Encyclopedia of Information Science and Technology Volume I Mehdi Khosrow-Pour, D.B.A Information Resources Management Association, USA IDEA GROUP REFERENCE Hershey • London • Melbourne • Singapore Acquisitions Editor: Asst Acquisitions Editor: Senior Managing Editor: Managing Editor: Development Editor: Copy Editors: Typesetters: Support Staff: Cover Design: Printed at: Mehdi Khosrow-Pour Renée Davies Jan Travers Amanda Appicello Michele Rossi Amanda Appicello, Elizabeth Arneson, Maria Boyer, Alana Bubnis, Jane Conley, Renée Davies, Lori Eby, Bernard J Kieklak, Jr., Shanelle Ramelb, Sue VanderHook and Ingrid Widitz Sara Reed and Rachel Shepherd Corrina Chandler, Amanda Phillips, Michelle Potter, Marko Primorac, Jennifer Wetzel, Tara White, Chris Yura and Larissa Zearfoss Lisa Tosheff Yurchak Printing Inc Published in the United States of America by Idea Group Reference (an imprint of Idea Group Inc.) 701 E Chocolate Avenue, Suite 200 Hershey PA 17033 Tel: 717-533-8845 Fax: 717-533-8661 E-mail: cust@idea-group.com Web site: http://www.idea-group-ref.com and in the United Kingdom by Idea Group Reference (an imprint of Idea Group Inc.) Henrietta Street Covent Garden London WC2E 8LU Tel: 44 20 7240 0856 Fax: 44 20 7379 3313 Web site: http://www.eurospan.co.uk Copyright © 2005 by Idea Group Inc All rights reserved No part of this book may be reproduced in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, without written permission from the publisher Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Encyclopedia of information science and technology / Mehdi Khosrow-Pour, editor p cm Includes bibliographical references and index ISBN 1-59140-553-X — ISBN 1-59140-794-X (ebook) Information science—Encyclopedias Information technology—Encyclopedias I Khosrowpour, Mehdi, 1951Z1006.E566 2005 004'.03—dc22 2004025544 British Cataloguing in Publication Data A Cataloguing in Publication record for this book is available from the British Library All work contributed to this book is new, previously-unpublished material The views expressed in this book are those of the authors, but not necessarily of the publisher Editorial Advisory Board Linda Knight, DePaul University, USA Shirley Fedorovich, Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University, USA James Rodger, Indiana University of Pennsylvania, USA Eileen Trauth, Penn State University, USA Annie Becker, Florida Institute of Technology, USA France Belanger, Virginia Tech, USA Karen Nantz, Eastern Illinois University, USA Janis Gogan, Bentley College, USA List of Contributors (listed alphabetically by first name) A Vadivel / Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, India A.C Gómez Lora / Universidad de Málaga, Spain A.K Majumdar / Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, India Abdulbaset Gaddah / Carleton University, Canada Abdulwahed Mohammed Khalfan / Public Authority Applied Education & Training, Kuwait Aberdeen Leila Borders / University of New Orleans, USA Ada Scupola / Roskilde University, Denmark Adolfo Sánchez de Miguel / Cronos Ibérica, S.A., Spain Agustinus Borgy Waluyo / Monash University, Australia Ai Cheo Yeo / Monash University, Australia Airi Salminen / University of Jyväskylä, Finland Ajantha Dahanayake / Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands Ala Abu-Samaha / Amman University, Jordan Albert L Ingram / Kent State University, USA Alex A Freitas / University of Kent, UK Alexa Heucke / Munich University of Applied Sciences, Germany Alexander Markhasin / Siberian Telecommunications University, Russia Alexandra Galatescu / National Institute for R & D in Informatics, Romania Alexandros Nanopoulos / Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece Ali Arya / Simon Fraser University, Canada Ali Metwalli / Western Michigan University, USA Alina Lazar / Youngstown State University, USA Amaryllis Raouzaiou / National Technical University of Athens, Greece Amita Goyal Chin / Viginia Commonwealth University, USA Amr El Abbadi / University of California, Santa Barbara, USA Amy B Woszczynski / Kennesaw State University, USA Ana C Andrés del Valle / VICOMTech Research Center, Spain Ana Funes / Universidad Nacional de San Luis, Argentina Ana Tereza Vasconcelos / LNCC, Brazil Anabela Sarmento / ISCAP/IPP, Portugal and University of Minho, Portugal Anand Iyer / PRTM, UK Anatália Saraiva Martins Ramos / Universidade Federal Rio Grande Norte, Brazil Anders Avdic / Örebro University, Sweden André de Carvalho / USP São Carlos, Brazil Andrea De Lucia / University of Salerno, Italy Andreas L Opdahl / University of Bergen, Norway Andreas Mitrakas / Ubizen, Belgium Andreas Rülke / PRTM, UK Andrés Coratella / Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina Andrew Borchers / Kettering University, USA Andrew Laghos / City University, London, UK Andrew S Targowski / Western Michigan University, USA Andrew Urbaczewski / University of Michigan, USA Andrey Naumenko / Triune Continuum Enterprise, Switzerland Andries Burger / University of the Free State, South Africa Anesh Maniraj Singh / University of Kwazulu Natal, South Africa Anet Potgieter / University of Cape Town, South Africa Angel D Sappa / Computer Vision Center, Spain Ann Frances Cameron / Queens University, Canada Anna Malina / e-Society Research, UK Anne Honkaranta / University of Jyväskyä, Finland Anthony Scime / State University of New York College at Brockport, USA Antonio Díaz-Andrade / Escuela de Administración de Negocios para Graduados – ESAN, Peru Antonio P Braga / UFMG, Brazil Antonios Danalis / University of Delaware, USA Ardis Hanson / University of South Florida, USA Aristides Dasso / Universidad Nacional de San Luis, Argentina Ari-Veikko Anttiroiko / University of Tampere, Finland Arlyn J Melcher / Southern Illinois University at Carbondale, USA Arnor Solberg / SINTEF ICT, Norway Arthur R Edwards / Erasmus University, The Netherlands Arthur Tatnall / Victoria University, Australia Arun Rai / Georgia State University, USA Aryya Gangopadhyay / University of Maryland Baltimore County, USA Athanasios