LWBK151-3970G-FM-i-xxvi.qxd 11/21/2008 10:06 AM Page i Aptara Inc Community Health Nursing Promoting and Protecting the Public’s Health LWBK151-3970G-FM-i-xxvi.qxd 11/21/2008 10:06 AM Page ii Aptara Inc LWBK151-3970G-FM-i-xxvi.qxd 11/21/2008 10:06 AM Page iii Aptara Inc Community Health Nursing Promoting and Protecting the Public’s Health 7th Edition Judith A Allender, EdD, MSN, MEd, RN Professor Emerita of Nursing Department of Nursing, College of Health and Human Services California State University, Fresno Fresno, California Cherie Rector, PhD, MSN, RN Professor Department of Nursing California State University, Bakersfield Bakersfield, California Kristine D Warner, PhD, MPH, RN Associate Professor School of Nursing California State University, Chico Chico, California LWBK151-3970G-FM-i-xxvi.qxd 11/21/2008 10:06 AM Page iv Aptara Inc Senior Acquisitions Editor: Hilarie Surrena Managing Editor: Katherine Burland Production Project Manager: Cynthia Rudy Director of Nursing Production: Helen Ewan Senior Managing Editor / Production: Erika Kors Design Coordinator: Joan Wendt Manufacturing Coordinator: Karin Duffield Production Services / Compositor: Aptara, Inc 7th edition Copyright © 2010 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Copyright © 2005 and 2001 by Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Copyright © 1996 by Barbara Walton Spradley and Judith Ann Allender Copyright © 1990, 1985, and 1981 by Barbara Walton Spradley All rights reserved This book is protected by copyright No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, including as photocopies or scanned-in or other electronic copies, or utilized by any information storage and retrieval system without written permission from the copyright owner, except for brief quotations embodied in critical articles and reviews Materials appearing in this book prepared by individuals as part of their official duties as U.S government employees are not covered by the above-mentioned copyright To request permission, please contact Lippincott Williams & Wilkins at 530 Walnut Street, Philadelphia, PA 19106, via email at permissions@lww.com, or via our website at lww.com (products and services) Printed in China Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Allender, Judith Ann Community health nursing : promoting and protecting the public’s health / Judith A Allender, Cherie Rector, Kristine D Warner — 7th ed p ; cm Includes bibliographical references and index ISBN-13: 978-0-7817-6584-8 ISBN-10: 0-7817-6584-6 Community health nursing Public health nursing I Rector, Cherie L II Warner, Kristine D III Title [DNLM: Community Health Nursing Health Promotion WY 106 A425c 2010] RT98S68 2010 610.73Ј43—dc22 2008045578 Care has been taken to confirm the accuracy of the information presented and to describe generally accepted practices However, the authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for any consequences from application of the information in this book and make no warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the currency, completeness, or accuracy of the contents of the publication Application of this information in a particular situation remains the professional responsibility of the practitioner; the clinical treatments described and recommended may not be considered absolute and universal recommendations The authors, editors, and publisher have exerted every effort to ensure that drug selection and dosage set forth in this text are in accordance with the current recommendations and practice at the time of publication However, in view of ongoing research, changes in government regulations, and the constant flow of information relating to drug therapy and drug reactions, the reader is urged to check the package insert for each drug for any change in indications and dosage and for added warnings and precautions This is particularly important when the recommended agent is a new or infrequently employed drug Some drugs and medical devices presented in this publication have Food and Drug Administration (FDA) clearance for limited use in restricted research settings It is the responsibility of the health care provider to ascertain the FDA status of each drug or device planned for use in his or her clinical practice LWW.com LWBK151-3970G-FM-i-xxvi.qxd 11/21/2008 10:06 AM Page v Aptara Inc To my husband Gil, with love and thanks Judy Allender To my husband—my greatest supporter—and to my children and grandchildren, who make it all worthwhile Cherie Rector To my son Sean and his wife Angela, my daughters Erin and Kathleen Whalen, and the best mom in the world, Dolores Warner—thank you for your unwavering love and support Kris Warner v LWBK151-3970G-FM-i-xxvi.qxd 11/21/2008 10:06 AM Page vi Aptara Inc LWBK151-3970G-FM-i-xxvi.qxd 11/21/2008 10:07 AM Page vii Aptara Inc About the Authors ❂ Judith A Allender has been a nurse for more than 45 Dr years For 30 of those years, she taught nursing—first at Good Samaritan Hospital in Cincinnati, Ohio, and later at California State University, Fresno where she retired as a Professor Emerita Her nursing practice experiences were varied She worked with surgical patients, in intensive care units, as a school nurse, in-patient hospice, home care, and community health nursing She has authored five nursing textbooks in addition to this one During her long career, she received several awards She was voted RN of the Year in Education for the Central Valley of California in 1998 The fourth edition of this textbook received a Robert Wood Johnson award in 2001 for the end-of-life care content In 2005, she was inducted into the Central San Joaquin Valley, California Nursing Hall of Fame Presently, Dr Allender consults for a nonprofit immigrant and refugee center and writes a weekly health column for a local newspaper She received her undergraduate nursing degree from the State University of New York in Plattsburgh; a master’s degree in guidance and counseling from Xavier University in Cincinnati, Ohio; a master’s in nursing from Wright State University in Dayton, Ohio; and a doctorate of education from the University of Southern California When not busy at home, she can be found traveling around the world She and her husband have a blended family with five children, 14 grandchildren, and two great-grandchildren Dr Cherie Rector is a native Californian who is currently a Professor at California State University, Bakersfield Department of Nursing, where she teaches community health nursing She served as director of the School Nurse Credential Program and the RN to BSN Program there and was formerly the coordinator of the School Nurse Credential Program at California State University, Fresno, where she also taught community health nursing She has served as the director of Allied Health and the Disabled Students Program at College of the Sequoias She has consulted with school districts and hospitals in the areas of child health, research, and evidence-based practice and has practiced community health and school nursing, as well as neonatal nursing in the acute care setting She has taught undergraduate and graduate level courses in community health, vulnerable populations, research, and school nursing Her grants, research, publications, and presentations have focused largely on child and adolescent health, school nursing, nursing education, and disadvantaged students She earned an associate’s degree in nursing from the College of the Sequoias more than 30 years ago, and a bachelor of science in nursing degree from the Consortium of the California State Universities, Long Beach She has a master’s degree in nursing (clinical specialist, community health) and a School Nurse Credential from California State University, Fresno Her doctorate of philosophy in educational psychology is from the University of Southern California Dr Rector and her husband have three grown sons, five grandsons, and a granddaughter Dr Kristine Warner, also a native Californian, is an associate professor at California State University, Chico with a specialization in public/community health nursing With more than decades of experience in the field of public/community health, she has taught in nursing programs in both Pennsylvania and California Undergraduate and graduate courses she has taught include community health nursing, nursing research, program planning and development, and health policy Her nursing career began in adult and pediatric acute care, and she has practiced home care and public health in rural and urban settings Her current professional interests include evidence-based practice, nursing education, emergency preparedness, and health needs of vulnerable populations Her grants, research, publications, and presentations have focused on emergency preparedness, poverty, chronic illness, and nutrition Dr Warner is a retired Navy Nurse Corps Captain, having ended a 29-year career of both active and reserve service in 2002 She was recalled to active duty and stationed in the Saudi Arabian desert during the first Gulf War as Assistant Charge Nurse of a 20-bed medical unit She received her bachelor of science in nursing from Harris College of Nursing, Texas Christian University; master of public health (community health nursing) and master of science (community health nursing and nursing education) from the University of South Florida; and doctorate of philosophy in nursing from the University of Pennsylvania Dr Warner has three grown children and one daughter-in-law She was a resident of Germany for years in the early 1980s and has traveled extensively in Europe vii LWBK151-3970G-FM-i-xxvi.qxd 11/21/2008 10:07 AM Page viii Aptara Inc LWBK151-3970G-IND_907-934.qxd 11/21/2008 09:52 AM Page 916 Aptara Inc 916 ❂ Index Frontier area, 795, 795t Full disclosure, 69 Full inclusion, 613 Functioning See also Disabilities definition of, 730 international classification of, 731–732, 732t WHO model of, 732, 733f G Gamma hydroxybutyrate (GHB), 630 Gangs, 483t, 484, 628 Garbage disposal, 260 Gay families, 488–489 Gender-based violence, 528 Generalizability, 70 Generative themes, 438 Generic approach, 466, 552 Genetic engineering, 384–385 Genetics, 384–385 Genital herpes, in pregnancy, 569 Genogram, 511, 514f Genomics, 9, 384–385 Geocoding, 175 Geographic community, 6–7 Geographic features, 394 Geographic information system (GIS), 334 Geography, 425–426 Geriatrics, 697 Germ theory of disease, 174 Gerontology, 697 Gestalt-field theory, 314–315 Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), 574–575 GHB, 630 Ghettos, 819 Global burden of disease (GBD), 437, 438t Global community health nursing, 422–448 Global economy, 385–386 Global health, 7, 422–424 continuing emerging health conditions in, 423–424 three eras of health conditions in, 423 three Ps in, 423 universal imperatives of care in, 424, 424f Global health council (GHC), 446 Global health patterns, 175 Globalization, Global nursing, 423 Global warming, 252–253 Goal-directed behavior, 480 Goal-directed questions, 515–517, 515f–517f Goal-insight theory, 315 Goals, 413 See also specific topics Goals, teaching, 324 Gonorrhea in adolescents, 633 in pregnancy, 569 in young adult women, 661 Government health programs, 146–147 Governments, national international governmental organizations with, 445–446 working alone, 446–447 Grants, 348–350, 878 Grassroots, 357 Grief in hospice care (See Hospice care) paternal, after fetal or infant death, 576–577 Gross domestic