Đang tải... (xem toàn văn)
Phục hồi và phát triển giống lúa đặc sản Nanh Chồn tại tỉnh Bà Rịa - Vũng Tàu
so KHCN BA RIA - YUNG TAU VIEN KHKT NONG NGHIEP MIEN NAM BAO CAO KET QUA THI/C HIEN DE TAI NGHIEN Ciru PHAT TRIEN KHOA HOC CONG NGHE Ten ae tai: PHUC HOI VA PHAT TRIEN GI6NG LUA DAC SAN NANH CHON TAI TINH BA RIA - VUNG TAU • Co- quan chu quan: So" Khoa hoc Cong nghe Ba Rja-Vung Tau • Co* quan chu tri: Vien Khoa hoc Ky thuat Nong nghiep mien Nam . Chu nhiem de tai: TS. Do Kh5c Thjnh . Then gian thyc hien: 2005 - 2008 Ba Rja - Vung Tau Thang 5/2009 ^//^/l^^ so KHCN BA RIA - VUNG TAU VIEN KHKT NONG NGHIEP MIEN NAM BAO CAO KET QUA THl/C HIEN DE TAI NGHIEN CUtf PHAT TRIEN KHOA HOC CONG NGHE Ten ae tai: PHVC HOI VA PHAT TRIEN GIONG LUA DAC SAN NANH CHON TAI TINH BA RIA - VUNG TAU • Co" quan ehu quan: So" Khoa hoc Cong nghe Ba Ria-Vung Tau • Co" quan chu tri: Vien Khoa hoc Ky thuat Nong nghiep mien Nam • Chu nhiem de tai: TS. Do Khac Thinh • Tham gia thyc hien: Dd Khdc Thinh, Ddo Minh So, Nguyin Hudng • Cong tac thyc hien: - Trung tam Khuyin nong tinh BR- VT - HTX An Nhat, huyen Long Diin, tinh BR-VT - Vien lua DBSCL . Then gian thyc hien: 2005 - 2008 Ba Rja - Vung Tau Thang 5/2009 MUC LUC • • 1. Dat van de 1 2. Tong quan tai lieu 2 2.1 Bao tdn ngudn gen liia dac san tren thi gidi 2 2.2 Bao tdn ngudn gen liia dac san d Viet Nam 4 2.3 Nghien ciiu va danh gia dac tinh gidng liia dac san 6 2.4 Anh hudng cua mdi trudng din nang suit, phim chit gidng liia dac san ^2 2.5 Chgn Igc ddng thuan va phuc trang gidng liia dac san 17 3. Muc tieu cua de tai 18 4. Noi dung va phu-ong phap thyc hien ^ 4.1 Ndi dung 18 4.2 Phuong phap thi nghiem 18 5. Ket qua thyc hien 5.7 Dieu tra hien trang sdn xuat lua vd khdo sdt, thu thap ngudn vat lieu liia Nanh Chon '. ' ' 20 5.1.1 Khao sat chgn diem viing nghien ciiu 20 5.1.2 Thu thap ngudn vat lieu nghien ciru 22 5.1.3 Dieu tra hien trang san xuat 22 5.2 Thanh Ipc, phuc hoi giong liia Nanh Chdn 27 5.2.1 Ket qua thuc hien nam 2005 27 5.2.2 Ket qua thuc hien nam 2006 31 5.2.3 Ket qua thuc hien nam 2007 38 5.2.4 Kit qua thuc hien nam 2008 43 5.2.5 Tdm tat dac diem gidng liia Nanh Chdn tinh Ba Ria - Viing Tau 46 5.3 Xdc dinh cong ihiec bon phan phit hap cho liia Nanh Chdn 47 5.3.1 Kit qua thuc hien nam 2007 47 5.3.2 Kit qua thuc hien nam 2008 48 5.3.3 Nhan xet kit qua thi nghiem cdng thiic phan bdn 49 5.4 Hoan thien QTKT vd chuyen giao kit qua de tai 50 5.4.1 Thir nghiem md hinh san xuat 50 5.4.2 Hgi thao thuc dja 51 5.4.3 Xay dung va chuyen giao qui trinh san xuat 52 6. Ket luan va de nghi 53 TAI LIEU THAM KHAO 55 Phu luc 1 (Cac bang sd lieu) 60 Phu luc 2 (Qui trinh ky thuat) 67 Phu luc 3 (Lg trinh xay dimg chi din dia ly) 71 Phu luc 4 (Baocaokit qua dieu tra san xuat liia) 72 Phu luc 5 (Mgt sd hinh anh thirc hien de tai) 82 PHUC HOI VA PHAT TRIEN GIONG LUA DAC SAN NANH CHON TAI TINH BA RIA - VUNG TAU Do Khdc Thinh, Ddo Minh So vd Nguyin Hudng 1. DAT VAN DE Cuge each