Drosopoulos / National Technical University of Athens, Greece Athanasis Karoulis / Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece Athena Vakali / Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece Audun Jensvoll / EDB Telesciences, Norway Awie Leonard / University of Pretoria, South Africa Axel Schmetzke / University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point, USA Aybüke Aurum / University of New South Wales, Australia Babita Gupta / California State University Monteray Bay, USA Badrul M Sarwar / University of Minnesota, USA Bala Srinivasan / Monash University, Australia Beatriz de la Iglesia / University of East Anglia, UK Ben Martz / University of Colorado at Colorado Springs, USA Bernard Blandin / CESI SAS, France Bernard C.Y Tan / National University of Singapore, Singapore Beverly Shattuck / Hinks and Elaine Shimberg Health Sciences Center Library, USA Bill Davey / RMIT University, Australia Bill Karakostas / City University, London, UK Bin Zhang / Louisiana State University, USA Birgit Jaeger / Roskilde University, Denmark Bishwajit Choudhary / Information Resources Management Association, USA Bob Justis / Louisianna State University, USA Bob Ritchie / University of Central Lancashire, UK Bosede Aworuwa / Texas A&M University- Texarkana, USA Brian Dobing / University of Lethbridge, Canada Bruce Lubotsky Levin / University of South Florida, USA Bruce Rollier / University of Baltimore, USA Bruce Vanstone / Bond University, Australia Burak Ozer / Verificon Corp., USA C.L Vidal-Rodeiro / Norman J Arnold School of Public Health, USA C Makatsoris / Orion Logic Ltd., UK Carla Wilkin / The University of Melbourne, Australia Caroline Howard / Touro International University, USA Catherine M Beise / Salisbury University, USA Catherine M Ridings / Lehigh University, USA Cathy Cavanaugh / University of North Florida, USA Celeste See-pui NG / Yuan Ze University, Taiwan, R.O.C Cesar Alexandre de Souza / University São Judas Tadeu, Brazil Cesare Alippi / Politecnico Di Milano, Italy Chad Lin / Edith Cowan University, Australia Chalermsak Lertwongsatien / Ministry of Finance, Thailand Chanda Elbert / Texas A&M University, USA Chandra S Amaravadi / Western Illinois University, USA Charlene A Dykman / University of St Thomas, USA Charles C Hinnant / The University of Georgia, USA Charles H Mawhinney / Metropolitan State College of Denver, USA Charles Møller / Aarhus School of Business, Denmark Charles R Graham / Brigham Young University, USA Chen Way Siew / National University of Singapore, Singapore Chi Kin Chan / The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong Chin-Chen Chang / National Chung Hsing University, Taiwan, R.O.C Chong W Kim / Marshall University, USA Chris Chatwin / University of Sussex, UK Chris Coulston / Penn State Erie, USA Chris Kimble / University of York, UK Christine Ashley / University of Minnesota, USA Christoph Richter / University of Hannover, Germany Christophe Nicolle / Université de Bourgogne, France Christopher Klassen / University of Dallas, USA Chung Hsun Hsieh / Chaoyang University of Technology, Taiwan, R.O.C Chung S Kim / Southwest Missouri State University, USA Chung-Shing Lee / Pacific Lutheran University, USA Chung-wei Lee / Auburn University, USA Clare Brindley / Manchester Metropolitan University, UK Clare M Pollock / Curtin University of Technology, Australia Clarence N.W Tan / Bond University, Australia Clarence Tan / Bond University, Australia Claudia Cevenini / University of Bologna, Italy Claudia Pereira / Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina Clint A Bowers / University of Central Florida, USA Colin C Venters / University of Manchester, UK Concetta M Stewart / Temple University, USA Conrad Shayo / California State University, San Bernardino, USA Coral Calero / University of Castilla-La Mancha, Spain Craig Van Slyke / University of Central Florida, USA Cristiano Castelfranchi / Institute for Cognitive Sciences and Technology, National Research Council of Italy, Italy Cristóbal Pareja-Flores / Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spain Cynthia LeRouge / Saint Louis University, USA Cynthia Ruppel / The University of Alabama in Huntsville, USA D Bruce Sun / California State University at Long Beach, USA D Chakraborty / Tohoku University, Japan D Theotokis / University of Peloponnese, Greece D.I Martakos / National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece D.M Gorman / Texas A&M University, USA D Sandy Staples / Queens University, Canada D.S Stamoulis / National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece Dale H Shao / Marshall University, USA Damianos Chatziantoniou / Athens University of Economics and Business, Greece Dan S Petty / North Texas Commission, USA Dane Peterson / Southwest Missouri State University, USA Daniel Brandon, Jr / Christian Brothers University, USA Daniel J Buehrer / National Chung Cheng University, Taiwan, R.O.C Daniel J Power / University of Northern Iowa and DSSResources.com, USA Daniel Riesco / Universidad Nacional de San Luis, Argentina Daniel Romero / Universidad Nacional de Rio Cuarto, Argentina Daniel Schwabe / Departamento de Informática, PUC-Rio, RJ, Brazil Danny A Samson / University of Melbourne, Australia Darleen M DeRosa / Right Management Consultants, USA Darren Dalcher / Middlesex University, UK David A Banks / University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia David Bryde / Liverpool John Moore University, UK David Gefen / Drexel University, USA David J Pauleen / Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand David Knight / Brunel University, UK David Petie / Petie Ltd, UK David Robinson / St Cloud State University, USA David Ruppel / The University of Toledo, USA David Sammon / University College Cork, Ireland David Taniar / Monash University, Australia Davood Askarany / University of South Australia, Australia Deborah Bunker / University of New South Wales, Australia Deborah Bursa / Georgia Institute of Technology, USA Dedric A Carter / Nova Southeastern University, USA