product (GDP), 136, 141–142, 143f Groundwater, 254 Group development, 284–285, 284d Group-marriage family, 483t, 484 Group-network family, 483t, 484 Group process, 284 Guidance, anticipatory, 325, 500 Guide Dogs for the Blind, 739 Guidelines, family health assessment, 513–519 See also Family health assessment, guidelines for Guinea worm disease, 434 H H5N1 influenza, 226–227, 235 Habitat, 244, 244f Hallucinogens, 630, 756t Handicap, 730, 731 Handwashing, 86 Hantavirus, 234 Hazardous disposal, 260–261 Hazardous materials suit, 463, 463f Head lice, 619 Head Start, 588 Health, 9–14 See also specific topics community characteristics of, 10 culture and, definition of, 9, 423b environment in, international classification of, 731–732, 732t national agenda for, 15 (See also Healthy People 2010) nature of, as state of being, 11–13 subjective and objective dimensions of, 13–14 WHO recommendations for improvement of, 732–734, 733d Health assessment, 17 Health Belief Model (HBM), 317–318 Health care lack of affordable, homelessness and, 778–779 societal events on needs in, 124, 126t society and individual responsibility in, 83b Health care economics See Economics, health care Health care expenditure, 141–142, 143f Health care financing, 145–150 See also Financing, health care Health care reform, 368–369 See also Policy Health care systems, 428–430 trends in, 429–430 types of, 429 Health clinics rural, 803 school-based, 805, 861 Health continuum, 9–11, 10f Health disparities, 675 definition of, 719 Healthy People 2010 on, 652, 676, 717, 718f in vulnerable populations, 717, 718f, 719–720 Health education See also specific topics for adolescents and school-age children, 635 change through, 310 Health for All, 442–443 Healthful response, 409 Health indicators, in Healthy People 2010, 771d Health indicators, leading, 10 in Healthy People 2010, 771d resources for, 12d Health information technology (HIT), 151 Health insurance See Insurance, health Health Insurance Portability & Accountability Act (HIPAA) of 1996 (PL 104-191), 140d Health literacy, 19, 282–284, 283d, 283t Health Maintenance Organization Act of 1973 (PL 93-222), 138d Health maintenance organizations (HMOs), 153–155 Health maintenance programs, for older adults, 692, 693d, 699 Health Manpower Act (PL 90-490), 138d Health ministry nurse, 881 Health Objectives Planning Act of 1990 (PL 101-582), 139d Health organizations, U.S., 127–136 levels and types of, 127 private sector health services in, 132–134 public sector health services in, 127–132 (See also Public sector health services) Health planning process, vs nursing process, 411, 412t Health policy, 358 current U.S., 354–355 distributive, 358 evaluation of, 71 redistributive, 358 regulatory, 358 Health practice guidelines, family, 506–509 adapting nursing intervention to stage of development in, 506 case examples of, 506b–509b empowering families in, 508–509 family structure variations in, 506–508 starting where family is in, 506 working with family collectively in, 506 Health problems See specific problems and topics Health professional shortage areas (HPSAs), 795, 795f Health promotion, 14–15, 300–329, 442d, 740 effective teaching in, 320–328 (See also Teaching, effective) health education for change in, 310 health teaching models in, 316–319 (See also Health teaching models) learning domains in, 310–313 (See also Learning domains) learning theories in, 314–316 (See also Learning theories) in nursing process with families, 519 for special learning needs clients, 328 teaching at three levels of prevention in, 320 teaching-learning principles in, 320–323, 321t (See also Teaching-learning principles) through change, 302–310 change definitions in, 302 changing behavior in, 302d effecting positive change in, 308–310 evolutionary change in, 302 in Healthy People 2010, 301t nature of change in, 302 LWBK151-3970G-IND_907-934.qxd 11/21/2008 09:52 AM Page 917 Aptara Inc Index overview of, 301–302 planned change process in, 304–307, 304f (See also Planned change process) planned change strategies in, 307–308 (See also Planned change strategies) planned/managed change in, 303–304 revolutionary change in, 303 stages of change in, 303 Health promotion model (HPM), 318–319, 318f, 319f, 378–379 Health protection, 302 See also Health promotion Health-related professional associations, 127 Health savings accounts (HSAs), 136, 146 Health status, 17, 124, 125t Health teaching models, 316–319 Cloutterbuck Minimum Data Matrix (CMDM), 316–317, 317f Health Belief Model (HBM), 317–318 Pender’s Health Promotion Model (HPM), 318–319, 318f, 319f PRECEDE and PROCEED, 319, 320f Healthy city, 13d Healthy community, 10–11, 392 Healthy conditions, 21 Healthy families, 502–506 case file on, 503b–504b communication in, 502 community links in, 504–505 coping effort in, active, 504 environment and lifestyle in, 504 individual development in, 502 interactions among members in, 502 relationship structuring in, 502, 505 research on, 502 Healthy Objectives Planning Act of 1990 (PL 101–582), 139d Healthy old age, 682 Healthy People 2000, 442, 734 Healthy People 2010, 9–10, 132, 205, 442 on adolescent health, 624, 625t–626t on disabilities and chronic illness, 734–736, 735t on emergency preparedness, 470–471, 470d on environmental health, 246–247, 247f on epidemiology, 183, 184d on family violence, 529 goals of, 11d, 15 on health disparities, 652, 676, 717, 718f on health literacy and health communication, 283, 283d on health promotion, 301t on healthy community, 392 on home health care, 900d on homelessness, 777, 777t on homicide, 543–544 on hospice care, 900d on immunization, 208–209 on immunization for influenza and pneumonia, 218d on leading health indicators, 771d on maternal-child health, 564, 565t on men’s health, 664, 664d on mental health, 753, 753t on nurse-managed health centers, 875–876, 876f on older adults, 682 on partner notification of communicable disease, 219 on partner/spousal abuse, 539–540 on public health infrastructure, 46, 46d on public health priorities, 846d on rural health care, 805–806 on social conditions, 719 on substance abuse, 758, 758t on suicide, 543 on teen pregnancy, 488, 489d on vaccination, 582 on women’s health, 659, 660d Heart disease in adult men, 667 in adult women, 662–663 in elderly, 697 Heart Disease, Cancer, and Stroke Amendments of 1965 (PL 89-239), 137d Heat island effect, 251 Heat islands, 800 Henry Street Settlement, 30–31 Hepatitis A vaccine, 216t Hepatitis B vaccine contraindications and precautions to, 216t in pregnancy, 569 Herbalism, 99–100 Herd immunity, 181, 212 Herpes simplex virus 2, in pregnancy, 569 Hib vaccine, 216t Hidden homeless, 777 Hierarchical system, 74–75 Hierarchical system of values, 76 High-risk infant flow sheet, 512f–513f Hill-Burton Act of 1946, 137d Hispanic Americans, 108–109, 109b, 110t Hispanic population, 93–94, 93t, 94b Hispanic Stress Inventory—Brief Version, 813d History and evolution, 25–40, 426 See also specific topics advanced technology on, 36 causal thinking in, 36–37 community health nursing (1970-present) in, 34–36, 35b, 35t of community/public health, consumer movement in, 38 demographic changes in, 37–38 disaster, 462 district nursing in (mid-1800s to 1900), 28–29, 29t early home nursing in (before mid-1800s), 27–28, 28f economic forces in, 38–39 educational preparation in, 39 education changes in, 37 overview of, 26–27 public health nursing in (1900-1970), 29–34 (See also Public health nursing, history and evolution of [1900-1970]) 20th century, 26 women’s role in, 37–38 Holistic view, 99 Home environmental conditions, 496 Home health agencies, 893 Home health care, 891–899 case management in, 898 challenges in, 898–900 ❂ 917 fall risk in, 899, 899d infection control in, 898 medication safety in, 898–899 nurse safety in, 500–501, 899, 900f technology at home in, 899 clients and their families in, 893–894 for elderly, 699–700 future of, 900, 904 Healthy People 2010 on, 900d history and politics of, 892–893 home health agencies in, 893 vs hospice care, 901t Medicare home health eligibility for, 894, 894d nursing practice in, 895–899 caregiving wheel in, 896, 896f case file on, 897b collaborating and mobilizing in, 897 detecting in, 897 locating client and getting through door in, 896 overview of, 895 self-management promotion in, 896–897 solving problems in, 898 strengthening in, 897 teaching in, 897–898 overview of, 892 reimbursement for, 894–895, 894d Home invasion, 552 Homeless, 776–789 case file on, 788b chronically, 780 community health nurse role for, 785–787 advocacy in, 788–789 case management in, 788 overview of, 785–786 primary prevention in, 786–787 secondary prevention in, 787–788 tertiary prevention in, 788 contributing factors in, 778–779 definition of, 777 demographics of, 778 health care and, 783–784 Healthy People 2010 on, 776, 776t nurse’s perspective on, 780b nursing process for, 781b prevention pyramid for, 789b resources for combating of, 784, 785t, 786t scope of problem in, 777–778 subpopulations of, 779–783 children, 780–782 families, 483t, 484, 782–783 men, 779–780 rural, 783 veterans, 783 women, 780 youth, 782, 782b Homeless families, 483t, 484, 782–783 Home remedies, 99 Home visit, family, 496, 497b case file on, 503b–504b community health nursing via, 54–55 concluding and documenting the visit in, 499 family education and anticipatory guidance in, 500 family health visit in, 499–500 family promotion and illness prevention in, 500 knocking on door for, 497b LWBK151-3970G-IND_907-934.qxd 11/21/2008 09:52 AM Page 918 Aptara Inc 918 ❂ Index Home visit, family (continued) making the visit in, 498–499 nursing skills used during, 496–497 personal safety on, 500–501 prenatal and infancy, 499b pre-visit preparation for, 497–498 structure and guidelines for, 497, 498t Homicide, 543–544 Honesty, 38d Hormone replacement therapy (HRT), 662 Hospice care, 899–905 compassion fatigue in, 903b for elderly, 691 ethical challenges in, 904 evolution of, 900–901 future of, 904 Healthy People 2010 on, 900d vs home health care, 901t nursing practice in, 901–904 collaborating in, 903 comforting in, 903–904 connecting in, 902–903 nurse role in, 901–902, 902f speaking truth and encouraging choice in, 903 spiritual practice and letting go in, 904 strengthening family in, 903 sustaining oneself in, 902 overview of, 900 pain relief in, 904d palliative care in, 900, 903d services and reimbursement in, 901 Hospice caregiving tree, 902, 902f Hospital, mobile field, 464–465, 464d Hospital-based agencies, 893 Hospital care, 20th and 21st century, case files on, 142b Hospital Survey and Construction Act of 1946, 137d Host, 176, 456 Host factors, 456 Human Becoming Theory, 378 Human capital, 714 Human connection, 722 Human Genome Project, 9, 385 Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), 225–226, 432 in adolescents, 633–634 education on, 635, 665b in migrant workers, 814 in pregnancy, 569–570 in rural populations, 802–803 with tuberculosis, 232 in young adult men, 665 Humanistic learning theories, 315 Humanitarian emergencies, 428 Human-made environment, 394–395 Human papillomavirus (HPV), 633 Human Subjects Committee, 68–69 Human waste disposal, 259–260 Hunger See also Nutrition childhood, 615 Hurricane Katrina aftermath, 13 nurse volunteer perspective on, 723b student perspective on, 716b U.S Public Health Service Commissioned Corps in, 848–849, 849d Hypertensive disease in elderly, 696 in pregnancy, 574 Hypotension, in elderly, 696 I Identity, from