mang xanh da dugc tiln hanh tir nhung nam 60 ciia thi ky trudc, da dat dugc nhumg thanh tuu to Idn trong viec tang nang suit cay trdng, trong dd ddi vdi san xuat lua rit dang ghi nhan. Sir thay thi cac gidng liia miia truyin thdng dai ngay cao cay, nang suat thap bing cac gidng cao san ngin ngay lam co sd cho viee dlu tu phan bdn, thuy Igi, .v.v. dl tham canh, tang vu. Tuy vay cung cin danh gia mat trai cua each mang xanh, dd la su mat mat ngudn gen liia dia phuong cd truyin vdi hang nghin gidng, trong do cd nhimg gidng liia thom, liia nip dac san. Nhirng gidng nay cd nhirng dac tinh quy ve chat lugng thom ngon, hoac tinh chdng chju vdi dilu kien bit Igi. Vl thue trang ngudn gen cay liia d Viet Nam, da phan dien tich san xult liia miia truyin thdng da bi thay the bang cac gidng cai thien ngan ngay, dac biet la d cac viing ddng bing, noi cd he thdng thuy loi phat trien. Hien nay nhu cau gao dac san, chat lugng cao cua ngudi tieu dimg trong va ngoai nude cd xu hudng ngay cang gia tang. Tuy vay viec san xuat lua gao dac san vln chua dap iimg nhu cau tieu diing trong nude trong khi chi phi san xuat cdn cao. nang suat thap va chat lugng giam. Do gidng dugc san xuat lau ddi va tap quan sir dung liia an lam gidng cua ngudi san xuat nen hau het cac gidng lua dac san dia phuang deu bi thoai hoa va lan tap. Ben canh do, cac gidng dia phuong thudng cd tinh thich nghi hep ve dia ly nen khdng the ap dung chung qui trinh ky thuat theo nhdm gidng. Nhieu gidng liia dac san da khdng dugc san xuat trong thdi gian dai, mdt sd gidng gan nhu bj tuyet chung, can dugc phuc hdi lai. Nhiing trd ngai neu tren rat can dugc hd trg eua cac nha quan ly, nha khoa hgc va cac doanh nghiep. Trong nhdm' gidng lua dac san Nam Bd trudc day thi Nanh Chdn la gidng dugc trdng phd bien d cac viing trdng liia ciia tinh Ba Ria-VQng Tau (BR-VT). Giong rat ndi tieng ve pham chat va miii vj, dugc xem la mdt trong nhirng loai gao ngon nhat d cac tinh phia Nam nen cd gia trj thuong mai cao, nhat la thdi ky trudc nam 1980. Do canh tac lau ddi, gidng Nanh Chon chii yeu d huyen Long Dat da bj lan tap sinh hgc, d vai noi gidng cd hat to, thang va dai hon nhung vj nggt, do xdp cua com da bj giam nhieu hoac cd ciing ten la Nanh Chdn nhung lai la gidng khac. Do vay, viec khdi phuc va phat trien gidng liia dae san Nanh Chdn ciia tinh BR-VT cd y nghTa cap bach, thiet thuc va lau dai nham nang cao hieu qua san xuat liia, dap ling nhu cau cua ngudi tieu diing va phuc vu cho cdng tac du ljch ciia tinh nha. 2. TONG QUAN TAI LIEU 2.1 Bao ton nguon gen lua dac san tren the gidi Theo djnh nghia cua Ceng Y. W., Cheng Y. va Dai L. Y. (1998), R. C. Chaudhary va Dat T. V. (2001), liia dac san la nhiing loai liia dac biet, khdng gidng nhu cac loai liia phd bien thdng thudng. De danh gia liia dac san, ngudi ta dua vao nhirng chi tieu quan trgng quy djnh chung cho phan Idn cac nude Chau A, Chau Phi (Uneneverh et al, 1992; Juliano & Villareal, 1993) nhu