Denis Trcek / University of Primorska, Koper, Slovenia Denise Fukumi Tsunoda / CEFET-PR, Brazil Denise Johnson McManus / Wake Forest University, USA Dennis E Tucker / Yaasuo Consulting Company, USA Dennis Guster / St Cloud State University, USA Derrie Perez / University of South Florida, USA Detmar Straub / Georgia State University, USA Diane H Sonnenwald / Goteborg University, Sweden Dianne Willis / Leeds Metropolitan University, UK Dimitrios Katsaros / Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece Dimitris Plexousakis / Institute of Computer Science, FORTH, Greece Dirk Trossen / Nokia Research Center, USA Dirk Vriens / Radbound University of Nijmegen, The Netherlands Dirk Werth / German Research Center for Artificial Intelligence, Germany Divyakant Agrawal / University of California, Santa Barbara, USA Dohoon Kim / Kyung Hee University, Korea Dolores Cuadra / Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Spain Donald A Hantula / Temple University, USA Donald R Morris-Jones / SRA, USA Donaldo de Souza Dias / Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil Donna Ure / Brigham Young University, USA Dorothy G Dologite / Baruch College, USA E Kapetanios / Semantic Technologies, Switzerland E Vázquez-Fernández / Public Health Department of Galicia, Spain E.V Krishnamurthy / Australian National University, Australia Earl Woodruff / OISE - University of Toronto, Canada Eberhard Stickel / Hochschule der Sparkassen – Finanzgruppe and University of Applied Sciences-Bonn GmbH, Germany Edilberto Casado / Gerens Escuela de Gestion y Economia, Peru Edilberto Magalhães Silva / Brazilian Public News Agency, Brazil Edilson Ferneda / Catholic University of Brasília, Brazil Eduardo Rodriguez / Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina Eduardo Salas / University of Central Florida, USA Edward J Szewczak / Canisius College, USA Edward Szczerbicki / The University of Newcastle, Australia Eileen M Trauth / The Pennsylvania State University, USA Eitel J.M Lauría / Marist College, USA Elaheh Pourabbas / National Research Council, Rome, Italy Elaine R Winston / Hofstra University, USA Elayne Coakes / University of Westminster, UK Elena Castro / Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Spain Elena Karahanna / University of Georgia, USA Elizabeth Furtado / Universidade de Fortaleza, Brazil Elizabeth Smythe / Concordia University College of Alberta, Canada El-Sayed Abou-Zeid / Concordia University, Canada Emma Tonkin / University of Karlsruhe, Germany Emmanuelle Vaast / Long Island University, USA Eric Pardede / La Trobe Univresity, Australia Erick Slazinski / Purdue University, USA Erik Buelen / Tilburg University, The Netherlands Erik Molenaar / Technical University of Aachen, Germany Erwin Van den Enden / Institute of Tropical Medicine, Belgium Eshaa M Alkhalifa / University of Bahrain, Bahrain Esperanza Marcos Martínez / Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Spain Ester Zumpano / DEIS Università della Calabria, Italy Fabio A Schreiber / Politecnico di Milano, Italy Fadi P Deek / New Jersey Institute of Technology, USA Fahui Wang / Northern Illinois University, USA Fang Zhao / RMIT University, Australia Farhad Daneshgar / University of New South Wales, Australia Fay Cobb Payton / North Carolina State University, USA Fazli Erbas / University of Hanover, Germany Felix B Tan / Auckland University of Technology, New Zealand Fergal Carton / University College Cork, Cork, Ireland Fernando José Barbin Laurindo / University of São Paulo, Brazil Floriana Grasso / Liverpool University, UK Folker den Braber / SINTEF ICT, Norway France Bélanger / Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, USA Francisco Cervantes / Mexico Autonomous Institute of Technology (UNAM), Mexico Francisco-Javier Dớaz-Pernas / University of Valladolid, Spain Franỗoise Preteux / Institut National des Télécommunications, France Frank E Ritter / The Pennsylvania State University, USA Fred L Kitchens / Ball State University, USA Fred Niederman / Saint Louis University, USA Frederic Adam / University College Cork, Ireland Frederick Ericsson / Örebro University, Sweden Fredrik Vraalsen / SINTEF ICT, Norway Freek Ebeling / Telematica Instituut, The Netherlands G Chakraborty / Iwate Prefectural University, Japan G Eleftherakis / City College, Greece G Peter Zhang / Georgia State University, USA Gabor Hosszu / Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Hungary Gaelle Picherit-Duthler / University of North Carolina Charlotte, USA Galen Sevcik / Georgia State University, USA Garp Choong Kim / Inha University, Korea Gary F Kohut / University of North Carolina at Charlotte, USA Gee-Woo (Gilbert) Bock / National University of Singapore, Singapore Georg Disterer / University of Applied Sciences and Arts, Hanover/Germany Georg Peters / Munich University of Applied Sciences, Germany George Doukidis / Athens University of Economics and Business, Greece George M Giaglis / Athens University of Economics and Business, Greece George Pallis / Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece Geraldine Clarebout / University of Leuven, Belgium Gerardo Canfora / University of Sannio, Italy German Montejano / Universidad Nacional de San Luis, Argentina Giancarlo Fortino / Università della Calabria, Italy Gillian H Wright / Manchester Metropolitan University Business School, UK Gina Green / Baylor University, USA Giorgos Zacharia / MIT, USA Giovanni Vanini / Politecnico di Milano, Italy Giuseppi Pozzi / Politecnico di Milano, Italy Glenn Lowry / United Arab Emirates University, UAE Glenn Russell / Monash University, Australia Goran D Putnik / University of Minho, Portugal Göran Pulkkis / Arcada Polytechnic, Helsinki, Finland Gordana Jovanovic-Dolecek / National Institute of Astrophysics Optics and Electronics, INAOE, Mexico Graeme Richards / University of East Anglia, UK Graham Pervan / Curtin University of Technology, Australia Greg Chiasson / PRTM, UK Grigoris Antoniou / Institute of Computer Science, FORTH, Greece Guadalupe Salazar-Zárate / Technical University of