family, 485–486 Illicit drug use See Substance use and abuse; specific drugs Illness, See also specific illnesses Immigrant immunization, 215 Immigration, 93–94, 93t, 94b Immunity, 180–181 active, 180, 209–210 cross-, 180–181 herd, 181, 212 passive, 180, 209 Immunization, 208–219, 423 See also Vaccines of adolescents, 616, 618f, 634–635 of adults, 214 barriers to cultural, 213 financial, 212 philosophical, 213–214 provider limitations, 214 religious, 212 social, 213 case file on, 209b of children, 582–583 infants, toddlers, and preschoolers, 586, 587f school-age, 616, 617f, 634–635 by school nurse, 855–856 community status of, 212 contraindications and precautions with, 215t–217t definition and overview of, 208–219 of elderly, 687–688 in Healthy People 2010, 208–209, 218t herd immunity in, 181, 212 for immigrants, 215 for international travelers, 214, 218 need for, 355 of older adults, 692, 692t personal belief exemption for, 209b, 210d planning and implementing programs of, 214, 218d schedule of, recommended, 210–212, 211t for vaccine-preventable diseases, 209–210 Inactivity, in school-age children, 622 Inappropriate generalization, 315 Incest, 532 Incidence rate, 192 Incubation period, 183, 206 Indemnity policy, 144 Independence, of elderly, 678, 686–687 Independent health plans, 146 Index case, 219 Indian Health Services (IHS), 848 Indirect transmission, 205–206 Indirect victims, 455d, 456 Individual approach to crisis intervention, 552–553 Individual development, in healthy families, 502 Individualized education plans, 853 Individualized health plans (IHPs), 853 Indoor air pollution, 267–268, 268b Induction period, 183 Industrial nursing, 33 Infancy home visit, 499b Infant definition of, 577 high-risk, flow sheet for, 512f–513f newborns, 577–586 parent–child interactions and brain development of, 589 prenatal and birth age, 562–577 (See also Pregnant women and infants) Infant death, 576–577 Infant mortality, 562, 565f Infant mortality rate, 354 Infant position, 72 Infants, toddlers, and preschoolers, 577–594 community health nurse role for, 592 health care in, 577–586 accidents and injuries, 577–580, 578b chronic diseases, 583–584 communicable diseases, 582–583 definitions, 577 dental hygiene, poor, 585–586 history, global, 577 maltreatment, 580–581, 581d nutrition, poor, 584–585 health promotion programs for, 589–592 developmental screening, 589 infant brain development and parent–child interactions, 589 nutritional programs, 592 special needs children, 589–591 health services for, 586–592 child abuse and neglect protection, 588–589 day care and preschool, quality, 586–588 health promotion programs, 589–592, 591b (See also Health promotion) health protection programs, 588–589 immunization, 586, 587f parent training, 586 preventive health programs, 586–588, 587f safety and injury protection, 588 prevention pyramid for, 593b–594b Infectious disease prevention, in school-age children and adolescents, 636 Infectious diseases, era of, 423, 430–435 acute respiratory tract infections, 432 diarrheal diseases, 431, 431d guinea worm disease (dracunculiasis), 434 HIV and AIDS, 432 immunization, 430 leprosy, 434 malaria, 432–434 maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality, 430–431 measles, 431 new and emerging, 435, 436t poliomyelitis, 431 river blindness (onchocerciasis), 434 tuberculosis, 432 tuberculosis and HIV 432 , universal imperatives of care, 435 Infectious waste, 220 Infectivity, 176 Inferential statistics, 70 Influenza avian (H5N1), 226–227, 235 seasonal, 226–227 LWBK151-3970G-IND_907-934.qxd 11/21/2008 09:52 AM Page 919 Aptara Inc Index Influenza vaccine contraindications and precautions to, 217t for elderly, 687–688 for vulnerable children, 740b Informal contracting, 295 Informal leaders, 335 Informal observational studies, 190–191 Informatics, nursing, 287–288 Inhalant abuse, 630, 756t Inherent resistance, 176 Injuries in infants, toddlers, and preschoolers, 577–580, 578b in school-age children, 615–616 unintentional, in adults, 655 Injury control, in adults, 655 Injury prevention in adults, 655 in infants, toddlers, and preschoolers, 588 in school-age children and adolescents, 636 In-migration, 796 Insight theory, 314–315 Institutional Review Board, 68 Instrumental values, 75 Insurance, health concepts in, 144 employer-sponsored, 144–145 Health Insurance Portability & Accountability Act (HIPAA) of 1996 (PL 104-191) on, 140d Medicare and Social Security Disability Insurance, 147, 147f, 147t nonprofit insurance plans, 146 private insurance companies, 145–146, 146t in rural areas, 803–804 Social Security Disability Insurance, 147–148, 147f, 147t State Children’s Health Insurance Program (SCHIP), 136, 149 Integrated health care, 100 Integrated Management of Childhood Illness (MCI), 431 Integrative reviews, 63 Intensity, of disasters, 455 Interaction, 324, 401–402, 402f in healthy families, 502 infant, parent–child, 589 social, in elderly, 687 Interactional framework, 510 Interdependence, 309, 425–427 Intermediate care, 700 International community health nursing, 425–448 See also Primary Health Care (PHC) armed conflict, uprisings, and wars in, 427–428 case file on, 428b community perspectives and voices on, 448b culture and religion in, 427 geography and environment in, 425–426 global burden of disease in, 437, 438t health care systems in, 428–430 (See also Health care systems) history in, 426 humanitarian emergencies in, 428 interdependency in, 425–427 language in, 426 opportunities in, 447–448 population in, 430–437 (See also Population) prevention pyramid for, 433b procedures and interventions in, 440–447 CARE in, 446 Carter Center in, 446 Center for International Health and Cooperation in, 446 criteria for support of, 440–441 global health council in, 446 International Council of Nurses in, 446 international governmental organizations with national governments in, 445 national governments working alone in, 446–447 nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) in, 446 organizations with religious affiliations in, 447 overview of, 440 WHO in, 441–445 (See also World Health Organization [WHO]) World Bank (WB) in, 46b, 446 providers of health care in, 437–440 (See also Providers of health care) top ten preventable health risks worldwide in, 437t women and culture in, 427 International Council of Nurses (ICN), 446 International governmental organizations with national governments, 445–446 International health organizations, 134–136 case file, 135 Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), 136 global health, 134 Pan American Health Organization (PAHO), 135 United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), 136 United Nations International Children’s Emergency Fund (UNICEF), 135 United States Agency for International Development (USAID), 135–136 World Health Organization (WHO), 134–135 International travelers, immunization for, 214, 218 Internet crimes against children, 536 Interpersonal skills, 281–282 Interpersonal violence, 527 Interpreter guidelines, 115d Interprofessional collaboration, 21–22 Intimate partner violence (IPV), 539f Intrafamily sexual abuse, 532 Intrarole functioning, 480 Invasion, home, 552 Inversion, temperature, 251 IPV vaccine, 216t Irradiation of food, 258–259, 259f Isolation, 220 Issues, in community health nursing, 11d See also specific issues J Justice, 82–83, 85 distributive, 822 environmental, 244 social, 355–356, 822–823 Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis, 609 ❂ 919 K Katz Index of Activities of Daily Living, 697 Kernicterus, 591b Ketamine, 630 Key informants, 405–406 King, Imogene, 378 Kin-network, 482, 483t Knock on door, for home visit, 497b Knowledge, 310 See also Education authoritative, 335 local, 335 Knowles’ learning theory, 316, 316d L Land use–related health issues, 820d Latency period, 183 Latinos, 108–109, 109b, 110t Leaders, 50, 335 Leadership role, 52–53 Leading health indicators, 10 in Healthy People 2010, 771d resources for, 12d Lead poisoning education survey on, 195–197 of infants, toddlers, and preschoolers, 579–580 Learning disabilities, 611, 854–855 Learning domains, 310–313 affective, 311–312 cognitive, 310–311 psychomotor, 313, 313t Learning theories, 314–316 behavioral, 314 cognitive, 314–315, 314t humanistic, 315 Knowles’, 316 social, 315 Legionnaires’ disease (legionellosis), 234 Legislation, landmark, 136, 137d–140d See also specific legislation Legislative process definition of, 363d federal, 359–361, 360f state, 359–361, 359f Legislators, 366, 367d Leprosy, 202, 434 Lesbian families, 488–489 Letter of inquiry, 349 Levels of alcohol use, 752 Levels of prevention pyramid See Prevention pyramid, levels of Lice, head, 619 Life cycle, family, 486–487 Life expectancy, 652 at birth U.S., 675 worldwide, 675 of older adults, 675 Life maintenance organizations (LMOs), 162 Life spiral, 483 Lifestyle, in healthy families, 504 Listening, active, 280–281 Literacy health, 19 of adults, 652–653 on health outcomes, 282–284, 283d, 283t low, in client communication, 281, 281d LWBK151-3970G-IND_907-934.qxd 11/21/2008 09:52 AM Page 920 Aptara Inc 920 ❂ Index Living arrangements and care options for elderly, 699–702 assisted living, 700 board and care homes, 702 continuing care retirement communities (CCRCs), 700b, 701 custodial care, 700 day care and home care services, 699–700 intermediate care, 700 long-term care, 700 personal care homes, 700–701 perspectives on continuing care centers, 701b respite care services, 701–702 skilled nursing facilities, 700 Living wills, 691 Lobbying, 357, 365–366 Lobbyists, 357 Local health departments (LHDs), 842–843 Local knowledge, 335 Location, 392–395, 392f, 393t climate in, 394 community boundaries in, 393–394 in community profile inventory, 393t on flora and fauna, 394 geographic features of, 394 of health services, 394 human-made environment in, 394–395 variables of, 393, 393t Longitudinal Studies of Aging (LSOAs), 141d Long-term care, 700 Long-term health conditions, chronic, era of, 423, 435–436 Low-birth-weight (LBW), 564–565, 565t Lower respiratory diseases, chronic, 655 LSD, 630 Lung cancer, 654–655 Lyme disease, 176, 207, 234 M Macroeconomic theory, 140–142, 143f Magicoreligious view, 99 Mainstreaming, 613 Malaria, 202, 432–434 Malnutrition See also Nutrition in World Health Report 2002, 733 Managed care, 153–157, 354 See also specific types competition and regulation in, 156–157 health care rationing in, 155–156 health maintenance organizations (HMOs) as, 153–155 point-of-service (POS) plans as, 155, 155f preferred provider organizations as, 155 public health values and, 162–163 Managed change, 303–304 Managed competition, 157–158 Management behaviors, 51 Management of Childhood Illness (MCI), 431 Management skills, 51 Mandated reporters, 533–534 Man-made disaster, 454 Marginalized, 785 Marijuana, 630, 760–761, 761f Marketing, social, 333, 346–348 Maslow, Abraham, 315 Mass casualty, 464 Mass-casualty incident, 455, 464 Mass media, for health education, 207–208 Materials, teaching, 326–328 Maternal and Child Health and Mental Retardation Planning Amendments of 1963, 137d Maternal–child health, 560–594 community health nurse role in, 592 evidence-based practice of, 561b federally funded services for, 561b history of, 561–562 infants, toddlers, and preschoolers in (See also Infants, toddlers, and preschoolers) children’s health care in, 577–586 children’s health services in, 586–592 preconception care in, 562 pregnant women and infants