5 4 3 2 1 0 Series Editor Prof. Dr. Otto S. Wolfbeis Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Chemo- and Biosensors University of Regensburg 93040 Regensburg, Germany otto.wolfbeis@chemie.uni-regensburg.de Volume Editor Prof. Dr. Mário N. Berberan-Santos Centro de Química-Física Molecular Instituto Superior Técnico 1049-001 Lisboa Portugal mbs@ist.utl.pt Preface The field of fluorescence continues to grow steadily, both in fundamental aspects and in applications. For instance, the number of scientific articles pub- lished every year that contain the word ‘fluorescence’ in the title has increased approximately linearly in the last 50 years (ISI data), from 150 in 1960 to 3,200 in 2005. These articles are only a small fraction of the total number of publica- tions. A search with the same keyword ‘fluorescence’ anywhere in the article yielded nearly 16,000 articles for the year 2005, a high number indeed, and that exceeds the corresponding figure for ‘NMR,’ another powerful spectroscopy. The present book, which is the fourth in the Springer Series on Fluorescence, collects articles written by speakers of the 9th International Conference on Methods and Applications of Fluorescence: Spectroscopy, Imaging and Probes (MAF 9), held in Lisbon, Portugal, in September 2005, along with a few invited articles. The meeting, with more than 300 participants from 33 countries, included 18 plenary and invited lectures. Current issues related to fluorescence are discussed in the present book, including recent advances in fluorescence methods and techniques, and the development and application of fluorescent probes. Historical aspects and an overview of fluorescence applications are also covered. Special emphasis is placed on the fluorescence of artificial and biological nanosystems, single- molecule fluorescence, luminescence of polymers, microparticles, nanotubes and nanoparticles, and on fluorescence microscopy and fluorescence correla- tion spectroscopy. Lisboa, October 2007 M ´ ario N. Berberan-Santos Contents History and Fundamental Aspects Early History of Solution Fluorescence: The Lignum nephriticum of Nicolás Monardes A.U.Acuña·F.Amat-Guerri 3 From Well-Known to Underrated Applications of Fluorescence B.Valeur 21 Principles of Directed Electronic Energy Transfer D.L.Andrews·R.G.Crisp 45 Luminescence Decays with Underlying Distributions of Rate Constants: General Properties and Selected Cases M.N.Berberan-Santos·E.N.Bodunov·B.Valeur 67 Fluorescence as the Choice Method for Single-Molecule Detection M.Orrit 105 Molecular and Supramolecular Systems Water-soluble Fluorescent Chemosensors: in Tune with Protons A.J.Parola·J.C.Lima·C.Lodeiro·F.Pina 117 Fluorescence of Fullerenes S.Nascimento·C.Baleizão·M.N.Berberan-Santos 151 Squeezing Fluorescent Dyes into Nanoscale Containers— The Supramolecular Approach to Radiative Decay Engineering W.M.Nau·A.Hennig·A.L.Koner 185 X Contents Polymers, Semiconductors,Model Membranes and Cells Resonance Energy Transfer in Polymer Interfaces J.P.S.Farinha·J.M.G.Martinho 215 DefocusedImaginginWide-fieldFluorescenceMicroscopy H. Uji-i · A. Deres · B. Muls · S. Melnikov · J. Enderlein · J. Hofkens . . . 257 Dynamics of Excited States and Charge Photogeneration in Organic Semiconductor Materials K. G. Jespersen · Y. Zaushitsyn · S. Westenhoff · T. Pullerits A.Yartsev·O.Inganäs·V.Sundström 285 Resonance Energy Transfer in Biophysics: Formalisms and Application to Membrane Model Systems L.M.S.Loura·M.Prieto 299 Measuring Diffusion in a Living Cell Using Fluorescence Correlation Spectroscopy. A Closer Look at Anomalous Diffusion Using HIV-1 Integrase and its Interactions as a Probe J.Vercammen·G.Maertens·Y.Engelborghs 323 Pushing the Complexity of Model Bilayers: Novel Prospects for Membrane Biophysics N.Kahya·D.Merkle·P.Schwille 339 Nanotubes, Microparticles and Nanoparticles Photoluminescence Properties of Carbon Nanotubes B.Zhou·Y.Lin·B.A.Harruff·Y P.Sun 363 Fluorescence Correlation Spectroscopic Studies of a Single Lipopolyamine–DNA Nanoparticle N.Adjimatera·A.Benda·I.S.Blagbrough·M.Langner M.Hof·T.Kral 381 Morphology-Dependent Resonance Emission from Individual Micron-Sized Particles T. A. Smith · A. J. Trevitt · P. J. Wearne · E. J. Bieske L.J.McKimmie·D.K.Bird 415 Contents XI New Plastic Microparticles and Nanoparticles for Fluorescent Sensing and Encoding S. M. Borisov · T. Mayr · A. A. Karasyov · I. Klimant · P. Chojnacki C. Moser · S. Nagl · M. Schaeferling · M. I. Stich · A. S. Kocincova O.S.Wolfbeis 431 Subject Index 465 Contributors Acuña, A. U. Instituto de Química-Física “Rocasolano” (CSIC), Serrano 119, 28006 Madrid, Spain Adjimatera, Noppadon Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, BA2 7AY Bath, UK Amat-Guerri, F. Instituto de Química Orgánica (CSIC), Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain Andrews, David L. Nanostructures and Photomolecular Systems, School of Chemical Sciences, University of East Anglia, NR4 7TJ Norwich, UK Baleizão, Carlos Centro de Química-Física Molecular, Instituto Superior Técnico, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal Benda, Ale ˇ s J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Dolej ˇ skova 3, 182 23 Prague 8, Czech Republic Berberan-Santos, Mário N. Centro de Química-Física Molecular, Instituto Superior Técnico, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal Bieske, Evan J. School of Chemistry, The University of Melbourne, 3010 Victoria, Australia Bird, Damian K. School of Chemistry, The University of Melbourne, 3010 Victoria, Australia Blagbrough, Ian S. Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, BA2 7AY Bath, UK Bodunov, Evgeny N. Physical Department, Petersburg State Transport University, 190031 St. Petersburg, Russia Borisov, Sergey M. Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Chemo- and Biosensors, University of Regensburg, POB 100102, 93040 Regensburg, Germany [...]... Chojnacki, Pawel Hof, Martin Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Chemo- and Biosensors, University of Regensburg, POB 100102, 93040 Regensburg, Germany J Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Dolejˇkova 3, s 182 23 Prague 8, Czech Republic Crisp, Richard G Hofkens, Johan Nanostructures and Photomolecular Systems, School of Chemical Sciences, University of East Anglia,... Pierre [2] who was a professor in Prague, and later in Vienna In a series of papers, he studied solutions of single fluorescent compounds and mixtures He noticed that bands of fluorescent spectra were characteristic of a particular substance He noted also the effect of solvent and acidity or alkalinity G G Stokes certainly had the same idea in mind In fact, he lectured “On the application of the optical properties... of fluorescence In this detailed analysis of the infusion colors, Boyle revised previous observations from Monardes and Kircher, reproducing the critical parts of their texts In addition, he provided a discussion on the origin and morphology of the samples of Lignum nephriticum, and stated the descriptive character of his observations10 Still, he did not claim to have found a physical explanation of. .. polystachya, an old name of Eysenhardtia [27] Early History of Solution Fluorescence 15 Fig 7 Leaves and flowers of Eysenhardtia polystachya The genus Eysenhardtia (Leguminosae) comprises at least 12–15 species, from shrubs to large trees of 20 m in height13 , although only few of them have been tested for fluorescence It is very common in several parts of Central America and the SW of the United States,... get the assistance of Robert Bye, Miguel Ángel Martínez Alfaro, Mario Sousa, Josefina Barajas and Ramiro Cruz (Botanic Garden and Institute of Biology, Universidad Nacional Early History of Solution Fluorescence 19 Autónoma, Mexico) in our botanic pursuit Ramiro Cruz guided one of us (AUA) to collect Eysenhardtia branches and provided the tree images shown in this work (Figs 6 and 7), and Silvia Salas... transformed The foundation of scientific societies, such as the Royal Society of London, established in 1660, and the regular publication of research journals, such as the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, heralded the dawn of modern science From the many studies of the fascinating colors of Lignum nephriticum in this epoch [1, 9–12], we have selected those of Kircher, Boyle and Newton, which... was professor at the Museum National d’Histoire Naturelle and at the Conservatoire Impérial des Arts et Métiers in Paris From Well-Known to Underrated Applications of Fluorescence 23 restricted to fluorescence In 1883, 1884, and 1885, Stokes gave his famous Burnett lectures “On light” [3], and one of the topics of Lecture I in the second course entitled “On light as a means of investigation” is Fluorescence its... form and supplemented with outstanding studies of its contents and historical background by Emmart EW (1940) The Badianus manuscript An Aztec herbal of 1522 J Hopkins Press 3 An additional manuscript, known as Codex Matritense (CM) and containing the materials compiled by Fr Bernardino up to 1558–1559, was discovered in Madrid split between the libraries of the Royal Palace and the Royal Academy of History... the medicinal usage and the unusual optical properties of this wood, that was known since then in the Old World as Lignum nephriticum The original source of coatli-Lignum nephriticum is, most likely, a tree of the genus Eysenhardtia, which is well distributed in Mexico and other regions of Mesoamerica The infusion of the wood of Eysenhardtia polystachya contains a large amount of water-soluble fluorescent... the Royal Academy of History (RAH) 4 “This relationship as placed above of the medicinal herbs, and of the other medicinal things contained above, were given by the old doctors of Tlatelolco Santiago, with a large expertise on medicinal things and all of them public healers Their names and that of the scribe who wrote this follow And since they don’t know how to write, they asked the scribe to place . techniques, and the development and application of fluorescent probes. Historical aspects and an overview of fluorescence applications are also covered. Special emphasis is placed on the fluorescence of. 323 Pushing the Complexity of Model Bilayers: Novel Prospects for Membrane Biophysics N.Kahya·D.Merkle P. Schwille 339 Nanotubes, Microparticles and Nanoparticles Photoluminescence Properties of. travelers and correspondents. Monardes developed over the years a strong appreciation and first-hand knowledge of the therapeutic ap- plications of many exotic plants, some of them cultivated in