hinh dang, kich cd, ham lugng amylose, mau ndi nhii va miii thom. Theo dd nhiing loai liia cd sir khac biet vl mdt vai dac diem tren nhiing chi tieu quan trgng quy djnh chung se dugc xip vao liia dac san. Nang suat, gia trj sir dung, each che bien cac loai liia gao dac san khac nhau va ciing khac cac loai liia thdng thudng. Liia nep, lua deo, liia thom, liia mau (liia do, liia tim, lua den), liia nuong japonica, liia che bien dd uong, liia chuyen nau rugu, liia cd pham chat dinh dudng cao va Ilia lam thiic an gia sue (feed rice) deu thugc nhdm liia dac san. Khai niem ve liia dac san cd truyen, liia dac san cai tien la khai niem de phan biet liia dac san ban dja va liia dac san chgn tao, cai tiln (Ceng Y. W., Cheng Y. & Dai L. Y., 1998; Chaudhary & D. V. Tran, 2001; S. Tang & Z. Wang, 2001). Ciing cd tac gia xep liia dai thugc liia dac san (Tran van Dat, 2002). Nhin chung su xep loai ve liia dac san chi mang tinh tuong ddi, nhung khai niem ve liia dac san la loai liia dac biet khdng gidng nhu cac loai liia thdng thudmg la khai niem kha thdng nhat. Tai ngan hang gen qudc gia Trung Qudc (Vien Han lam Khoa hgc Ndng nghiep Trung Qudc - CAAS) dang bao quan 64.269 mau gidng liia, trong dd cd khoang 10% la cac gidng liia dac san, bao gdm gidng liia thom, liia nep, lua mau, liia gao deo, lua chuyen nau rugu (Tang and Wang, 2001; Zhong and Ying, 1997). 6 An Do, cd khoang 70.000 mau gidng liia dugc luu giir tai cac vien nghien ciru va cac trudng dai hgc, trong dd tai DRR va CRR da cd 800 mau gidng lua thom va tai trung tam HAU cd 400 mau gidng liia thom (Singh et al. 2001). Liia dd dugc phan bd d nhieu nude Chau A (Juliano & Villareal, 1993). O vimg Tay Nam va Ddng Trung Qudc phan Idn liia dd thugc loai indica. Theo sd lieu nam 1990 cua Ngan hang Gen Cay trdng tai BIC Kinh, trong sd 31.663 mlu gidng liia cd 20,7% Ilia do. Cac gidng liia dd dja phuong cd tinh chdng chju cao ddi vdi mdi trudrng bat Igi nhu dat can cdi, dat mii cao. Liia den ciing la loai liia dac san dugc tim thay d nhieu nude Chau A. Trung Qudc (62%) la nude cd ngudn liia den phong phii nhit, tiep den la Srilanka (8,6%), Indonesia (7,2%), An Do (5,1%), Philippines (4,3%) va Bangladesh (4,1%). Ty phin cdn lai la cua cac nude Malaysia, Thai Lan. Myanma, Viet Nam (Chaudhary R. C. va D.T. Van, 2001). Tai Lao tir nam 1995-1998, du an hgp tac bao tdn ngudn gen cay liia giua bg Ndng nghiep Lao vdi Vien Nghien ciiu Lua Qudc tl (IRRI) da thu thap dugc 12.555 mlu gidng lua ed truyen, trong do 85,9% la liia nip (Appa Rao et al 1999). CJ Campuchia hien cd rit nhilu gidng lua thom dja phuong, bao gdm cac gidng liia nip va liia thom dugc gieo trdng trong san xuat tai cac viing sinh thai khac nhau. Trong sd 3.400 gidng liia cd truyin dugc phan tich, cd den 6% la liia thom (M. Sarom, 2001). Trung tam Tai nguyen Di truyen Thuc vat Viet Nam dang bao quan hon 5.000 mau gidng liia dja phuong cua Viet Nam, trong do cd khoang 1.200 mau gidng liia