in, 562–577 (See also Pregnant women and infants) prevention pyramid for, 593b–594b student perspectives on, 564b in Sweden, 561b Maternal developmental disability, 573 Maternal morbidity, 430–431 Maternal mortality, 430–431, 565–566, 565f, 565t McKinney-Vento Homeless Assistance Act Titles I-IX, 784, 785t MDMA, 630 Mean, 70 Measles, 431 Median age, of world’s population, 676 Medicaid, 136, 148–149, 354 Medical bankruptcies, 153 Medical home, 153 Medically indigent, 130 Medically underserved areas (MUAs), 795–796 Medicare, 136, 147–148, 147f, 147t, 354 Medicare Catastrophic Coverage Act of 1988 (MCCA, PL 100-360), 139d Medicare Home Health Benefit, 892 Medicare home health eligibility, 894, 894d Medicare Hospice Benefit, 901 Medicare Plus Choice Plans, 148 Medicare Prescription Drug, Improvement, and Modernization Act of 2003 (PL 108173), 140d Medicare Prospective Payment System, 892 Medication administration, by school nurse, 855 Medication-resistant tuberculosis, 135 Melting pot, 92 Menopause, 662 Men’s health, 664–668 in adults (35-65), 666–668 heart disease in, 667 overview of, 666 prostate cancer in, 667–668 prostate health in, 667 reproductive health in, 666–667 community health nurse role in, 668–669, 669b Healthy People 2010 goals for, 664, 664d in homeless, 779–780 overview of factors in, 664 testicular self-examination (TSE) in, 666d in young adult men (18-35) HIV in, 665 overview of, 664–665 sexual orientation in, 664–665 testicular cancer in, 665–666 Mental health community-level interventions for, 768–772 in corrections nursing, 863–865 determinants of, 764 Healthy People 2010 on, 753, 753t interventions for, policy-based, 770–772, 771d President’s New Freedom Commission on Mental Health in, 753, 755d school nursing and, 860 in transition, 752–753 Mental health care system, 752 Mental health conditions See Mental illness Mental health crisis, 466 Mental health promotion, 768–770 anticipated outcomes of, 768 interventions for community mental health nurse role in, 769–770 lifestyle and behavior activities, 769 overview, 768 risk-protective activities, 769 with substance use, 770 Mental illness, 436–437, 752 See also specific illnesses in adolescents, 624, 627, 627f cost of, 754 homelessness and, 779 incidence and prevalence of, 754 school nursing and, 860 screening for, BPRS, MADRS, CESD10, 764–765, 765f, 766f Mercury, 263 Meta-analysis, 65 Methamphetamine, 757t, 761 Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CA-MRSA), 616 Metropolitan statistical area, 794 Miasma theory, 174, 175t Microcultures, 94–95 Microeconomics, 136, 140 Microeconomic theory, 136 Micropolitan statistical area, 794, 795t Midlife crisis, 666 Midwife, village, 439 Migrant farmworkers, 807 Migrant health care, 806–818 community health nurse care for, 816–818 environmental exposure history in, 811d health risks in, 809–818 economic barriers and limited health resources, 814–816 family health, 812–814, 813d health care delivery, 816 infectious diseases, 814 information tracking systems, 815b, 816 occupational hazards, 809–810 pesticide exposure, 799, 810–812, 811d poor sanitation, 812 primary prevention for, 815b, 816 substandard housing, 812 migrant farmworkers in demographics, 807 historical background, 806–807 migrant hero, 809 migrant lifestyle, 808–809 LWBK151-3970G-IND_907-934.qxd 11/21/2008 09:52 AM Page 921 Aptara Inc Index migrant streams and patterns, 808 overview, 806 migrant health in, 806 nursing process for, 818b perspectives on, 817b prevention pyramid for, 815b Migrant streams, 808 Migration, 386 Migration patterns, changing, 796 Minnesota Wheel—public health interventions model, 380, 380f Minority group, 115 Misunderstood directions, student perspectives on, 278b MMR vaccine, 216t Mobile field hospital, 464–465, 464d Mobility, 398 Model, 376 See also Theories and models Mold, toxic, 267 Monogamy, 665 Montgomery Ashbergy Depression Rating Scale (MADRS), 765 Moral conflicts, 78–79 Moral evaluations, 78 Morbidity, 424 Morbidity rates, 192 Morbid obesity, 657 Mortality, 424 infant, 562, 565f injury-related, in school-age children and adolescents, 615–616 Mortality rates, 193d maternal, 565–566, 565f, 565t neonatal, 565f, 565t, 566 Mothers See also Pregnant women and infants teen, 487–488, 562 Mothers Against Drunk Driving (MADD), Motor vehicle crashes in infants, toddlers, and preschoolers, 579, 579b in school-age children and adolescents, 615 Moulage, 470, 470d MUDDLES, 811d Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis, 232 Multigenerational families, 482, 483t Multilateral agency, 442 Multinational agency, 442 Multiple-casualty incident, 454–455 Multiple causation, 179 Multiple crises, 527 Munchausen syndrome, 535 Munchausen syndrome by proxy, 535–536 Muscular dystrophy (MD), 584 Muslims, 109–112 health beliefs and practices of, 111–112 health problems of, 111 overview and demographics of, 109–110, 111t population characteristics and culture of, 110–111 Mutual company, 146 Mutuality, 291 MyPyramid See also Nutrition for elderly, 683–684, 685f N Narcotics, 757t National Association of the Deaf (NAD), 738 National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) Data Collection Systems, 141d National Center for Health Statistics of 1974 (PL 93-353), 138d–139d National Council on Disability (NCD), 737–738 National Federation of the Blind (NFB), 739 National governments international governmental organizations with, 445–446 working alone, 446–447 National Health Care Survey (NHCS), 141d National Health Interview Survey (NHIS), 141d National Health Planning and Resource Development Act of 1974 (PL 93-641), 138d National Immunization Survey, 141d National Incident Command System (NIMS), 461–462 National Incident Management Systems (NIMS), 456 National Institutes of Health (NIH), 408 National Nursing Center Consortium (NNCC), 879, 879d National Organization on Disability (NOD), 738–739 National public health agencies, 130–132, 133f National Survey of Family Growth (NSFG), 141d National Vital Statistics System, 141d Native American Indians, 101–104, 102t health beliefs and practices of, 104 health problems of, 103–104 history of, 101–102 population characteristics and culture of, 102–103, 103d Natural disaster, 454 Natural history, of disease/health condition, 182–183, 182f Neglect, child, 531, 531d See also Child abuse Neuman’s health care systems model, 377–378, 377f Newborns See Infants, toddlers, and preschoolers Nightingale, Florence, 27–28, 28f environmental theory of, 376 epidemiological work of, 174 Nightingale’s theory of environment, 376 Noise pollution, 267 Nomadic migrant workers, 808 Nominal group technique, 286 Noncertified agencies, 893 Noncompliance, 362 Nonexperimental design, 68 Nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), 5, 126–127, 446 Nonmaleficence, 85 Nonprofit insurance plans, 146 Nonprofit organization, 348–349 Nontraditional families, 482–484, 483t Nonverbal messages, 280, 496–497 Normative-reeducative planned-change strategies, 308 Norming stage of group development, 284 Norms, 112 Nuclear-dyad families, 482, 483t Nuclear energy, 256–257 Nuclear family, 482, 483t Nuclear warfare, 468 ❂ 921 Nurse-managed health centers (NMHCs), 875–880, 877f best practices of, 879 case files on health screening at, 880b definition and overview of, 875, 875b evidence-based practice and, 880d funding for, 878 Healthy People 2010 on, 875–876, 876f history of, 876–877, 876b National Nursing Center Consortium for, 879, 879d nursing center models in, 877–878, 878d student role in, 879, 880b sustainability of, 878–879 vulnerable populations at, 876b Nurse practitioner (NP), 33 Nurse Reinvestment Act of 2002 (PL 107-205), 140d Nurses Health Study, 658 Nurses Health Study II, 658–659 Nursing center models, 877–878 Nursing centers, 875b Nursing process, with families, 494–521 See also Families; Home visit, family education and health promotion in, 519 family health assessment guidelines in, 513–519 (See also Family health assessment, guidelines for) family health assessment in, 509–513 family health effects on individuals in, 501–502 family health practice guidelines in, 506–509 (See also Health practice guidelines, family) healthy family characteristics in, 502–506 (See also Healthy families) home visits in, 497–501 (See also Home visit, family) implemented family health plan evaluation in, 519–520 planning for next visit in, 520–521 working with families in in community health setting, 495–496 perspectives on, 495–496 where they live, 496–501, 497b (See also Home visit, family) Nursing theory, 376 See also Theories and models NutraSweet, 258 Nutrition, 732–734, 733d in adolescents, 633, 639 in elderly, 683–684, 684d, 685f in infants, toddlers, and preschoolers, 584–585, 592 in pregnancy, 570 in school-age children, 622, 638 in school nursing, 857–859, 858b in World Health Report 2002, 733 O Obesity in adults, 657 childhood, 619–622 (See also Overweight, in children) morbid, 657 prevention pyramid for, 858b school nursing and, 857–858, 858b in World Health Report 2002, 733 LWBK151-3970G-IND_907-934.qxd 11/21/2008 09:52 AM Page 922 Aptara Inc 922 ❂ Index Objectives, teaching, 324, 325d Observational studies, informal, 190–191 Observation skills, for home visits, 496 Occupational and environmental health nurse, 884 Occupational and environmental health nursing, 884–887 community-based, 885 future trends in, 886–887 members of occupational health team in, 885–886 nurse role in, 885 nursing care plan in, 886d overview of, 884 special skills and demands of, 884–885 Occupational carcinogens, 264t Occupational health nursing, 884–887 See also Occupational and environmental health nurse Occupational health settings, 56 Occupational safety for adolescents, 636 for migrant workers, 809–810 Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970 (PL 91-956), 138d Official health agencies, 125 Older adults, 489–491, 674–703, 678, 681b abuse of, 541–543, 682 ageism and, 678–682 case file on, 702d case management and needs assessment in, 698 chronic diseases of, 676, 677 community health nurse approaches to, 697 community health nurse role in, 702–703, 702d definition of, 675 demographics of global, 676 U.S., 676–678 education level of, 678 expenditures on, 675 geriatrics for, 697 gerontology for, 697 health services for, 698–702 criteria for effective service in, 698–699 living arrangements and care options in, 699–702, 701b (See also Living arrangements and care options for elderly) services for healthy older adults in, 699 health status of, 675 healthy case file on, 681b characteristics of, 681–682 homeless, 783 life expectancy of, 675 misconceptions about, 678–681 all are content and serene, 680 cannot be productive or active, 680 cannot live independently, 678 chronologic age determines oldness, 678 diminished intellectual capacity or senility, 678–680 resistance to change, 680–681 Social Security will not be there when I retire, 681 nursing process with, 695b overview of health needs of, 682–683 population of, rapidly growing, 675 poverty in, 677–678 prevention pyramid for, 679b primary prevention in, 683–692 coping with multiple losses, 686 economic security needs, 684–685 exercise needs, 684 hospice and palliative care, 691 living wills and advanced health care directives, 691 maintaining independence, 686–687 nutrition needs, 683–684, 684d, 685f psychosocial needs, 685–691 purpose, 687 safety needs, 687–691, 689d–691d (See also Safety needs of elderly) social interaction