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Đề cương cho các bạn sinh viên khoa Tiếng Anh trường Đại học Thương mại đang ôn tập bộ môn Lý thuyết dịch. Đây là tổng hợp các bài học, không phải làm theo ngân hàng câu hỏi của trường. Tài liệu này sẽ giúp các bạn bớt một bước tự làm đề cương, chỉ cần tải về rồi sử dụng, chỉnh sửa, lấy ví dụ, tiết kiệm thời gian ôn tập. Từ số thứ tự 27 Lớp hành chính K57N5 TMU.
ĐỀ CƯƠNG ÔN TẬP LÝ THUYẾT DỊCH I) Session one What is translation? Translation is rendering a written text into another language in the way that the author intended the text A science: study theories A product: selling A process: the activities Overview of translation: Text to be translated Discover the meaning SL M Meaning Types of translation: Non-commercial: + Language exercises + For pleasure + Promotional and instructional material Professional: + Literary translation + Scientific and technical books + Drama Why is translation? TL Translation Re-express the meaning There are so many kind of languages nowsadays so people can know all, there is something should be happen to overcome language barrier History of translation? From 3000 B.C – Ezyptian Old Kingdom Dynamics of translation? Text is in the center, text can be output can input The individual style or idiolect of the SL The conventional grammatical and lexical usage Eg: Please take a message should he call (SGK) Can’t help + V-ing: Khơng tránh việc (Ví dụ tự lấy) Content items referring specifically Eg: Lễ mắt, lễ dạm ngõ, lễ ăn hỏi, lễ xin dâu, đám cưới lễ lại mặt = the first parents’ meeting, marriage proposing ceremony, engagement ceremony, bride fletching, wedding and gratitude visit to wife’s family (SGK) Đêm giao thừa = New Year’s Eve Tết Đoan Ngọ = Mid-year Festival Lễ Phật Đản = Buddha’s Birthday Lễ Vu Lan = Ghost Festival Time and place The expectations of the putative readership What is being describe or reported 10 The views and prejudices of the translator Eg: Public school in England trường tư Pre-translation considerations Reading the text: + To understand what is it about + To analyze it from a “translator’s” POV + General reading -> the gist of the text + Close reading -> meaning in and out of context Intension of the text: + Represent the SL writer’s attitude to the subject matter + The type of language used and even the grammatical structures each case Search for the intention of the text keep in it mind when translating The intention of the translator: + Usually, identical with the author of the SL + Or be translating for a less educated readership, or show the clients how such matters are formualated and written in the SL Text styles: + Narrative: dynamic sequence of events + Description: static with emphasis on linking verbs, adj, adj nouns + Discussion: a treatment of idea with emphasis on abstract nouns, verbs of thoght, mental activity (consider, argue…), logical argument and connectives + Dialogue: emphasis on colloquiallims and pacifisms The readership: + Characterize the readership of the original and then of the translation -> decide how much attention to pay the TL readers + Assess the level of education, class, age, sex of the readership -> decide on the degree of formalty, generality and emotional tone to express + types of readership (based on how much knowledge): Expert Educated layman The unimformed Stylistic of scale: + The scale of formality + The scale of generality of difficulty + The scale of emotional tone Setting: + Decide on the likely setting: Where would be the published in the TL, what is the TL equivalent of the SL periodical, newspaper, textbook… + Make assumptions about the SL relationship: Who is the client you are translating for and what are his requirements Quality of the writing: + The quality of the reading has to be judged in relation to the author’s intention and/or the requirements of the subject matter + If the text is well written, i.e the right words are in the right places, with a minimum of redundancy, you have to regard every nuance of the author’s meaning as having precedence over the reader’s response + If it is a badly written text, you have to correct it Skills and qualities of translator Language skills Cultural knowledge Researching/resourcing skills Computer skills Subject knowledge Ethnic behaviours II) Session two Process of translating Step - The approach: + There are approaches to translating: Start by translating sentences by sentences to get the feel and the feeling tone, then you read Read the whole text or times and find the intention register, tone, then mark the difficult words and passages Translating only when you have taken your bearings Which way to choose depend on temperament, intuition, analyze power, etc Step – Translating We translate with four levels in mind: the SL text level, the referential level, the cohesive level and the level of naturalness + The textual level: Transpose SL grammar into their “ready” TL Translate the lexical units Translation is based on the text + The referential level: Analyze the text: What is it about… Whne there is an ambiguity, when the text is unclear, supplement the text level with the referential level, the necessary additional information of this level of reality, the facts of the matter + The cohensive level: Follow the structure and the moods of the text Structure: connective words… Moods: moving between positive and negative, emotive and neutral + The level naturalness: Ensure that translation makes sense and that is reads naturally Tips for checking: temporarily disengaging from the SL text, by reading the translation as though no original existed Check and crosscheck words and expressions in an up-to-date dictionary Note any words in suspect Tranlation