nep cd truyin (Nguyen Hiru NghTa, Biii Chi Bim, Luu Nggc Trinh, Le VTnh Thao, 2001). Trong 711 gidng liia dja phuong mien Bac Viet Nam da dugc xac djnh cd 68 gidng liia thom, chilm 9,6%. Trong 577 gidng liia japonica d phia Bac Viet Nam cd 363 gidng Ilia nuong, chilm 62,9% (Nguyen Thj Quynh, 2004). San pham cua cac gidng liia dac san rat da dang. Tir xa xua, nd da dugc diing lam luong thuc, thuc pham dac biet cua timg dan tdc trong nhirng djp hdi he, le tet, cudi hdi. Banh tnmg, banh day, banh khao, banh com, com tam, rugu can, xdi va nigu nep la nhirng san pham cua liia dac san tdn tai tir lau ddi trong cdng ddng cac dan tdc Viet Nam. Mdt vai gidng liia thom Basmati hoac Jasmine cd miii thom kha dac thii, dugc diing trong cdng nghe che bien lam nhirng san pham dac biet cd miii thom chocolate (Chaudhary R. C. va D. V. Tran, 2001). Gao mau thudng dugc diing trong nhumg le hdi Idn va trong cdng nghiep che bien thuc pham. Nd cdn diing lam eae loai banh va cac loai my sgi. Banh nggt va rugu mau lam tir liia mau thudng dugc bay dgn ciing vdi nhiing loai thiic an khac vao dip le tet. Thuc pham mau den tu nhien thudng dugc ggi la "thuc pham den" rat dugc ua chudng d Trung Qudc. "Rugu Nip Mdi" ciia miln BIC Viet Nam, rugu "Nip Than Gd Den" cua tinh Long An, hay "Rugu liia Vang" cua tinh Trilt Giang, Trung Qudc deu dugc lam tir gao nep, la nhumg loai rugu truyen thdng kha ndi tieng. CI An Do va Pakistan nhu clu vdi liia thom Basmati chat lugng cao da tang len mdt each dot nggt: Nhimg ngudi dan Chau A d cac nude Chau Au, Chau My, Trung Ddng cd nhu cau Idn va cd kha nang ve tai chinh de mua cac loai gao Basmati, Jasmine chat lugng tdt nhat vdi gia cao. Do vay, viec gieo trdng va kinh doanh cac loai gao nay da dem lai Igi nhuan Idn hon nhieu so vdi cac loai gao khac. Tinh hinh ciing xay ra tuong tu vdi cac loai gao nip, gao deo, gao nau rugu. Gia ca tren thj trudng cua cac loai gao nay thudng cao hon 50%i so vdi cac loai gao thdng thudng. Nhu cau ngay mdt tang va tang dot nggt thudng thiy trong xult khiu gao loai nay d Thai Lan, Campuchia, va Lao (Chaudhary R. C. va D. V. Tran, 2001). Cac gidng lua thom ngay cang trd nen hap dan d nude My, nhat la tir 10 nam gin day. Cac gidng nay, chii yeu la Jasmine va Basmati cua Thai Lan, da chiem den 11 % lugng gao an nhap khau cua nude My (USAD, 1994). Lugng gao lua thorn nhap khiu vao nude My tang tir con sd 0 trong nam 1980, len 400.000 tin trong nam 1997 (J. N. Rutger et al. 2001). Ngudn tai nguyen di truyen liia dac san cua Viet Nam va the gidi la vd ciing phong phii. Day la mdt trong nhirng ngudn tai nguyen thien nhien quy gia ciia nhan loai va la CO sd vat chat quan trgng cho cdng tac cai thien cac gidng liia mdi ( Tang, Wang, 2001; Chang va Somrith, 1979). 