and companionship, 687 spirituality, 691 Racial and Ethnic Approaches to Community Health (REACH) for, 677d secondary prevention in, 692, 692t, 693d strategies for successful aging in, 683d tertiary prevention in, 692–697 Alzheimer disease, 693–694, 694d arthritis, 694–695 cancer, 695, 696d cardiovascular disease, 696–697 chronic disease in, 693 definition and overview of, 692 depression, 696 diabetes, 696 epidemiology of, 692–693 osteoporosis, 697 wellness in, 682 Older Americans Resources and Services Information System (OARS), 697 Older homeless, 783 Omaha system, 345, 381–382, 381f Omaha system model of the problem solving process, 381–382, 381f Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act Expansion of 1986 (OBRA, PL 99-509), 139d Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1981 (OBRA, PL 97-35), 139d Onchocerciasis, 434 Open-ended assessment, family, 511, 513, 517f Open systems, 479 Operational planning, 50 Oral health in adolescents, 637–638 in elderly, 683–684 in infants, toddlers, and preschoolers, 585–586 in pregnancy, 570–571 in school-age children, 622–623, 637–638 school nurse in, 857 Oral rehydration solution (ORS), 431, 431d Oral rehydration therapy (ORT), 431, 431d Orem’s self-care model, 376–377 Osteoporosis, 697 Outcome and Assessment Information Set (OASIS), 894 Outcome criteria, 410 Outcome evaluation, 520 for community programs/services, 341–344 evaluating outcomes in, 341–342, 342d nurse role in quality measurement and improvement in, 342–344 setting measurable goals and objectives in, 341 Outcomes, 878 See also specific topics health literacy and, 282–284, 283d, 283t Out-migration, 796 Out-of-pocket payment, 150 Ovarian cancer, 663 Overpopulation, 247–249, 249f Over-the-counter (OTC) drugs, 100 Overweight in children, 619–622 classification of, 620d epidemiology of, 619–620, 620f nursing process for, 621b definition of, 619 in World Health Report 2002, 733 Ozone depletion, 252–253, 426 Ozone levels, 800 P Pacific Islanders, 107d Pain ratings, 70, 70t Pain relief, 904d Palliative care definition of, 691, 900 for elderly, 691 in hospice, 900, 903d Palliative interventions See Palliative care Pan American Health Organization (PAHO), 135 Pandemic, 173 Papanicolaou (Pap) smears, 663 Parable of dangerous cliff, 17d of trees, 20d Paraphrasing, 280 Parasuicidal acts, 543 Parent–child interactions, in infant brain development, 589 Parenthood, teen, 487–488 Parent training, of infants, toddlers, and preschoolers, 586 Parish nurse, 881 Parse’s Human Becoming Theory, 378 Participation, 308, 732 citizen, 364–365 client, 322–323 Participation restrictions, 732 Participatory action research (PAR), 724–725 Partner notification, 219–220 Partnership, 291, 403 Partnership for Health Act of 1966 (PL 89-749), 137d–138d Partner/spousal abuse, 537–541 adolescent dating violence in, 538–539 batterer characteristics in, 540–541 on children, 541, 542f cycle of violence and, 537–538, 538d dating violence in, 538–539 definitions in, 539 domestic violence in, 527–528, 539–540, 540d intimate partner violence in, 539f in pregnancy, 540 sources of, 537 victim characteristics in, 541 wheel of violence in, 539f LWBK151-3970G-IND_907-934.qxd 11/21/2008 09:52 AM Page 923 Aptara Inc Index Passive immunity, 180, 209 Pasteurization, cold, 258 Pathogenicity, 176 Pathological model, 481d Patient referral, 219 Patient’s Bill of Rights, 154–155 Patterns, 77, 77f family, emerging, 487–491 global health, 175 migration, 796, 808 Patterns of migration, 796, 808 Payment prospective, 149–150 retrospective, 149 Payment concepts, 149–150 PCP, 761 PCV vaccine, 217t Pediculosis, 619 Pedophile, 533 Pender’s health promotion model (HPM), 318–319, 318f, 319f, 378–379 People with disabilities, 734 Perceived self-efficacy, 315 Perception client, 322 selective, of communication, 278 Performing stage of group development, 284–285 Perinatal morbidity and mortality, 430–431 Period prevalence counts, 777 Period prevalence rate, 192 Personal belief exemption, 209b, 210d Personal care homes, 700–701 Personal factors, 732 Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act of 1997 (PRWORA, PL 104-193), 140d, 614 Personal safety, on family home visit, 500–501, 899, 900f Perspectives, community on chronic illness, 738b on community as client, 448b on continuing care centers, 701b on corrections nursing, 863b on disasters, 459b on ethnocultural health care, 98b on health, 14b on homeless, 780b on Hurricane Katrina aftermath, 716b, 723b on international community health nursing, 448b on Medicare, 895b on migrant health care, 817b on nursing process with families, 495b on public health nursing, 848b on school nursing, 862b Perspectives, student on advocacy, 365b on chronic illness and families, 743b on community health practice, 4b on environmental health and safety, 245b on family violence, 537b Hurricane Katrina aftermath, 716b on maternal-child health, 564b on misunderstood directions, 278b on postgraduation employment, 55b on Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS), 181b on volunteer service, long term, 367b Pesticides, migrant worker exposure to, 799, 810–812, 811d Pharmacogenomics, Phencyclidine (PCP), 761 Philanthropic support, 150 Physical abuse, 532, 532d Piaget, Jean, 314, 314t PICO question formulation, 63–64, 64f, 66–67 Pilot study, 307 PL 89-97 (Social Security Act Amendments of 1965), 137d–138d PL 89-239 (Heath Disease, Cancer, and Stroke Amendments of 1965), 137d PL 89-749 (Comprehensive Health Planning and Public Health Service Amendments Act of 1966), 137d–138d PL 90-490 (Health Manpower Act), 138d PL 91-956 (Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970), 138d PL 92-603 (Professional Standards Review Organization Amendment to the Social Security Act of 1972), 138d PL 93-222 (Health Maintenance Organization Act of 1973), 138d PL 93-353 (National Center for Health Statistics of 1974), 138d–139d PL 93-641 (National Health Planning and Resource Development Act of 1974), 138d PL 97-35 (Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1981, OBRA), 138d–139d PL 98-21 (Social Security Amendments of 1983), 139d PL 99-272 (Consolidated Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1985, COBRA), 139d PL 99-509 (Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act Expansion of 1986, OBRA), 139d PL 100-360 (Medicare Catastrophic Coverage Act of 1988, MCCA), 139d PL 100-485 (Family Support Act of 1988), 139d PL 101-582 (Health Objectives Planning Act of 1990), 139d PL 102-531 (Preventive Health Amendments of 1992), 139d–140d PL 104-191 (Health Insurance Portability & Accountability Act [HIPAA] of 1996), 140d PL 104-193 (Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act of 1997), 140d PL 105-33 (Balanced Budget Act), 147–148 PL 107-205 (Nurse Reinvestment Act of 2002), 140d PL 108-173 (Medicare Prescription Drug, Improvement, and Modernization Act of 2003), 140d Plague, 173, 202 Planned change, 303–304 Planned change process, 304–307, 304f analyze alternative solutions, 305 diagnose need, 304–305 evaluate the change, 307 implement the change, 306–307 plan the change, 305–306 ❂ 923 recognize (assess) symptoms, 304, 304f restraining and driving forces in, 306f select a change, 305 stabilize the change, 307 Planned change strategies, 307–308 empiric-rational, 307–308 normative-reeducative, 308 power-coercive, 308 Planning, 50 See also specific topics definition of, 410 in teaching, 324–325 Planning, for community health needs, 410–413 establishing goals and objectives in, 413 evaluating community health plans in, 414–417 (See also Evaluation, of community health plans) health planning process in, 411–412, 412t implementing community health plans in, 413–414 vs nursing process, 411, 412t overview of, 410 prevention pyramid for, 411b setting priorities in, 412–413 tools to assist with, 411 Planning and developing community programs/services, 332–350 grants in, 348–350 models for program evaluation in, 344–346 American Nurses Association model, 344–345, 345f Donabedian model, 344, 344f Omaha system, 345 Quality Health Outcomes model, 344, 344f Quality Practice Setting Attributes model, 346, 346f outcome evaluation in, 341–344 evaluating outcomes in, 341–342, 342d nurse role in quality measurement and improvement in, 342–344 setting measurable goals and objectives in, 341 problem identification in, 334–335 program planning in, 333–339 factors influencing behavior change in, 337–339, 339t getting started in, 335–336 overview of, 333–334 problem delineation in, 336 rating behavioral factor importance and changeability in, 336–337, 337t, 338t sample project plan in, 340d steps and sources of information in, 334–335 social marketing in, 346–348 Plausibility, 178 Pluralistic health care systems, 429 Pneumococcal vaccination, of elderly, 687–688 Point in time counts, 777 Point-of-service (POS) plans, 155, 155f Poisoning, of children, 579 Polarization, 357 Policy, 358–369 See also specific topics analysis and development of, 361–362 model of, 361–362, 361f steps in, 363d–364d definition of, 358 distributive health, 358 health, 358 LWBK151-3970G-IND_907-934.qxd 11/21/2008 09:52 AM Page 924 Aptara Inc 924 ❂ Index Policy (continued ) influencing, 365–369 call to action in, 368–369 legislators in, 366, 367d means of, 365–366 money in, 366 political action committees in, 366–367 relationships in, 368 ten commandments in, 365–366 volunteering in, 367–368, 367b public, 71–72, 358 public policy process in, 358–361, 359f, 360f redistributive health, 358 regulatory health, 358 workplace implementation of, 358, 359d Policy analysis model, 361–362, 361f policy evaluation in, 361f, 362 policy formulation and adoption in, 361–362, 361f policy implementation in, 361f, 362 Policy development, 44d, 45, 127 Policy evaluation, 361f, 362 Policy formulation and adoption, 361–362, 361f Policy implementation, 361f, 362 Polio, 202 Poliomyelitis, 431 Political action, 359 Political action and advocacy, 355–357, 359 professional advocacy in, 357 public health in, 355–356 public health nursing advocacy in, 356 Political action committees (PAC), 366–367 Politics, 364 Pollution air, 249–254 (See also Air pollution) biologic, 267–268, 268b noise, 267 thermal, 255 water, 254–255 Polypharmacy, in elderly, 690d Population, 8, 93–94, 395–398, 430–437 in community profile inventory, 396t–397t composition in, 395 cultural characteristics of, 397 definition of, 375 density in, 395, 794 era of infectious diseases and, 430 mobility of, 398 rate of growth or decline of, 397 size in, 395 social class and educational level in, 398 Population density, 395, 794 Population factors, 244, 244f Population focus, 375 Population-focused practice, 19, 20d Population of interest, 66–67 Population variables, 395 Postpartum depression, 575–576 Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) after disaster, 465, 466–468 physical health and, 467b Poverty on children’s health, 613–615 on health, 715, 716f in homelessness, 778 Power, 364–365 Power-coercive planned-change strategies, 308 PPV vaccine, 217t Practice-based research networks (PBRNs), 880b PRECEDE–PROCEED model, 319, 320f Preconception care, 562 Predictive value, 219 Predisposing factors, 337, 339t Preferred provider organizations (PPOs), 155 Pregnancy, teenage, school nursing and, 859 Pregnant women and infants, 562–577 breast-feeding in, 566 cesarean section deliveries in, 565f, 565t, 566 complications of childbearing in, 573–577 epidemiology and overview, 573 fetal or