Catalonia, Spain Guisseppi Forgionne / University of Maryland Baltimore County, USA Gustavo Rossi / UNLP, La Plata, Argentina Ha Sung Hwang / Temple University, USA Hamada H Ghenniwa / University of Western Ontario, Canada Hanni Muukkonen / University of Helsinki, Finland Hanns-Christian Hanebeck / GlobeRanger Corporation and Univerity of Dallas, USA Hannu Salmela / Institute of Information Systems Science, Finland Hao Lou / Ohio University, USA Hareton Leung / Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong Harold Webb / The University of Tampa, USA Hassan A Karimi / University of Pittsburgh, USA Haydee M Cuevas / University of Central Florida, USA Hector Perez-Meana / National Polytechnic Institute of Mexico, Mexico Heidrun Allert / University of Hannover, Germany Heitor S Lopes / CEFET-PR, Brazil Helen Mitchell / Unitec, Auckland, New Zealand Helen Thompson / University of Ballarat, Australia Hendrik Decker / Instituto Tecnológico de Informática, Spain Henry Aigbedo / Oakland University, Michigan, USA Herbert J Mattord / Kennesaw State University, USA Herbert Kotzab / Copenhagen Business School, Denmark Herberto Ochoa-Morales / University of New Mexico, USA Index time 2712 usage 995 usage policy 2277 Web sites 2648 World Wide Web 1573 Internet-based communication 816 education materials 1996 Internet-enabled device 2293 interoperability 1584, 1651 interoperable 1645 interorganizational information systems (IOS) 2503 interpretive methods 2379 intranet 1385, 1640, 1657, 2648 applications 1458 intrusion detection 2684 intuitively portals 1584 inventory management 703, 1095, 1138 investment decisions 2643 effectiveness 2610 IP 123, 1540 address 2481 multicast 660 multicasting 1549 IP-based conferencing 3018 IRC 1540 iris-recognition technology 2063 Irish SMEs 858 IS 1673, 2939 academics 946 architecture 2012 arena 606 career 368 degree 368 development process 617 educators 2499 effectiveness 1130 failures 1931 implementation 1669 journals 3013 organization 2815 project teams 2910 projects 617 quality 1130 research 611, 2378 world list serve 2788 IS-architecture alignment 2012 vision 2012 IS/IT 2364 outsourcing 590 investment 2364 14 operations 590 ISO 2353 IT alignment 356 alignment model 356 architectures 2159 decision-making authority 2865 deployment 640 education 1535 educators 2161 evaluation 22 functions 797 globalization 972 hardware 318 implementation 16 industry success 1714 infrastructure 1221, 2627 investment 1149, 2397 network 2809 outsourcing partnerships 1299 productivity 1721 productivity impacts 1721 profession 3106 professionals 2605 program 2161 project management 2597 projects 2335, 2353, 2341 sector 1799 services 1299 skills 1361 tools 2967 use 1102 IT–end user relationships 2815 IT-IS adoption 356 item-based algorithms 907 IT’s performance 1721 IUP 2277 J Java 1663 Micro Edition 1735 applets 2243 servlet 2243 join index 1309 joint enterprise 1657 journalism 1742, 1917 online 1742 JSP page 2243 jurisprudence 217 just-in-time 2409 K k-means clustering 435 Index k-strategy 100 KABISA 1134 KDDM 2321 Kelly’s personal construct theory 439 key-press 2486 keyword 2663 keyword-based search techniques 2986 knowledge 430, 535, 1591, 1783, 2523, 2648 architecture 1747 based system (KBS) 1237 culture 827 directory 430 discovery 698, 1747 discovery in databases (KDD) 2803 distance (KD) 977 economy 1591, 1714, 2464 exchange 1757 flow 779 Knowledge Forum® 1529 knowledge information transfer systems 62 knowledge management (KM) 98, 350, 409, 430, 779, 1162, 1657, 1747, 1763, 1783, 1770, 1778, 1783, 2110, 2475, 2627, 2632, 2648, 2748 infrastructure 1747 procedures 759 research 2724 strategic alignment model (KMSAM) 98 strategy 2749 support systems 200 systems (KMS) 1640, 1788, 2459 knowledge management/organizational memory systems 1640 knowledge output 1464 processes 1728 repositories 2475 sharing 797, 1391, 1414, 1524, 1757 space 2282 workers 1524 knowledge-based economy 350, 827, 1864, 2523, 2826 organization 779, 2892 system 1827 knowledge-building communities 1529 knowledge-creating organization 827 knowledge-discovery and data-mining 2321 knowledge-discovery-from-databases (KDD) 2793 knowledge-related processes 2892 L lab repository 2330 LAN 1945 language learning 1803 language-and action-based approach large modules 464 latent linkage information (LLI) algorithm 2486 Latin America 2529 law 3042 LBS 1973 leader-facilitated relationship 1793 leadership choices 2730 leadership style 1419 leapfrogging 1799 learnability 1803, 2929 learning capability 1414, 1763 effectiveness 2194 environment 849, 2069 object metadata 1001 organizations 827 outcomes 2326 portals 1815 styles 2934 systems engineering 1820 legacy systems 1949 legal contracts 2831 expert systems 1827 issues 1831 legitimate peripheral participation (LPP) 2991 lesser developed countries (LDCs) 2584, 2846 levels of design 803 LEZI 1361 liability 1834 library decision-making 272 education 2799 education curriculum 2799 information resource 880 management 1838 operations 272 limited-perspective bias (LPB) 1850 construct 1850 LINCOS 1226 line graphs 1685 linear programmed instruction 2326 linguistics 1803 links 1922 literacy 875, 3038 little intelligent communities 1226 local area networks (LAN) 934 problems 2978 localize 1293 15 Index location identification 1973 technology 2308 location-based services 1973, 1986 Locke 2831 logical thinking 58 logistics processes 540 LOM 1001 loss of productivity 2672 Lotus Notes 2648 low-bandwidth 660 low-pass (LP) 2492 filter 2185 M m-business 3101 m-commerce systems 2944 MAC protocols 2373 technology 2373 machine learning 236, 1820 machine-age thinking 2719 macro-information ecology 1464 macrodata 211 Macromedia 1854 Flash 1854 maintainability 2562 man-machine interaction 1180 manage uncertainties 2431 management 266, 972, 1875 considerations 1858 control 1476 decision process 1938 information systems (MIS) 508, 680, 1257, 1508, 1906, 2230, 2627 of trust 298 practice 1414 thinking 1162 manipulation 1679 manufacturing contexts 1721 environment 966 execution systems 