[...]... readers to other helpful materials (including books, periodicals, and Web sites) GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SCIENCE 3 • The author’s name appears at the end of longer entries His or her affiliation can be found in the “Contributors” section at the front of each volume • “See also” references appear at the end of entries to point readers to related entries • Cross references placed throughout the encyclopedia. .. Kathleen A Jones School of Medicine Southern Illinois University Carbondale, Illinois Darrel B Hoff Department of Physics Luther College Calmar, Iowa Harold M Kaplan Professor School of Medicine Southern Illinois University Carbondale, Illinois Dennis Holley Science Educator Shelton, Nebraska Anthony Kelly Science Writer Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SCIENCE 3 Judson Knight Science Writer Knight... Ph.D Professor of Geology & Geophysics University of Sofia Bulgaria Carol Wishmeyer Science and Technology Department Detroit Public Library Detroit, Michigan xxx GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SCIENCE 3 CONTRIBUTORS Nasrine Adibe Professor Emeritus Department of Education Long Island University Westbury, New York Mary D Albanese Department of English University of Alaska Juneau, Alaska Margaret Alic Science. .. Yttrium GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SCIENCE 3 Topic List Wren-warblers Wrens Wrynecks Z Zebras Zero Zodiacal light Zoonoses Zooplankton xxv This page intentionally left blank ORGANIZATION OF THE ENCYCLOPEDIA The Gale Encyclopedia of Science, Third Edition has been designed with ease of use and ready reference in mind • Entries are alphabetically arranged across six volumes, in a single sequence, rather than... Alexander I Ioffe, Ph.D Senior Scientist Geological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences Moscow, Russia Jennifer L McGrath Northwood High School Nappannee, Indiana David T King Jr., Ph.D Professor Department of Geology Auburn University Auburn, Alabama Danila Morano, M.D Department of Embryology, Obstetrics, and Gynecology University of Bologna Bologna, Italy Theodore Snow Professor, Department of Astrophysical... more information, contact Gale s Business Development Group at 1-800-87 7GALE, or visit our website at www .gale. com/bizdev xxvii This page intentionally left blank ADVISORY BOARD A number of experts in the scientific and libary communities provided invaluable assistance in the formulation of this encyclopedia Our advisory board performed a myriad of duties, from defining the scope of coverage to reviewing... Tennessee State University Murfreesboro, Tennesses Neil Cumberlidge Professor Department of Biology Lyal Harris, Ph.D Tectonics Special Research Centre Department of Geology & Geophysics GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SCIENCE 3 xxix Advisory Board The University of Western Australia Perth, Australia Edward J Hollox, Ph.D Queen’s Medical Centre University of Nottingham Nottingham, England Brian D Hoyle, Ph.D (Microbiology)... Writer Warren, New Jersey Mary Eubanks Instructor of Biology The North Carolina School of Science and Mathematics Durham, North Carolina Kathryn M C Evans Science Writer Madison, Wisconsin William G Fastie Department of Astronomy and Physics Bloomberg Center Baltimore, Maryland Barbara Finkelstein Science Writer Riverdale, New York Mary Finley Supervisor of Science Curriculum (retired) Pittsburgh Secondary... Associate Professor Department of Geography and Geology Middle Tennessee State University Murfreesboro, Tennessee Clinton W Hatchett Director Science and Space Theater Pensacola Junior College Pensacola, Florida Catherine Hinga Haustein Associate Professor Department of Chemistry Central College Pella, Iowa Dean Allen Haycock Science Writer Salem, New York Paul A Heckert Professor Department of Chemistry... would therefore like to express our appreciation to them: ACADEMIC ADVISORS Marcelo Amar, M.D Senior Fellow, Molecular Disease Branch National Institutes of Health (NIH) Bethesda, Maryland Robert G Best, Ph.D Director Divison of Genetics, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology University of South Carolina School of Medicine Columbia, South Carolina Bryan Bunch Adjunct Instructor Department of Mathematics . individual does not imply endorsement of the editors or the pub- lisher. Errors brought to the attention of the publisher and verified to the satisfaction of the publisher will be corrected in future. notices, the acknowledgments constitute an extension of the copyright notice. While every effort has been made to ensure the reliability of the information presented in this publication, The Gale. class="bi x0 y0 w0 h1" alt="" The GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA of Science THIRD EDITION tphtp_v1 10/13/03 10:44 AM Page 1 This page intentionally left blank The GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA of Science THIRD EDITION K.