infant death, 576–577 gestational diabetes, 574–575 hypertensive disease, 574 postpartum depression, 575–576 global overview of HIV/AIDS, 563 infant mortality, 562, 565f teenage pregnancy, 562 Healthy People 2010 on, 564, 565t maternal mortality rates in, 565–566, 565f, 565t neonatal mortality rates in, 565f, 565t, 566 risk factors for, 566–573 alcohol use, 567–568 categories, 566 drug use, 566–567 HIV and AIDS, 569–570 maternal developmental disability, 573 oral health, 570–571 poor nutrition and weight gain, 570 sexually transmitted diseases, 569 socioeconomic status and social inequality, 571 teenage pregnancy, 562, 563, 571–573 (See also Teenage pregnancy) tobacco use, 568–569 teenage pregnancy, 571–573, 631–632, 859 emotional needs, 571–572 epidemiology, 571 global, 562 overview, 571 physical needs, 572 social needs, 573 U.S., 563 U.S overview of birth weight and preterm birth, 564–566, 565f breast-feeding, 566 substance use and abuse, 563 violence, 563–564 violence and, 540 Prenatal home visit, 499b Prepaid group practice, 354 Preparedness phase, 458 Preschool, 588 Preschoolers, 577–586 See also Infants, toddlers, and preschoolers Prescribed roles, family, 480–481 Prescription drug abuse, 761 See also Substance use and abuse in adolescents, 631 in adults, 657 Prescription drugs, 100 Prescriptive–proscriptive beliefs, 75 Preservatives, 258 President’s New Freedom Commission on Mental Health, 754, 755d Preterm birth, 565–566 Prevalence, 192 Prevalence rate, 192 Prevalence studies, 193 Preventable health risks, top ten, 437t Prevention, 35b, 184b See also Prevention pyramid, levels of of illness, in family home visits, 500 primary, 15, 16b, 20–21, 35b, 184b secondary, 15–16, 16b, 35b, 184b tertiary, 16, 16b, 35b, 184b Prevention phase, 458 Prevention pyramid, levels of for acute respiratory tract infections, 433b for adult health, 668–669, 669b for breast cancer, 669b for cervical cancer, 860b for child abuse, 411b for community nurse role to promote impact, 35b for crisis intervention and family violence, 544–546, 552 for diabetes type 2, childhood, 608–609, 610b for distributive justice for battered women and children, 82b for domestic violence in migrant worker population, 815b for families providing emotional and material resources, 478b for healthy full-term infant, 593b–594b for homeless addict health, 789b for natural disasters, tornado, 460b for natural history of disease, 184b for nutrition through diet, 16b for obesity in school setting, 858b for radon testing, home, 265b for school nursing, 858b, 860b for STD in correctional facilities, 866b teaching at, 320, 321b for transition into retirement, healthy, 679b for violence, family, 553t Preventive Health Amendments of 1992 (PL 102-531), 139d–140d Preventive health programs See specific topics Primary health care (PHC), 442–445, 443f evidence-based practice of, 444b way forward in, 445 Primary prevention, 15, 16b, 20–21, 35b, 184b See also Prevention pyramid, levels of Primary relationships, 483 Primary source, 67 Principles See also specific topics definition of, 382 of public health nursing, 382–383, 383d Priorities, setting, 412–413 Privacy, 237 Private agencies, 126–127 Private sector health services, 132–134 functions of, 134 proprietary health services in, 132–134 Private settings, 874–887 faith community nursing in, 881–884 (See also Faith community nurse and nursing) LWBK151-3970G-IND_907-934.qxd 11/21/2008 09:52 AM Page 925 Aptara Inc Index nurse-managed health centers in, 875–880 (See also Nurse-managed health centers [NMHCs]) occupational health nursing in, 884–887 (See also Occupational health nursing) Problem solving process, Omaha system model of, 381–382, 381f Professional advocacy, 357 Professional development, 39–40 Professional Standards Review Organization Amendment to the Social Security Act of 1972 (PL 92-603), 138d Professional status, nursing’s, 72–73 Program planning, 333–339 Program planning, for community programs/services, 333–339 factors in behavior change in, 337–339, 339t getting started in, 335–336 overview of, 333–334 problem delineation in, 336 rating behavioral factor importance and changeability in, 336–337, 337t, 338t sample project plan in, 340d steps and sources of information in, 334–335 Program theory, 761–763, 762f, 763f Promotoras, 816 Proprietary health services, 132–134 Prospective payment, 149–150 Prospective study, 185, 192–193 Prostate cancer, 667–668 Prostate health, 667–668 Protective regulations, 358 Provider referral, 219 Providers of health care, 437–440 See also specific types community health nurses in, 438, 439–440 community health workers in, 439 at district levels, 438–439 nursing and nursing personnel in, 437 physicians in, 437 Psilocybin, 630 Psychological hazards, 268–269 Psychomotor domain, 313, 313t Psychosocial needs, of elderly, 685–691 Public health, 355–356 See also specific topics definition and scope of, 5–6 elements of, 18 goal of, 19 history of, 356 politics of, 364 in urban areas, 819 (See also Urban health care) Public health care (PHC) See Primary health care (PHC) Public health care system development, U.S., 124–127 health-related professional associations, 127 health status and health care services, 124, 125t official health agencies, 125–126 precursors, 124, 126t recent calls to action, 125 sanitary reforms, 124–125 voluntary health agencies, 126–127 Public health departments, in rural areas, 803–804 Public health functions, core, 44–45, 44d, 46f Public health interventions model, 380, 380f Public health nurses, 17d, 839 Public health nursing, 18–19, 838–867, 839 advocacy in, 356, 357 careers in, 847–849 corrections nursing, 861–867 Indian Health Services (IHS), 848 school nursing, 849–861 (See also School nursing and nurses) state and federal agencies, 847–848 uniformed public health nursing, 848–849 U.S Public Health Service Commissioned Corps (USPHSCC), 848–849, 849d case file on (TB), 844, 845d definition of, 34, 391 education in, 839 evidence-based practice of, 847b funding and governmental structures for, 840–843, 840t federal agencies, 841, 841f, 842t local health departments, 842–843 state governments, 841–842 vs general nursing, 839, 840t Healthy People 2010 on, 846d history and evolution of (1900-1970), 29–34 district nurse, 29–30, 30f professionalization and education, 32–34, 32d, 33f Sanger, 30–32 Thelin and Sleet, 29–30 visiting nurse associations, 33 Wald, 30–32, 31f history of, 356 key functions in, 839–840, 840d nursing roles in, 843–847 assess, 843–844 diagnose, 844–845 evaluate, 847 overview, 843, 844f plan and implement, 845–847 perspectives on, 848b practice model for, 380–381 typical day of, 843d Public health prevention theory, 763–764 Public Health Service (PHS), 130–132, 133f Public policy, 71–72, 358 Public policy process, 358–361, 359f, 360f Public sector health services, 127–132 budgets and funding, 132 core public health functions, 127–128, 128t Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS), 131–132, 133f local public health agencies, 128–129, 129f national public health agencies, 130–132, 133f state public health agencies, 130, 131f Purpose, for elderly, 687 Q Quad Council core competencies of public health nursing, 391d Qualitative research, 65 Quality Health Outcomes model, 344, 344f Quality indicators, of client outcomes, 341–342 Quality of care, in vulnerable populations, 720–721 ❂ 925 Quality of life, Quality Practice Setting Attributes model, 346, 346f Quantitative research, 64–65 Quarantine, 123, 220 Quasi-experiments, 68 Questions, answerable, searchable, 63–64, 64f R Race, 92, 717 See also Ethnic groups Racial and Ethnic Approaches to Community Health (REACH), 677d Radiation toxicity, 265–267, 266d Radon, 252, 253f Randomization, 68 Randomized control trials (RCTs), 68 Rape, 544 Rates, 192 computing, 192–193 definition of, 192 types of, 192, 193d Rationing, health care, 155–156 Reaching out, 21 Readiness, client, 322 Receiving skills, 280–281 Recovery phase, 458 Red Cross, 456 Red dye no 2, 258 Redistributive health policy, 358 Reemerging diseases, 204–205 Referendum, 364 Referral, 497, 520 See also specific health care areas Reform, 302 Reform, health care, 157–160 making change in, 159–160 managed competition in, 157–158 universal coverage and single-payer system in, 158–159, 161d Refugees, 455–456 environmental, 252–253 immunization of, 218 Regulation, 156–157 competitive, 358 protective, 358 Regulatory health policy, 358 Reinforcing factors, 337, 339t Relapse, 752 Relapsing fever, 202 Relationship-based care, 375–376 Relationships care based on, 375–376 causal, 184–186 collaborative, 290 family, primary, 483 in policy development, 368 trusting, 722 Relationships structuring, in healthy families, 502, 505 Relative risk, 713 Relative risk ratio, 182 Relevance, subject, 323 Reliability, 69, 219 Religion, 427 Religious organizations, 447 Remarriage, 489, 490t Reportable diseases, 186, 210d LWBK151-3970G-IND_907-934.qxd 11/21/2008 09:52 AM Page 926 Aptara Inc 926 ❂ Index Reproductive health in adult men (35-65), 666–667 in young adult women (18-35), 660–661, 662b Request for proposals (RFP), 349, 878 Research on community health nursing, 61–62 conducting epidemiological, 195–197 (See also Epidemiology) definition of, 62 on healthy families, 502 meta-analysis of, 65 participatory action, 724–725 qualitative, 65 quantitative, 64–65 on vulnerable populations, 724 on women’s health, 658–659 Research design, 67–68 Researcher, 53–54, 73 Research process, 53, 65–71 collect and analyze data, 69–70, 70t communicate findings, 71 formulate research question or statement, 66–67 identify area of interest, 66 Institutional Review Board and Human Subjects Committee approval, 68 interpret results, 70–71 literature review, 67 overview, 65–66 research design, 67–68 select conceptual model, 67 Reservoir, 202 Residential institutions, 56 Resilience, 466 Resistance, inherent, 176 Resolution stage, 182f, 183, 184 Resource directory, 497 Resources efficient use of, disincentives for, 161–162 environmental, 713 for leading health indicators, 12d optimizing use of, 21 socioeconomic, 713 Respect, 84, 281, 281d Respiratory tract infections, acute, 432 Respite care, 701–702 Response phase, 458 Responsiveness, 151 Responsive use of self, 896 Restorative justice, 85 Restraining forces, 306f Retrospective payment, 149 Retrospective study, 185, 192–193 Review integrative, 63 literature, 67 systematic, 63 Revolutionary change, 303 Rheumatoid arthritis, juvenile, 609 Rhythmicity, 378 Ring vaccination, 233 Risk factor assessment, for disasters, 462 Risk factors, 182 River blindness, 434 Rogers, Carl, 315 Rogers, Martha, 378 Rogers’ model of the science of unitary beings, 378 Rohypnol, 630 Role-playing, 326 Roles, prescribed, 480–481 Roy, Sister Callista, 379 Roy’s adaptation model, 379 Rural health care, 793–806 access to health care in, 803–805 barriers to, 804 case file on, 804b insurance, managed care, and health care services in, 803–804 new approaches to, 805 case file on, 824b community health nursing in, 824–825 definitions of, 794–796, 795f, 795t demographics of, 794–796 health issues in, 799–802 access to acute care, 801–802 agriculture and health, 799–800, 800d built environment and health, 800–801 locating rural home health clients, 801d self, home, and community care, 801 Healthy People 2010 on, 805–806 major health problems in, 802–803 cardiovascular disease, 802 diabetes, 802 HIV 802–803 , overview of, 794 population characteristics