1089, 1243 resource planning 1075, 1102 resources planning systems (MRP II) 205 Mäori 2882 Maplnfo 2571 market advantage 1317 drivers 634 globalization 1535 marketing 680, 1293, 2100 processes 540 16 marketplace 243, 2450 architecture 1899 marketspaces 74 mass communication 464 medium 3018 massive datasets 924 material requirements planning systems (MRP) 205, 1075, 1089, 1497 resources planning 2409 mathematical modeling 2260 MATLAB 2508 maturity model 2353 maximum a posteriori probability (MAP) 229 MBA programs 624 MDDBs 596 measurement 1579 media 464, 1917, 2973 creditability 1917 data 1679, 2986 medical data mining 1322 discovery 1322 medically underserved areas or populations (MUA/P) 1284 medium 1025 member distance (MD) 976 memex 822 memory 1640 MES 1089 evolution 1243 MESH 1922 message transmission 2368 messages 127 meta-medium 2973 meta-search engines 3060 metabusiness 1591 metadata 146, 550, 573, 2236 metadata-based representation 2141 metamanagement 2996 metaobject facility 1212 metasearch engines 2486 metasearches 3111 metateam 2910 projects 2910 method-focused 440 methodological focus 939 methodology 2353 metrics 1938 microbrowsers 1967 microcomputer 2030, 2826 technology 2030 Index Microsoft 918 Business Solutions 2129 migrating legacy systems 1949 military arena 759 millicent 93 mimeographs 1344 minorities 1955 MIS 640 mixed-mode examples 3002 MLS 1973 MMI 1180 mobile ad hoc networks 3090 agent authentication 1960 agent authorization 1960 agents 1960 applications 47, 2373 business (m-business) 698 business data 698 clients (MC) 584 commerce (m-commerce) 387, 739, 1612, 1967, 1984, 2214, 2293, 2469, 2702, 2944 commerce environments 2702 computing 47, 2944, 3101 computing environments 1645 devices 1978 e-commerce 387, 584 environments 1978 era 1973 handheld devices 1967 information systems 2944 Internet 93 location service 1973 middleware 48 multimedia 918 multimedia entertainment 1986 networks 123 phones 1446, 1973 technology 1978 telecommunication 387, 1984 terminal 2702 transaction 1978 wireless terminals 3090 model of attitude change 1317 of the communication process 1025 model-supported alignment 2012 modeling 345, 1201, 1355 ERP academic deployment 1989 information systems 2001 language 2921 systems 2696 task 2387 technological change 2007 moderation 2018 modern enterprise 475 heuristics 893 systems 2403 thinking 2719 modified computer keyboards 880 molecular biological data analysis 3068 monitoring strategies 2024 monocular images 1174 Moore’s law 2081 moral constructs 2831 motion analysis 1174 motivators 2030 MPEG 918 MPEG-4 123 MRP 1075, 1497, 2409 MRP II 1075 MTEACH 1361 MUDs 1540 multi-agent learning 1820 systems 88, 810, 1820 multi-player virtual games 451 multi-user domains 451 multicamera applications 1349 multicast technology 660 multidimensional aggregate data (MAD) 211 data 2392 databases 596, 1327 multilateral agreement on investment (MAI) 414 multilevel secure environments 2455 transaction-processing system 2455 multilingual electronic commerce 2042 multimedia 980, 2036, 2051, 2058, 2986 computing 2045 computing environment 2045 content 68 data 2265 databases 188, 2265 hardware 1549 information 2265 objects 2243 production 1361 retrieval 2267 system 1679 systems research 546 multimedia-based courseware 1996 multiple Internet technologies 2069 multirate digital signal processing systems 1249 17 Index filtering 980 multiuser domains 1540 museums 3028 music collections 188 publishers 2074 mutual engagement 1657 MVC 831 N naive bayes classification 229 narrative thinking 58 narrowband 2594 low-pass filters 2185 National Center for Biotechnology Information 3068 National Health Service (NHS) 1669 national information infrastructure 1018 National Institute of Standards and Technology 1518 National Performance Review 1018 National Science Foundation 1012 NATO conference 481 natural computing 2080 language (NL) 2851 language processing 2658 language translation 2854 sciences 2508 navigation 1922 navigational data access 1922 NCATE 2303 nearest-neighbor algorithms 907 Nederland gaat digitaal 1006 negotiation 88 strategy 810 Nelson 822 nested relations 1309 NetBill 93 NetCheque 93 Netchising 714 Netschool 1702 network bandwidth 2263 delay 53 security 668 security software 668 security specialists 668 servers 668 technology 3018 network-based virtual communities 451 network-layer multicast 660 networked digital technology 897 18 information systems 930 learning environments 2459 organizations 298 systems 1190 world 2180 networking 1305 technologies 2992 networks 2085, 2897, 3090 of practice (NoPs) 1657, 2992 neural networks 163, 2100, 2282 new economy 331 New Jersey Institute of Technology 2777 new organization 243 public management (NPM) 985, 990 software development 2672 technologies 1121 New Zealand 1714, 2882 newcomer assimilation 2122 Newtonian physics 2719 Nexus 2803 Nigeria 1508 nodes 1922 noisy data 2684 non-face-to-face (FTF) mode 3013 non-functional requirements 2135 non-shareable 488 Nonaka and Takeuchi’s (1995) theory 1783 nonspatial factors 1284 normal forms 1231 novel method 2141 NP-hard 1752 NTT DoCoMo 1967 null hypothesis 2563 O object database 2146 management group (OMG) 1169, 1212, 1471, 2921, 2949 model 2851 object role modeling 1471 object-based image retrieval 68 object-oriented (OO) 2116 application 2158 approach 1108 concepts 1663 database (OODB) 2116 database management systems (OODBM) 2146 methodology 1108 modeling 2001, 2387 software 2156 Index software metrics 2150 object-relational database (ORDB) 488, 1039 obligations 2831 OCLC/NCSA Metadata Workshop 1928 OCR machines office automation 1573 system 1508 offshore software development 2174 outsourcing 2174 OKI 1702 older adult users 3036 Oman 1385 OMIS-based collaboration 827 OMISs 2475 OMT (object modeling technique) 2001 on-site collection 2255 one-to-one videoconferencing 2194 online 902 academic evaluation system 1402 analytical processing (OLAP) 211, 596, 924 auction systems 2450 class 2209 collaborative learning 1529 communication 1912 community 127, 312, 2203 consumers 2610 courses 622, 2665 degree 995, 2383 discussions 2018 education 685, 2861 environment 451 evaluation techniques 1402 exchanges 1858 learners 2665 learning 502, 802, 1001, 2209 learning community 902 learning programs 2934 learning systems 2939 recreation 1070 relationships 1116 sales 3074 shoppers 2954 students 2863 teaching 786 transactional processing 1978 transactions 2288 universities 2382 online-chat systems 451 ontology 573, 606 ontology-based query formation 2214 OOAB framework 569 OpBright expert system 797 open knowledge initiative 1702 market 93 sociotechnical systems 3007 source development network 2221 source initiative 2221 source movement 2221 OpenGL 1685 operating systems 3095 operational definition 285 optical character recognition (OCR) 1, 2074 fiber 2036 music recognition (OMR) 2074, 2225 optically scanned bitmaps optimal performance 2403 optimization 163, 1752 optimum distance 976 option pricing 472 Oracle 1095, 2129 organization 398, 853, 864, 1763, 1850 management 3022 organizational behavior 985 best practice 260 boundaries 2961 climate 1419 content 550, 1778, 2821 culture 409, 1419, 1763, 2678, 2892 data mining 535 decision support 2638 development 2836 environment 1850 factors 2821 hyperdocuments 2236 identity 1838 impacts 1880 knowledge 827, 2636 learning 976, 1640, 1757, 1770 memory 1770 memory information systems 2475 model 2851 performance 1875 processes 1162, 2793 strategies 2622 structure 2809, 2892, 3007 organized data 1815 ORM 1471 ORM’s fact-oriented approach 1471 output verification knowledge management 2684 outputs 1112 outsource offshore 2174 19 Index outsourcing 1299, 2248 information processing 2248 P packet inter-arrival distribution 2260 switching 392 packet-switched infrastructure 1549 paid links 2438 paradigm 217 parallel multimedia databases 2265 partial reallocate 1440 participation 1186 participatory design 307, 902 methodology 902 passive consumption 2051 pathmaster 1134 pathological Internet usage 2277 patient 2786 diagnosis 1322 pattern discovery 2857 recognition 236 recognition and classification 163 payment systems 93 PDA 123, 387, 1967 PDM 1089 peer-based review process 1491 PEN-experiment 2018 People’s Republic of China 1482 PeopleSoft 1095, 2129 EnterpriseOne 1844 performance evaluation 2146 impacts 1721 metrics 2146 permeable 1070 personal (or individual human) reaction to change 1838 computer 1121, 2836 digital assistants (PDAs) 1645, 3095 financial services 1452 information 870 Internet usage 2024, 2277 involvement 1917 knowledge 535 privacy 2684 Web usage in the workplace 2278 personalization 2403 personalized curricula 2459 perturbations 2282 Peru 1742 20 Peruvian journalism 1742 Petroleum Development of Oman 1385 pheromone 420 philosophers 1121 phylogenetic analysis 3068 physical device mobility 48 impairments 3037 laws 163 models 2508 science 163 pie charts 1685 PM 2341 PMBOK 2341 PMI 2348 pocket guide to digital prepress 404 policy 2288 development 1518 making 2359 making process 1372 political aspect of change 1838 institutions 1372 union 2529 portable devices 47 portals 2293 portal 39, 1584, 1815, 1887, 2293 position 1243 post-implementation evaluation 22 post-modern theories 611 posterior probability 229 POSTQUEL 2116 power 1476 pre-press 404 print disabilities 880 media 404 prior probability 229 privacy 870, 2308 private information 2368 organizations 1912 proactive intelligence 1379 proactivity 2547 probabilistic reasoning 163 problem generators, 2330 process certification 381 model 2851 process-aware information systems 2314 process-based route 350 processing power 2986 product Index certification 381 data management 1089 production 356 productivity 2364 improvement 3054 professional 1391 distance (PD) 902, 977 service firms 1391 program execution 2330 visualizers 2330 programmed branching 2326 instruction 2326 programming 2330 language 1169, 1663, 2508 project champion 797 management 1138, 1673, 2335, 2341, 2348, 2353 Project Management Institute 2348 project management malpractice 2730 management practices 2335 manager 2597 sponsor 2597 teams 1125 proprietary application 345 protein alignment 3068 protein structure prediction 3068 protocol 88, 936 independent multicast 2037 prototype 2475 proxy server 3060 public administration 1828 electronic network 2018 governance 791, 2632 health 222, 2576 management 2632 organizations 2632 sector 2364 service sector 1414 services 1414 public-key cryptography 2368 public-sector organizations 791 pull strategy 2546 push agents 1579 and pull technologies 2546 push technologies 2546 Q QAA code 2382 QAA code of practice 2382 qualitative 1788 methods 2378 research 42 quality assurance 2382 of service (QOS) 392, 1549, 2260, 2373 of service characteristics 2373 of service extensions 2036 of service parameters 2036 quality of worklife 2277 quantitative 1788 risk 2562 query 2392 by image content (QBIC) 1333 output list 3111 paradigms 556 R radio frequency identification 2313 RAISE method 1555, 2425 specification language (RSL) 1555 ratings 907 rational unified process 339, 1212 reactive behavior 2878 system 1201 reactivity 2546 read-only Web site 831 real options analysis 2397 presenter 1361 real-life issues 849 real-time 451, 1174, 1685 voice 392 realism 606 reasoning engine 810 receiver 179, 660 recommender systems 907 recursion computation 1309 referential integrity restrictions 1428 rehabilitation act 2916 reinforcement 2758 relational company 1591 data model 1425 database (RDB) 1231, 1870, 2116, 2648 database management system (RDBMS) 2116 relationship building 1793 21 Index relevance feedback 3060 reliability 2562 repertory grid 439 reporting systems 1579 representation levels 766 representational role 2419 requirements engineering (RE) 734, 2135 techniques 1555 research 606 methods 2378 partnership 292 reservation bandwidth (RB) 2260 resource 475 allocation 810 management initiative (RMI) 1669 retail sales 2100 forecasting 2100 retailers 2871 retailing 540 retention rates 2095 retrieval 864 mechanisms 1870 speed 567 system 567 retrieve data 2690 return