methods Word-for-word translation: + Featured: Word order preserved Word translation out of context Non-grammatical Cultural words translated literally + Used for: Information about SL Language learning Pre-translation process of difficult text Literal translation: + Featured: Grammar converted to “nearest” TL But the lexical words are again translated singly, out of context Faithful translation: + Used for: Pre-translation process to identify the problems Basic of poetry translation for poets who don’t understand it + Featured: + Used for: Words translated in context but Literary translation uncompromising to target Authorize texts language Drafts Cultural word transferred Grammartical and lexical “abonormality” preserved Semantic translation: + Featured Like faithful translation but take into account aesthetic value of SL text More emphasis on naturalness, cultural words converted into neutral equivalence in TL Flexible, focus on aesthetic of SL + Used for Texts that have high status (religious text, legal text…) Express text (literature…) Communicative translation: + Featured: + Used for: Reproduceing exact message of SL text content-wise and context wise Emphasis on naturalness and acceptablility to TL readership A comparison between two main methods Semantic translation The stress lies on Meaning Author Thought process Mostly inferior to its original Wide and universal, responds to the author And addresses itself to all readers Right to No such right here Secure truth Text will be Text categories Reduce unit of translation More idiosyncratic (đặc trưng) More sensitive Text of original expression Any important statement Autobiographies Private correspondence Any personal effusion Communitive translation Message Reader Utterance Often better than its original “Tailor made” for one category of Readership, does one job Correct or improve logic Replece clumsy with elegant Remove obscurities Eliminate repetitions and tautology Modify and clarify jargon Normalize idiolect Correct mistakes of fact Extend unit of translation Smoother More idiomatic (thành ngữ) Easier to read Most non-literary writing Journalism Informative articles and textbooks Reports Scientific and technological writing Non-personal High literature Drama (Shakepeare) correspondence Propaganda (tuyên truyền) Popular fiction Religion, philosophical, artistic, scientific, legal texts Idiomatic translation (bản gốc khơng có thành ngữ, dịch có): + Featured Make sure of idioms and colloquialims Translate the message Free translation: Focus on the content of the TL Produced the translated text without the style and the form of the original text Adaptation (phỏng dịch): The freest form of translation and more of a target language/cultured based Mainly used for plays and poems III) Session three About language Words: Unchangeable meaning of a word in a context Syntax: Rules for word order -> respect the rule of the TL Slang: The use of colloquial language, frequently occuring in speech + Combining existing words + Giving new meaning to words + Introducing completely new words into language Jargon: Language specifically used in a profession Idioms: Phrases with contextial meanings Strategies of translation Strategy 1: How to deal with non-equivalence at word level + New concept are idea to the TL + Known concept but no specific word in TL to express + Special connotations (hàm ý) (*) Translation by a more specific word: Choose among different words based on the SL context (*) Translation by a more general word: SL with no specific TL equivalent (*) Translation by cultural substitution Replacing a culture-specific item for expression with one of different meaning in TL text Controversial among translation (*) Translation using a loan word plus explanation + New concept ideas + Proper names of diseases and medicines (*) Translation by paraphrase Translating a word or concept that does not exist in TL TL term does not include all meanings conveyed by SL term for the same concept (*) Translation by omission (remove the problems) + Words or phrases are not essential to the meaning or impact the text + Words need lengthy explainations, awkward paraphrases, or literal and unnatural translation Strategy 2: How to deal with idioms and fixed expressions (*) Using an idiom or fixed expression of similar meaning form Eg: To fight like cats and dogs = đánh chó với mèo (*) Using an idiom or fixed expression of similar meaning but dissimilar form Eg: to carry coals to Newcastle = chở củi rừng (*) Translation by paraphrase When Vietnamese equivalents cannot be found, paraphrasing may be the best way to deal with an idiom or fixed expression Eg; She’s having a bun in her oven = mang thai (*) Translation by omission Eg Safe and sound = dịch bỏ “sound” Strategy 3: How to deal with voice, number and person (*) Voice: The passive voice is used very frequently in English and poses some problems for translation into Vietnamese Passive voice can be translated from English into Vietnamese this way: + bị (negative meaning) + (positive meaning) (*) Number: In Vietnamese, number is often not expressed In English, it expressed like category Eg: Phụ nữ = can mean either woman and women (*) Person: Participants roles and forms of address are expressed in Vietnamese through a very complicated system of personal pronouns based largely on kinship (mối quan hệ họ hàng) terms Eg: Uncle = chú, cậu, bác Strategy 4: How to deal with proper names Geographical terms: translated into another word in Vietnamese or translated phonologically or remained unchanged Eg: Tokyo = Tô-ki-ô, Socialist = Xã hội chủ nghĩa, People’s = Nhân dân… Names of organization: translated into Vietnamese or unchanged or only translatable parts are translated or