in, 796–799 age and gender, 796–797 education, 797–798 income, housing, and jobs, 798–799 race and ethnicity, 797, 797f, 798f Rural health clinics, 803 Rural homeless, 783 S Saccharin, 258 Safety environmental health and (See Environmental health and safety) in illness and injury prevention, 856 for infants, toddlers, and preschoolers, 588 medication, 898–899 nurse, 500–501, 899, 900f occupational for adolescents, 636 for migrant workers, 809–810 Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970 (PL 91-956) on, 138d for school-age children and adolescents, 636 school nursing in, 856 Safety needs of elderly, 687–691, 689d–691d adverse drug effects and events in, 687–688 assessment guidelines for, 689d in community, 690 crime in, 690, 691d environmental factors in, 690–691 falls in, 687 immunization in, 687–688 as pedestrians and drivers, 690 polypharmacy in, 688–690, 690d Safety-net programs, 614 Safety net provider, 875 Salmon, Marla, 379–380 Sanger, Margaret, 32 Sanitation, 124 SARS, 235 Satisfaction client, 323 from family, 485–486 Schizophrenia, adolescent, 627 School on children’s health, 607 community health nursing in, 55–56 School-age child health, 606–623 behavioral and learning problems of, 611–613 attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, 611–613 behavioral problems, 613 corporal punishment, 613 disabled children, 613 divorce, 613 emotional problems, 613 learning disabilities, 611 school refusal, 613 communicable diseases in, 616–619, 617f–618f dental health in, 622–623 economic status–related problems in, 613–615 health problems of, chronic diseases, 607–611 asthma, 608 autism, 608 cancer, 609–611 diabetes, 608–609, 610b epidemiology, 607–608 juvenile rheumatoid arthritis, 609 seizure disorders, 609, 854 health problems of, overview, 607 inactivity in, 622 injury-related deaths in, 615–616 nutrition in, inadequate, 622 obesity and overweight in, 619–622 (See also Overweight, in children) school on health of, 607 School-age child health services, 634–638 health promotion programs in, 638 health protection programs in, 636–638 preventive health programs in, 634–636 School-based health center (SBHC), 805, 861 School nurse practitioners (SNPs), 853 School nursing and nurses, 849–861, 861 careers in, 861 day in life of, 852d definition and overview of, 849–850 education of, 851–853 evidence-based practice of, 856b history of, 850 key roles of, 850–851 nursing practice of, chronic conditions asthma, 853–854 behavioral problems and learning disabilities, 854–855 diabetes, 854 food allergies, 584, 854 individualized education plans, 853 individualized health plans, 853 medication administration, 855 Section 504 plans, 853 seizure disorders, 609, 854 LWBK151-3970G-IND_907-934.qxd 11/21/2008 09:52 AM Page 927 Aptara Inc Index nursing practice of, health education and promotion in oral and dental health, 857 screenings, 856–857 nursing practice of, illness and injury prevention in immunizations, 855–856 safety, 856 perspectives on, 862b prevention pyramid for, 860b promotion of healthful environment in abuse, 861 adolescent high-risk behaviors, 859–861 mental health issues and suicide, 860 nutrition and exercise, 857–859, 858b substance abuse, 859–860 teen pregnancy and STDS, 859 responsibilities of, 851 school-based health clinics in, 805, 861 School refusal, 613 School violence, 537 Scientific studies, 191 Scope, of disasters, 455 Screening, 752 communicable disease, 219–220 Department of Homeland Security (DHS) in, 6, 456 developmental, 589 at nurse-managed health centers, 880b of older adults, 692, 692t, 699 by school nurse, 856–857 Seasonal farmworkers, 807 Secondary conditions, 739 Secondary prevention, 15–16, 16b, 35b, 184b See also Prevention pyramid, levels of Secondary source, 67 Section 504 plans, 853 Security economic, for elderly, 683–685 from family, 485 Social (See Social Security) Seizure disorders, child, 609, 854 Selective perception, 278 Self-assessment, family, 513, 518f Self-awareness, cultural, 112–113 Self-care, 20, 376–377 after disasters, 465 in ethnocultural health care, 100 Orem’s model of, 376–377 for vulnerable population, 722 Self-Care Assessment Guide, 513, 518f Self-care deficit, 20 Self-care practices, 100 Self-determination, 69, 80–81 Self-evaluation, 520 Self-injury, 628 Self-insured plans, 146 Self-interest, 81 Self-understanding, 309–310 Sending skills, 280 Senility, 679–680 Sensitivity, cultural, 95, 113, 116b Serious and persistent mental illness (SPMI), 752 Serious mental illness (SMI), 752 Setting priorities, 412–413 Settings, 54–58 ambulatory service, 55 community at lage, 57–58, 57d faith communities, 56–57 homes, 54–55 occupational health, 56 private, 874–887 (See also Private settings) residential institutions, 56 schools, 55–56 Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), 435, 436t Sexual abuse, 532–533, 534d Sexual assault nurse examiner (SANE), 533 Sexual exploitation, 532 Sexuality, teen, 631–632 Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) See also specific diseases in adolescent health, 632–633 education on, 635, 662b in pregnancy, 569 school nursing and, 859 Sexual orientation in young adults (18-35) men, 664–665 women, 659 Shaken baby syndrome, 535, 580 Shared values, family, 480 Shattuck report, 124 Shepard-Towner Act of 1921, 137d Short Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CESD10), 765, 766f Sickle cell anemia, 584 Sickness plan, 160 Sign language, 738, 738d Single-adult family, 482, 483t Single-parent family, 482, 483t, 484 Single-payer system, 158–159 Single-room occupation (SRO) housing, 778 Situational crises, 526d, 527 Size, population, 395 Skilled nursing facilities, 700 Sleet, Jessie, 29 SLUD, 811d Smallpox, 202, 233–234 Smokeless tobacco use, 569, 760 in adolescents, 631 education on, 636 Smoking, 437, 759–760 in adolescents, 631 in adults, 657 chronic lower respiratory diseases from, 655 education on, 636 epidemiology of, in pregnancy, 568–569 Smoking cessation for mothers, case file on, 762b Snuff, 569 Social capital, 714 Social class, 398 Social determinants of health, 717–719 Social equality, in pregnancy, 571 Social health conditions, era of, 423, 436–437 Social interaction, in elderly, 687 Socialist health care systems, 429 Socialization, family in, 486 Social justice, 355–356, 822–823 Social learning theories, 315 ❂ 927 Social marketing, 346–348 concepts and principles in, 347 definition of, 333, 347 implementation of, 347 on university campuses, 347–348 Social Security Act Amendments of 1965 (PL 89-97), 137d–138d Social Security Act of 1935, 136, 137d Social Security Amendments of 1983 (PL 98-21), 139d Social Security Disability Insurance, 147–148, 147f, 147t Social system, 398–399, 399f, 399t in community profile inventory, 399t concept of, 398–399 definition of, 398 health care delivery as part of, 399 subsystems of, 399, 400f Social system variables, 398 Socioeconomic gradient, 719 Socioeconomic resources, 713 Socioeconomic status, pregnancy and, 571 Special interest groups, 357 Specialized physical health care procedures, 853 Special learning needs clients, health promotion for, 328 Special needs children, health promotion programs for, 589–591 Specialty nursing centers, 878d Splenda, 258 Spontaneous volunteers, 461, 461d Spousal abuse, 537–541 See also Partner/spousal abuse Stages of change, 303 Standard deviation, 70 Standards for behavior, 74 Standards of practice, 46–47 State and Local Area Integrated Telephone Survey (SLAITS), 141d State Children’s Health Insurance Program (SCHIP), 136, 149 State public health agencies, 130, 131f Statistical area metropolitan, 794 micropolitan, 794, 795t Statistics descriptive, 70 inferential, 70 National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) Data Collection Systems for, 141d National Center for Health Statistics of 1974 (PL 93-353) on, 138d–139d National Vital Statistics System for, 141d vital, 186 Status, 392 in community as client, 392 health, 17, 124, 125t, 675 nursing professional’s, 72–73 socioeconomic pregnancy and, 571 on school-age child health, 613–615 Statutory model, 160 Steroid use, 630, 757t Stillbirth, 576 Stimulants, 757t Storming stage of group development, 284 LWBK151-3970G-IND_907-934.qxd 11/21/2008 09:52 AM Page 928 Aptara Inc 928 ❂ Index Strategic planning, 50 Strengthening, 508–509 Strength of association, 178 Stress See also Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in adolescents, 627–628 critical incident stress debriefing (CISD) for, 465 Hispanic Stress Inventory—Brief Version for, 813d Stress debriefing, critical incident, 465 Stroke, 653–654 Structural-functional framework, 510 Structure-process evaluation, 519–520 Student perspectives See Perspectives, student Subclinical disease stage, 182f, 183, 184 Subculture, 94 Subject relevance, 323 Substance use and abuse, 657, 752, 754–761 See also specific substances across lifespan, 759, 760f in adolescents, 629–631, 629f in adults, 657 alcohol, 759, 760f brief intervention for, 767 cocaine, 630, 761 community health nurse role in, 754–755 consequences of, 758 continuum of, 754, 755f corrections nursing for, 865 determinants of, 764 drugs in, 756t–757t Ecstasy, 630, 761 on environment, 758 Healthy People 2010 on, 758, 758t homelessness and, 779 interventions for community-level, 770 policy-based, 770–772 marijuana, 630, 760–761, 761f methamphetamine, 757t, 761 neonatal withdrawal from, 567 overview of, 754 PCP, 761 in pregnancy, 566–567 prescription drugs, 761 prevalence of, 759–761 prevention of, in adolescents, 759b school nursing and, 859–860 screening for, 765–767 biologic screens in, 766–767 level of risk in, 755f, 765–767 self-reports in, 766, 767f vs substance use (legal vs illegal), 758 tobacco, 437, 759–760 (See also Tobacco use) trends of, 758 in women of reproductive age, 566–567 in youth, 760, 761f Sucralose, 258 Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS), 576 Suffocation, infant, 577 Suicide, 543 in adolescents, 627–628 in elderly, 686 in school-age children, 615 school nursing and, 860 Suicide contagion, 628 Summative evaluation, 414–416 Sun exposure, in elderly, 690–691 Sun protection factor (SPF), 265 Surveillance, 229 Survival sex, 782 Susceptibility, 182–184 Susceptibility stage, 182–183, 182f Sustainability critical questions on, 879d definition of, 878 of nurse-managed health centers, 878–879 Sustainable communities, 822 Sustaining oneself, 902 Syphilis in adolescents, 633 in pregnancy, 569 Systematic reviews, 63 Systems theory, 5, 478–479 T Table-top exercise, 470, 470d Td vaccine, 215t Teaching, 310, 325 See also Education; Health promotion; specific topics effective, 320–328 definition of, 320 materials in, 326–328 methods in, 325–326 teaching-learning principles in, 320–323, 321t (See also Teaching-learning principles) teaching process in, 323–324 Teaching-learning principles, 320–323, 321t client application, 323 client participation, 322–323 client perceptions, 322 client satisfaction, 323 educational environment, 322 lient readiness, 322 overview, 320, 321t subject relevance, 323 Teaching models, health, 316–319 See also Health teaching models Teaching process, 324–325 Technology communication, 384, 384d definition of, 383–384 Teenage pregnancy, 571–573, 631–632, 859 emotional needs in, 571–572 epidemiology of, 571 global, 562 overview of, 571 physical needs in, 572 in pregnancy, 562, 563, 571–573 school nursing and, 859 social needs in, 573 U.S., 563 Teen fathers, 487–488 Teen mothers, 