on investment (ROI) 173 reusable interpreter 2568 reuse [software] engineering 2156 revenue 331 stream 1887 reverse proxies 3048 rewards 205 RFID 2308 rights and duties 1121 risk 205, 222, 2431 management 1560, 2431 robustness 2282 role playing 2499 rough clustering 435 sets 435 Rousseau 2831 routing protocols 2036 royalty 1218 RS 907 rule-based learning algorithms 907 S SAFER 1960 SAGE 2129 Sakai 1702 sales transactions 957 salient objects 2141 22 SAMM 1338 sampling rates 1249 Samsung Life Insurance’s Knowledge Mileage Program 2110 SAP 1095, 2129 SAPREF 1497 SARA 577 Satellite Educational Resources Consortium (SERC) 2758 satellite transmissions 2757 scalability 1584 scaleable Web-based services 312 scenario 2949 scientific inquiry 2771 knowledge 1491 management movement 2761 thinking 2771 SCM 1089 SCORM 1001 Scotland 278 screen readers 880 script 2949 scripting languages 2243 SDBs 211 search 864 engines 723, 2648, 2986 techniques 3111 second digital divide 3079 Section 255 of the Communications Act 2916 security 930, 2450 analysis 1560 and access control 1584 issues 2455 programs 1518 services 930 segmented network 978 self-adaptation 1752 self-organizing 2459 semantic query optimization 529 role 2419 Semantic Web fundamentals 2464 solutions 573 sequential patterns mining 1144 server 584, 1854 accelerators 3048 service-oriented computing 934 service levels 2341 recipient 1299 SET 93 shape-based image retrieval 565 Index sharing knowledge 1391, 2749 Siemens’ ShareNet project 2110 signal processing devices 2592 signature policies 2288 SIMAN 2508 simulated annealing 1197 simulation 2260, 2499, 2508 Singapore 912 single-rate systems 1249 skill flexibility 1996 small and medium enterprises (SMEs) 62, 754, 962, 1040, 2168 business 754, 1253, 1487, 1692, 2007, 2085 business e-commerce 1253 business manager 1488 business owner 1708 business transformation 2514 to medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) 912, 2341, 2519 smaller error variance 703 Smallworld 2571 smart agent resource for advising 577 SMEs 38, 858, 1006, 2168, 2519 social decision making process 1545 learning 1763 responsibility 2529 sciences 535, 2508 socialization 117 societal structures 1799 socio-cognitive model of trust 2534 socio-technical 42 perspective 16 systems 1125, 2030, 2910, 3007 socioeconomic and technological trends 2690 development 2836 soft computing 163 skills 2539 systems 1822 softbots 81 software 179, 1201, 1834, 2546, 2551, 2562 agents 81, 810 and systems requirements 2135 as a service 514 components 2425 contracts 1834, 2557 development 307, 1535 development model 2221 engineering (SE) 1201, 1205, 2146, 2557, 2730, 2939, 2954 Software Engineering Institute 2551 software firms 2897 industry 2836 innovations 2836 managers 1446 measurement 2150 metrics 2150 metrics literature 2150 piracy 58, 2277 process 381 process engineering metamodel 1212 product 381, 734 projects 2150 reuse 2567 system 345, 1555, 2387 system design 1803 system development methodologies 1266 technology 445, 1603 software-based methodology 680 software-intensive systems 1212 sound relationships 2815 source map 2690 South Africa 1497 South African Petroleum Refiners 1497 South Pacific 1034 space 596 spatial decision support systems 759 distance 939 factors 1284 methods 2576 modeling 2584 relations 2141 spatial-based image retrieval 566 specialization 2161 specialized knowledge 1996 specification language 1555 speech 2592 sponsorship 2597 spreadsheet program (SP) 2967 SQL approaches 3111 row type 488 statements 2297 Squid 3049 stakeholder 1547 standard of living 2529 standardised multimedia content 2051 standardized mortality ratio 222 standards-based Web services 577 static 2438, 3060 models 1212 23 Index statistical 211 learning 236 stave lines 2225 stereotypes 325, 1169, 2135 stickiness 2610 storage 864 policies 2616 store-based retailers 540 storing files 1121 story 58 strategic alignment 2622 alliances 243 application 2638 information technology 2397 investment decisions (SIDs) 1875 IT investment decisions (SITIDs) 1875 knowledge management 2632 planning 759, 2622, 2627 utilization 2638 vision 2643 vision for IT 2643 strategy creation process 2627 domains 98 makers 1379 structural diagrams 2921 mining 2658 text mining 2658 structure 2663 structure-based retrieval 2662 structured information 2042 query language (SQL) 1333, 2116 student 29, 2209 population 2209 studyplace 2539 subsets 2105 summary attribute 211 Sun Microsystems 1663 super-imposed objects 2225 supplier feedback 2648 supply chain execution 3087 management 772, 1089, 1102, 2236, 3085 planning 3087 support needs 963 systems 939 vector machines 157 supporting managers 266 synchronization 1679 synergy 3066 24 synthetic agents 1807 characters 759 faces 1174 human face 1807 system acceptance 1778 alignment 243 behavior 1112 development 2712 dynamics 1155 engineering capability maturity model 2551 engineering capability model 2551 engineering integration 2551 evaluation 1545 failure 1880 integration 1083 quality 1131 thinking 2719 systematic 1778 musicology 188 T taboo search 1197 tacit knowledge 350, 2724 tag values 1169 tailorable information systems 2730 talking heads 1174 target person 1355 TAURUS 2730 tax 472 taxation issues 957 taxonomies 1870 taxpayers 1305 teaching techniques 897 team environments 2742 leadership best practices 260 member best practices 260 members 976 performance 1419 team-built 2459 teams 2314, 2735 technical systems 1822 technological collaboration 2742 support 2735 technology 849, 2748 acceptance model (TAM) 2954 partnerships 2897 transfer 1288 technology-driven development 550 Index technology-mediated interaction 3007 progressive inquiry 2771 tele-teaching environments 2929 telecommunication 457, 634, 1018, 1174, 2209, 2836, 2973, 2996 telecommuting 3013 teleconferencing 2199 telematics 1987 telemedical applications 2045 telemedicine 2045, 2784 telework 3013 Temple University 293 temporal distancing 3002 relationships 1679 tertiary education 2788 test-delivery system 1945 test-management system 1945 Texas Instruments (TI) 1397 text characters mining 2793 texture-based image retrieval 565 theoretical framework 2841 theories 611 theory of reasoned action 2110 of tacit knowing (TTK) 2724 theory-focused 439 third world countries 1702 three-dimensional images 1685 thumbnail browsing 864 time series 163 time-to-market pressure 2712 tourism 1635 tracking 1355 and recognition 1355 processes 1355 traditional classroom teaching 685 courses 2459 traffic 3048 training 962 transaction costs 93 Transaction Performance Processing Council (TPC) 2146 transaction-processing systems (TPS) 2455 transactional systems 1978 transcultural organizations 640 transferring technology 2846 transitional countries 1702 traversal pattern 2857 triangular strategic analysis 2871 trust 127, 844, 2450, 2742, 2882, 2887, 2892, 2897, 2902 development 2902 placement process 2910 TT 1288 tutorial systems 2058 tutoring environment 2929 two-way communications 318 U U.S Department of Education 425 U.S Navy 74 UK Health Sector 1669 UML stereotypes 325, 2135 UML-based methodology 1266 underdeveloped countries 1305 underwriting guidelines 168 unicast 660, 2036 UNICEF 2584 unified modeling language (UML) 325, 1169, 1212, 1266, 1471, 2001, 2135, 2387, 2921, 2949 software development process 2949 United Kingdom 278 United States 3042 United States Department of Justice (DOJ) 197 United States Government 870 universe of discourse 339, 2419 university 292 IT courses 292 university/community partnership 29 UP 1560 uPortal consortium 1702 URL 1922, 2243, 2481 usability 2929 engineering 2934 usable m-commerce systems 2944 use case 2949 model 2949 usenet newsgroups 127 user 2414 application 1045 interface 2954 perceptions 2961 preferences 2403 profiling 3060 resistance 2414 spreadsheet systems 2967 systems development (USD) 2967 user-centered learning community 1815 user-developed application (UDA) 2967 user-interface integration 2602 25 Index user’s information domain 886 utilitarianism 1121 utoCAD Map 2571 V valence model 249 validation 1201 value 2831 chain 1887, 2469 value-added services 2548 value-creation 1887 vendors 1488, 2248 VICROC 445 video 2986 conferencing 546 streaming 660 view update 529 virtual 2996, 3018 (project) teams 2314 advisor 577 cinema 123 collaboration 3018 communities 127, 318, 451, 2203 communities of practice (CoPs) 2991, 2993 corporations 2809 enterprise (VE) 2809, 2902 environment 1419, 1807, 2459 high schools 1912 learning 1001 learning environment (VLE) 464, 2939 library 2255 marketplaces 1858 organization (VO) 1831, 1899, 2742, 2753, 2809, 2996, 3022 patients 1134 products 3054 reality 1344, 3028 research ethics 1116 schools 3002 software agents 546 task 2996 team leadership 1793 team socialization 2122 teams 117, 260, 816, 844, 1419, 1793, 2122, 2742, 2961, 3007 teamwork 816, 2314 universities 2443, 2861 university consortiums (VUCs) 2861 work 2753, 3013 workers 3013 virtualization 3022 vision 3036 visual basic simulation 2499 26 media 1174 telecommunication 1807 visualization 2330 software applications 1685 voice reconstruction 53 VRML-based system 3028 W W2000 methodology 2567 watermarking music scores 2074 watermarks 2272 wavelets 2225 WBL 1001 WBT 1001 Web 745, 822, 1697, 1770 Web access 3036 access logs 2481 accessibility 3042 accessibility initiatives 3039 advertisement 2438 applications 831 browser software 1984 browsers 3028 caching 3048 commerce 1635 content 2464 content management 550 document retrieval 2663 information systems 2712 initiatives 3054 integrated network 934 integrated network environment 934 log 2481, 2857, 3065 meltdown 3074 pages 2236 pages retrieval 2486 research 680 search 3060 search engines 573 servers 2481, 2857 services 345 services technologies 345 site appeal 1607 site design 184, 2610 site traffic 3065 sites 33, 184, 318 teaching techniques 2862 technologies 745, 831, 1770, 3065 usability 3074 usage mining 2857 Web-based applications 2243 chat-rooms 451 Index course delivery 786 courses 1697, 3079 curriculum development 675 customer loyalty 2610 distance learning 3079 education 675, 786 electronic repository 2475 employment 74 experiments 680 format 880 information systems 200 learning 1001, 1034 ODL 2929 services 312 supply chain strategy 3085 surveying 1402 synchronous 2199 training 1001 Web-delivered courses 786 Web-enabled business applications 1584 databases 886 Web-enhanced learning 2443 Web-GIS 33 Web-oriented software 1573 Web-powered databases 362 WebCT 1402, 1702, 2799 WEDELMUSIC 2074 western management theory 1476 universities 1034 “what if?” analysis (WiA) 1367 wide-area networks (WAN) 934 wideband 2594 CDMA 1967 wireless ad hoc networking 3090 communications 47, 2051, 2272, 3090, 3101 economy 1984 electronic commerce 2469 enterprise 1735 enterprise applications 1735 industry 1735 Internet 1070, 1735 middleware 3095 nets 3095 network 2702, 3095 sensor networks 2282 technologies 131, 1612, 3101 telecommunications 1984, 2469 telecommunications industry 634 WIS projects 2712 women 3106 WordStar® 152 workflow model 584 system 2821 workplace 1257, 1623 world trade organization (WTO) 414 World Wide Web 127, 272, 1858, 1917, 1922, 1984, 2464, 2929, 2973, 3048 users 3106 WorldCom 135 worm 668 X XML (Extensible Markup Language) 739, 1928, 2243, 2616, 2662, 2878, 3118 documents 2616, 2662 schema 3119 XML-based Web services 345 Y Y2K compliant systems 1149 investment 2174 meltdown 3074 problem 1095 Yahoo! 1887, 2653 instant messenger 1540 27 ... Cataloging-in-Publication Data Encyclopedia of information science and technology / Mehdi Khosrow-Pour, editor p cm Includes bibliographical references and index ISBN 1-59140-553-X — ISBN 1-59140-794-X (ebook) Information. .. University of Hanover, Germany Felix B Tan / Auckland University of Technology, New Zealand Fergal Carton / University College Cork, Cork, Ireland Fernando José Barbin Laurindo / University of São... São Carlos, Brazil Andrea De Lucia / University of Salerno, Italy Andreas L Opdahl / University of Bergen, Norway Andreas Mitrakas / Ubizen, Belgium Andreas Rülke / PRTM, UK Andrés Coratella /