add the word “Công ty”, “Hãng”… Proper names in medical texts: Tests, symptoms, diseases, syndromes, parts of body are named after one “scientist” in one language comminity and a different one, are given a more general term, in another Startegy 5: How to deal with non-subject sentences In Vietnamese-written passages, some non-subject sentences are often come across In this case, some techniques of translation can be use: Passive voice It + to be + adj + to something There is/are V-ing (S) + V + O Put in the real subject that is often found in the previous sentences Eg: Vẫn chưa có cách chữa bệnh AIDS = There has been no cure for AIDS Strategy 6: How to deal with newspaper headlines Some main characteristics of newspaper headlines: Present tense = past tense Present participle = event in progress To + infinitive = future events Past participle = passive voice Nouns Verb + Noun Eg: Chinese professor turn to business = Các giáo sư Trung Quốc chuyển sang đường kinh doanh IV) Session four What is interpreting? Interpreting is rendering information and ideas from one language into another language by means of speaking Modes of interpreting There are two main modes of interpreting: consecutive and simultaneous (*) Simultaneous interpreting (dịch song song, dịch cabin): Do not wait for speakers Save great deal of time and is less disruptive than other forms However it’s expensive to pay and requires electronic equipments Sight interpretation: At a meeting without equipment or in court Electronic hook-up: at a comference with microphones and headsets and both for interpreters (*) Consecutive interpreting (dịch đuổi): An interview fives a rendering of lengthy passages of speech after a party has finished speaking Unilateral (đơn phương): a) Sentence by sentence, paragraph by paragraph interpretation b) The whole speech, which may last five, ten minutes, up to half an hour or one hour Bilateral (song phương): c) Liaison interpreting Consecutive interpreting is often used in the following situations: Escorting a non-English speaking group within a large gathering of English speakers at a trade fair or exposition Conferences where smaller working parties meet in room which lack telephonic interpreting facilities In this case, interpreters often sit alongside speakers and interpret at intervals The quality required of a consecutive interpreter are: + Proficiency in two languages and two cultures + Quickness of speech and mind + Good techniques in memorizing verbal utterances and converting them rapidly, accurately and completely into another language + Power of concentration + High moral standards + Sense of responsibility, + High level of education and culture + Familiarity with a number of specific terms and situations, e.g health, education, legal, social welfare, etc + Remaining impartial and not taking sides + Being able to take notes of segments of discourse if required + Being able to work under stressful conditions + Note-taking skills of a very high order (*) Liaison interpreting (dịch hội thoại, dịch tháp tùng): Interpreters work in and out of languages E.g Doctors and patients, foreign investment and Vietnamese partner, solicitors and clients… What professional liaison interpreters do: + Familiarize themselves in advance with the likely content of the interview + Evaluate whether the complexity of the interview is within their competence (work ethics) + Obtain correct information on location, time and participants + Make contact with the party requesting the interview in order to arrange introduction between all participants and, if possible, arrange pre-interview consultation + Provide advice to the person conducting the interview on cultural implications/background of clients + Explain the interpreter’s role in the interview to all participants + Select appropriate interpreting mode + Arrange appropriate physical elements + Render into A-language all that B-language speaker says + Seek clarification, when necessary of terminology used to ensure accuracy and clarity (ask the speaker) + Clarity specific role and responsibilities where more than one interpreter is present in an interview (avoid missing information) + Arrange de-briefing, where possible, to clarify questions of cultural diffirence, or failure to establish level of communication + Control length of questions and answers to maintain adequate level of communication and ensure full understanding by either parties (tạm dừng câu hỏi) + Consult with individuals for additional information Knowledge Skills Work ethics I = The input stage The interpreter must have excellent hearing and receive the message without interference U = Understanding The most important stage of the interpreting triangle Not understand will result in a breakdown of communication D = Deciphering Gets rid of all the words, retaining concepts T = Transference The concept or idea is now transferred into the other language C+C = Context and Culture Clarified by cultural and contextual considerations O1 = Output Finds an equivalent idiomatic expression O2 = Output The interpreter transfers the meaning V) Session five Helpful skills/attributes Hearing ability It is essential Public speaking skills An interpreter should not mumble, stutter or speak too quickly or slowly Conversation skills Interpreters must be think quickly and “on-theirfeet” Memory skills Short-term memory is used for the temporary storage od segments of speech To improve short-term memory and speaking style, try to some exercises: newspaper translation, translation from speech, radio translation, interpreting practice, observing high-level interpreters Note-taking skills There is no best note-taking system, interpreter needs to develop his/her own VI) Session six