487–488, 562 See also Pregnant women and infants Teen sexuality, 631–632 Telehealth, 805 Temperature inversion, 251 Temporality, 178 Tenement housing, Terminal values, 75 Terrorism, 386, 468–472 biologic warfare in, 468 chemical warfare in, 468 community health nurse role in, 469–470 current and future opportunities in, 470–471, 470d definition of, 468 factors contributing to, 468–469 nuclear warfare in, 468 Tertiary prevention, 16, 16b, 35b, 184b See also Prevention pyramid, levels of Testicular cancer, 665–666 Testicular self-examination (TSE), 666d Thelin, Reba, 30 Theoretical bases, 374–386 community-oriented, population-focused care in, 375 societal influences on, 383–386 principles of public health nursing in, 382–383, 383d relationship-based care in, 375–376 theories and models in, 376–382 (See also Theories and models) Theoretical bases, for promoting family health, 476–492 emerging family patterns in, 487–491 (See also Families, emerging patterns of) families as social systems in, 477–480 (See also Families as social systems) family culture in, 480–481 family definition in, 477 family developmental tasks in, 487, 488t family functioning in, 477 family functions in, 485–486 family health in, 477 family levels of prevention pyramid in, 478b family life cycle in, 486–487 family structures in, 481–485 (See also Family structures) family universal characteristics in, 477 Theories and models, 376–382 definitions of, 376 King’s theories, 378 Minnesota Wheel—public health interventions model, 380, 380f Neuman’s health care systems model, 377–378, 377f Nightingale’s theory of environment, 376 Omaha system, 381–382, 381f Orem’s self-care model, 376–377 Parse’s Human Becoming Theory, 378 Pender’s health promotion model, 378–379 public health nursing practice model, 380–381 Rogers’ model of the science of unitary beings, 378 Roy’s adaptation model, 379 Salmon’s Construct for Public Health Nursing, 379–380 Theory of goal attainment, 378 Thermal pollution, 255 Third-party payers, 145 Third-party payments, 145–147, 146t government health programs, 146–147 independent or self-insured plans, 146 private insurance companies, 145–146, 146t Three eras of health conditions, 423 Three Ps, 423 LWBK151-3970G-IND_907-934.qxd 11/21/2008 09:52 AM Page 929 Aptara Inc Index Tick-borne fevers, 207 Title XIX of Social Security Act Amendments of 1965, 148–149 Tobacco use, 437, 759–760 in adolescents, 631 in adults, 657 chronic lower respiratory diseases from, 655 education on, 636 epidemiology of, in pregnancy, 568–569 smoking cessation for mothers, case file on, 762b Toddlers, 577–586 See also Infants, toddlers, and preschoolers Tolerance, 752 Town hall meetings, 407 Toxic additives, 258 Toxic agent, 244 Toxic chemical exposure, 262–264, 262d, 263d, 264t Toxic mold, 267 Toxigenicity, 176 Traditional families, 482, 483t Transcendence, 378 Transcultural nursing, 91–116 See also specific cultural groups Arab populations and Muslims in, 109–112 Asian Americans in, 106–108 Blacks or African Americans in, 104–106, 106d case files on, 116b client group’s culture assessment in, 113–114, 113f, 114t, 115t community health nursing principles in, 112–116 culturally derived health practices in, 116 cultural self-awareness in, 112–113 cultural sensitivity in, 95, 113, 116b culture in, 92–98 (See also Culture) definition of, 112 developing cultural competence in, 101, 102d dominant values in, 92 ethnocultural health care practices in, 98–101 (See also Ethnocultural health care) Hispanic Americans (Latinos) in, 108–109, 109b, 110t Native American Indians, Aleut, and Eskimos in, 101–104, 102t respect and patience in, 115–116, 115t Transgender, 665 Transmission airborne, 207 direct, 205 food- and water-related, 206, 207d indirect, 205–206 vector, 206–207 Triage, 463–464, 464f Trust, developing, 282 Trusting relationship, 722 Tuberculosis (TB), 204, 228–232, 432 case file on, 844, 845d classification system for, 231t epidemiology of, 228, 229f with HIV 232 , incidence and prevalence of, 228–229 medication-resistant, 135 in migrant workers, 814 multidrug-resistant, 232 pathophysiology and transmission of, 228 populations at risk for, 229–230 prevention and intervention for, 230–231, 230t resurgence of, 435 surveillance of, 229 testing for, in adolescents and school-age children, 634–635 tuberculin skin test reactions for, 230, 230t U Uferi Project, 444, 444b Unaccompanied youth, 782 Underinsured, 152–153, 354, 714, 715–717 Undernutrition, school nursing and, 858–859 Unfreezing, 303 Unhealthful response, 409 Uniformed public health nursing, 848–849 Uninsured, 152–153, 354, 714, 715–717 Unintentional injuries, 655 United Nations’ Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, 734 United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), 136 United Nations International Children’s Emergency Fund (UNICEF), 135 United States Agency for International Development (USAID), 135–136, 445 Universal coverage, 158–159, 161d Universal design, 745–746 Universal imperatives of care, 424, 435 Universal precautions, 220 Unmarried parents, adolescent, 487–488 See also Teenage pregnancy Unsafe condition, 655 Unsheltered homeless, 777 Uprisings, 427–428 Urban, 794 Urban cluster (UC), 794 Urban health care, 818–827 case file on, 827b community health nursing in, 825–827 definition and overview of, 818–819 health care disparities in, 821–822 history of, 819–820 land use–related health issues in, 820d social justice and community health nurse in, 822–823 urban populations in, 820–821 Urban health penalty, 819 Urbanized area (UA), 794 Urban planning, 819 Urban sprawl, 800 U.S Bureau of the Census, 408 U.S Department of Health and Human Services (USDHHS), 408 U.S Public Health Service Commissioned Corps (USPHSCC), 848–849, 849d Utilitarianism, 19 UV Index, 266, 266d V Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS), 181 Vaccine-preventable diseases (VPDs), 209–210 ❂ 929 Vaccines and vaccination, 210 See also Immunization contraindications and precautions to, 215t–217t ring, 233 Validity, 69, 219 Value(s), 74, 96 See also Ethical decision-making instrumental, 75 managed care and, 162–163 predictive, 219 shared family, 480 terminal, 75 Values clarification, 76–77, 77f Value systems, 76 Valuing, 76 Variable, 66–67 Varicella vaccine, 216t–217t Vector, 206, 261 Vector transmission, 206–207 Vehicle-borne transmission, 205–206 Veracity, 85 Verbal messages, 280 Very-low-birth-weight (VLBW), 564–565, 565t Veterans, homeless, 783 Victims of disasters, 455–456, 455d in partner/spousal abuse, 541 Village midwife, 439 Violence in adolescents, 628–629 domestic, 527–528, 539–540, 540d (See also Violence, family) gender-based, 528 homelessness and, 778 interpersonal, 527 (See also Violence, family) Violence, family, 524–555 case file on, 547b child abuse in, 530–537 (See also Child abuse) on children, 541, 542f community health nurse role in, 553–555 anticipatory planning in, 554–555 assessment and diagnosis in, 553 crisis resolution evaluation in, 554–555 implementation in, 554 planning therapeutic interventions in, 553–554 crisis intervention methods in, 552–553 definitions in, 527–528 developmental crises in, 526–527, 527d elder mistreatment in, 541–543 family crises in, 525–526 (See also Family crisis) Healthy People 2010 goals for, 529 history of, 527–530 global, 528 U.S., 528–529 homicide in, 543–544 multiple crises in, 527 myths and truths about, 529–530, 530t from outside family, 552 partner/spousal abuse in, 537–541 (See also Partner/spousal abuse) perspectives on, 537b prevention of, 544–552, 553t abuse reporting in, 546, 548d–551d primary, 544–545, 553t LWBK151-3970G-IND_907-934.qxd 11/21/2008 09:52 AM Page 930 Aptara Inc 930 ❂ Index Violence, family (continued) secondary, 545–547, 553t tertiary, 547, 552, 553t tools in, 546–547 public laws and protection against, U.S., 528–529 rape in, 544 screening documentation form for, 551d situational crises in, 526d, 527 suicide in, 543 Violence against women (VAW), 528 Visiting nurse associations (VNAs), 33, 892 Vital statistics, 186 Voices from community, 13b Voluntary health agencies, 126–127 Voluntary nonprofit agencies, 893 Volunteering, 367–368, 367b Volunteers, spontaneous, 461, 461d Vulnerability, 713 Vulnerable populations, 712–725 causative factors in, 715–717 poverty, 715, 716f race and ethnicity, 717, 718f uninsured and underinsured, 715–717 definition and overview of, 713 inequality in health care in, 717–721 access to care, 720 health disparities, 719–720 social determinants of health, 717–719 socioeconomic gradient of health, 719 makeup of, 714 models and theories of, 713–714 prevalence of, 715 public health nurse role in, 721–724 conducting research, 724 effective caring, 722 empowerment, 722–723 fearless caring with separated and frightened clients, 721, 721f history, 721 making a difference, 723–724 participatory action research, 724–725 quality of care in, 720–721 W Wald, Lillian, 30–32, 356 War, 427–428 Waste, infectious, 220 Water contamination, 425–426 Water pollution, 254–255 Water-related disease transmission, 206 Web of causation, 179–180, 179f, 180f Weight gain, in pregnancy, 570 Welfare-oriented health care systems, 429 Well-being, 81–82 Wellness, 9, 21 in elderly, 682 epidemiology of, 183–184 Wellness centers, 878, 878d West Nile virus, 176–177, 204, 205f, 207 Wetlands, 256 Wetlands destruction, 256 Wheel of violence, 539f Wider family, 482, 483t Windshield survey, 403, 404t Withdrawal, neonatal drug, 567 Women culture and, 427 homeless, 780 Women’s health, 657–664 in adults (35-65), 662–664 cancer in, 663 chronic fatigue and immune dysfunction syndrome in, 663–664 heart disease in, 662–663 menopause and hormone replacement therapy in, 662 community health nurse role in, 668–669, 669b corsets on, 658b factors in, 658 Healthy People 2010 goals for, 659, 660d research on, 658–659 in young adults (18-35), 659–662 eating disorders in, 659–660 nursing care plan matrix for promotion of, 661d overview of, 659 reproductive health in, 660–661, 662b sexually transmitted diseases in, 661, 662b sexual orientation in, 659 Working poor, 716 World Bank (WB), 46b, 446 World Health Assembly (WHA), 441 World Health Organization (WHO), 134–135, 441–445 See also Primary Health Care (PHC) collaborators with, 442 Health for All in, 442–443 health promotion by, 442d history and work of, 441 as multilateral agency, 442 Primary Health Care (PHC) in, 442–445, 443f (See also Primary Health Care [PHC]) structure of, 441 way forward in, 445 World Health Assembly (WHA) of, 441 World Health Organization (WHO) Collaborating Centers, 441–442 World Health Organization (WHO) Emergency Relief Operations, 456 World Health Report 2002, on chronic illness and disabilities, 732–734 Y Yaws, 202 Yellow fever, 204 Young adults men, 664–666 (See also Men’s health) women, 659–662 (See also Women’s health) Youth, homeless, 782, 782b ... index ISBN-13: 97 8-0 -7 81 7-6 58 4-8 ISBN-10: 0-7 81 7-6 58 4-6 Community health nursing Public health nursing I Rector, Cherie L II Warner, Kristine D III Title [DNLM: Community Health Nursing Health Promotion...LWBK15 1-3 970G-FM-i-xxvi.qxd 11/21/2008 10:06 AM Page i Aptara Inc Community Health Nursing Promoting and Protecting the Public’s Health LWBK15 1-3 970G-FM-i-xxvi.qxd 11/21/2008 10:06... LWBK15 1-3 970G-FM-i-xxvi.qxd 11/21/2008 10:07 AM Page xiv Aptara Inc LWBK15 1-3 970G-FM-i-xxvi.qxd 11/21/2008 10:07 AM Page xv Aptara Inc Preface ❂ The seventh edition of Community Health Nursing: