This page intentionally left blank LTE for 4G Mobile Broadband Do you need to get up-to-speed quickly on Long-Term Evolution (LTE)? Understand the new technologies of the LTE standard and how they contribute to improvements in system performance with this practical and valuable guide, written by an expert on LTE who was intimately involved in the drafting of the standard. In addition to a strong grounding in the technical details, you’ll also get fascinating insights into why particular technologies were chosen in the development process. Core topics covered include: • Network architecture and protocols; • OFDMA downlink access; • Low-PAPR SC-FDMA uplink access; • Transmit diversity and MIMO spatial multiplexing; • Channel structure and bandwidths; • Cell search, reference signals and random access; • Turbo coding with contention-free interleaver; • Scheduling, link adaptation, hybrid ARQ and power control; • Uplink and downlink physical control signaling; • Inter-cell interference mitigation techniques; • Single-frequency network (SFN) broadcast; • MIMO spatial channel model; • Evaluation methodology and system performance. With extensive references, a useful discussion of technologies that were not included in the standard, and end-of-chapter summaries that draw out and emphasize all the key points, this book is an essential resource for practitioners in the mobile cellular communications industry and for graduate students studying advanced wireless communications. Farooq Khan is Technology Director at the Samsung Telecom R&D Center, Dallas, Texas, where he manages the design, performance evaluation, and standardization of next- generation wireless communications systems. Previously, he was a Member of Technical Staff at Bell Laboratories, where he conducted research on the evolution of cdma2000 and UMTS systems towards high-speed packet access (HSPA). He also worked at Ericsson Research in Sweden, contributing to the design and performance evaluation of EDGE and WCDMA technologies. He has authored more than 30 research papers and holds over 50 US patents, all in the area of wireless communications. LTE for 4G Mobile Broadband Air Interface Technologies and Performance FAROOQ KHAN Telecom R&D Center Samsung Telecommunications, America CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, São Paulo Cambridge University Press The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge CB2 8RU, UK First published in print format ISBN-13 978-0-521-88221-7 ISBN-13 978-0-511-51666-5 © Cambridge University Press 2009 2009 Information on this title: www.cambrid g e.or g /9780521882217 This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provision of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press. Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of urls for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this publication, and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate. Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New York www.cambridge.org eBook ( EBL ) hardback This page intentionally left blank To my wonderful wife, Mobeena; our three precious children, Nemul, Haris and Alisha; my father and to the memory of my late mother. Contents Preface page xiii 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Beyond 3G systems 2 1.2 Long-Term Evolution (LTE) 3 1.3 Evolution to 4G 4 References 4 2 Network architecture and protocols 5 2.1 Network architecture 5 2.2 QoS and bearer service architecture 8 2.3 Layer 2 structure 9 2.4 Protocol states and states transitions 13 2.5 Seamless mobility support 14 2.6 Multicast broadcast system architecture 15 2.7 Summary 19 References 19 3 Downlink access 20 3.1 OFDM 20 3.2 Downlink capacity comparison 28 3.3 Effect of frequency selectivity on OFDM performance 31 3.4 Single-carrier with FDE 36 3.5 Frequency diversity 51 3.6 OFDM/OQAM with pulse-shaping 62 3.7 Summary 67 References 68 4 Single-carrier FDMA 70 4.1 Single-carrier FDMA 71 4.2 Uplink capacity comparison 75 4.3 Capacity results 80 4.4 Hybrid uplink access 83 4.5 FFT precoding complexity 85 [...]... wireless data access 1.1 Beyond 3G systems While HSPA and HRPD systems were being developed and deployed, IEEE 802 LMSC (LAN/MAN Standard Committee) introduced the IEEE 802.16e standard [4] for mobile broadband wireless access This standard was introduced as an enhancement to an earlier IEEE 802.16 standard for fixed broadband wireless access The 802.16e standard employed a different access technology named... locations as deployed for HSPA In terms of latency, the LTE radio -interface and network provides capabilities for less than 10 ms latency for the transmission of a packet from the network to the UE 4 Introduction 1.3 Evolution to 4G The radio -interface attributes for Mobile WiMAX and UMB are very similar to those of LTE given in Table 1.1 All three systems support flexible bandwidths, FDD/TDD duplexing,... than the area covered by a single eNB The signaling on X2 interface between eNBs is used for handover preparation The S-GW acts as anchor for inter-eNB handovers In the LTE system, the network relies on the UE to detect the neighboring cells for handovers and therefore no neighbor cell information is signaled from the network For the search and measurement of inter-frequency neighboring cells, only... Packet Data Air Interface Specification [2] 3GPP TSG RAN TR 25.848 v4.0.0, Physical Layer Aspects of UTRA High Speed Downlink Packet Access [3] 3GPP2 TSG C.S0002-C v1.0, Physical Layer Standard for cdma2000 Spread Spectrum Systems, Release C [4] IEEE Std 802.16e-2005 ,Air Interface for Fixed and Mobile Broadband WirelessAccess Systems [5] 3GPP TSG RAN TR 25.912 v7.2.0, Feasibility Study for Evolved... Priority Handling MAC Scheduling / Priority Handling Multiplexing for UE1 Multiplexing for UEn HARQ HARQ Transport Channels Figure 2.9 Uplink layer 2 structure 2.3 Layer 2 structure 11 The PDCP layer performs functions such as header compression and decompression, ciphering and in-sequence delivery and duplicate detection at handover for RLC AM, etc The header compression and decompression is performed... go through extensive scrutiny with multiple sources evaluating and simulating the proposed technologies from system performance improvement and implementation complexity perspectives Therefore, only the highest-quality proposals and ideas finally make into the standard The book provides detailed coverage of the air- interface technologies and protocols that withstood the scrutiny of the highly sophisticated... Summary References 19 453 463 464 466 466 LTE performance verification 468 19.1 Traffic models 19.2 System simulations scenarios and parameters 19.3 Link to system performance mapping 19.4 System performance 19.5 Summary References 468 475 479 482 485 487 Index 488 Preface The Global system for mobile communications (GSM) is the dominant wireless cellular standard with over 3.5 billion subscribers worldwide... and claimed better data rates and spectral efficiency than that provided by HSPA and HRPD Although the IEEE 802.16 family of standards is officially called WirelessMAN in IEEE, it has been dubbed WiMAX (worldwide interoperability for microwave access) by an industry group named the WiMAX Forum The mission of the WiMAX Forum is to promote and certify the compatibility and interoperability of broadband. .. can be established between the source eNB and the target eNB There is one tunnel established for uplink data forwarding and another one for downlink data forwarding for each EPS bearer for which data forwarding is applied During handover execution, user data can be forwarded from the source eNB to the target eNB Forwarding of downlink user data from the source to the target eNB should take place in order... for forwarding MBMS user data to eNBs The eNBs are connected to eMBMS GW via a pure user plane interface M1 As M1 is a pure user plane interface, no control plane application part is defined for this interface Two control plane interfaces M2 and M3 are defined The application part on M2 interface conveys radio configuration data for the multi-cell transmission mode eNBs The application part on M3 interface . more than 30 research papers and holds over 50 US patents, all in the area of wireless communications. LTE for 4G Mobile Broadband Air Interface Technologies and Performance FAROOQ KHAN Telecom. intentionally left blank LTE for 4G Mobile Broadband Do you need to get up-to-speed quickly on Long-Term Evolution (LTE) ? Understand the new technologies of the LTE standard and how they contribute. HSPA and HRPD systems were being developed and deployed, IEEE 802 LMSC (LAN/MAN Standard Committee) introduced the IEEE 802.16e standard [4] for mobile broadband wireless access. This standard