2.2 Bao ton nguon gen lua dac san a Viet nam Ngudn gen liia dac san phd bien d Viet Nam la liia nip, liia nuong va liia thom. 2.2.1 Nguon gen lua nep Hien nay, Ngan hang gen Qudc Gia tai Vien Khoa hgc Ky thuat Ndng nghiep Viet Nam dang bao quan 1.200 mlu gidng liia nip truyin thdng ban dja dugc thu thap tren toan qudc. Trong nhiimg mlu gidng nay gin 200 mlu gidng da dugc thu thap trudc nam 1990, la nhirng gidng chii yeu cd ngudn goc liia rudng d khu vuc ddng bing, cdn lai hon 1.000 mau gidng dugc thu thap sau nam 1990 d khu vuc miln mii (NghTa & CS., 2007). Ngudn gen di truyen liia nep d khu vuc miln mii cua Viet Nam la rit giau cd va da dang, do nhieu nhdm dan tdc sir dung liia nip lam ngudn luong thuc chinh. Liia nep dugc tieu dimg d mien mii nhieu hon d ddng bang. Mdt vai nhdm dan tdc nhu dan tdc Thai cd tap tuc gdi com nep ra ddng cho ca gia dinh an trua. Uu thi cua mdn nay chi can nau mdt lan trong ngay cd the bao quan sudt ca ngay khdng bj hdng, com nep an no lau. Liia nep d khu vuc mien nui va ddng bang Bac Viet Nam la liia japonica nhieu hon liia indica. Nhirng gidng liia nep ndi tieng d viing nay deu cd dang hat trdn, bau, thich nghi vdi canh tac liia nuong va ca liia nude (NghTa, 2007). Liia nep d khu vuc mien niii, cd nhieu gidng hat Idn, khdi lugng 1000 hat > 37g, dugc gieo trdng d viing ddi nui giOra Viet Nam va Lao, do ddng bao mien niii bao tdn qua nhieu the he. C) khu vuc mien niii, liia nep dugc gieo trdng ehinh trong vu miia ea d nuong ray va rudng nude. 0 khu vuc ddng bang liia nep chi dugc gieo trdng d rudng nude trong vu miia va ea trong vu chiem xuan vdi dien tich nhd hon. Nep chiem xdi kem deo, pham chat kem hon so vdi nep miia. Liia nep d khu vuc ddng bang Bac Viet Nam dugc danh gia la deo va ed mill rat thom nhu cac gidng nep Cai, nep Hoa Vang, nep Quyt, nep Mo. Nha bac hgc Le Quy Ddn (sdng d the ky 18), trong cudn "Phii bien Tap luc" da md ta nhiing gidng liia nep trdng d khu vuc bd bien mien Trung Viet Nam nhu nep Ky Lan, nep Suat, nep Hat Cau, nep Huong Bau, nep Ong Lao, nep Trau, nep Bd, nep Mit, nep Rau, nep Mang, nip Ngira (Biii Huy Dap, 1980). Mdt vai gidng nay cdn tdn tai den ngay nay. C> khu vuc ddng bing Nam Viet Nam, liia nip it da dang hon, da phan dang hat dai, thom va it dinh hon, tit ca la ngudn gen cua liia indica (N. H. NghTa, B. C. Bim, L. N. Trinh, 2001). Nhilu gidng nip ndi tilng cua khu vuc nay la nip Mudp, nep May, nep Than, nip Sap, nip Tau Huong, nip Mdng Chim, nep Md. nep cd Ngdng, nep Bd Cau, nep Ba Tap va nep Dd (B. C. Bim va N. T. Lang, 2002). 2.2.2 Nguon gen lua thom Trung tam Tai nguyen Di truyin Thuc vat Viet Nam dang bao quan hon 5.000 mau gidng liia dja phuong, dugc suu tap tir nhumg viing khac nhau ve dia hinh, khi hau. dja ly, tap quan canh tac, dan tdc, ljch sir trdng liia, trong dd cd tap doan gidng liia thom. Phan loai ngudn gen liia dja phuong phia Bac Viet Nam cho thiy trong 711 gidng cd 68 gidng lua thom, chilm 9,6% tap doan nghien ciiu (Quynh, 2004). Sir da dang va dac sac ciia ngudn tai nguyen di truyen liia thom cd truyin Viet Nam dugc thi hien dly dii cac net dae tnmg d cac tinh phiaBlc. Tai viing sinh thai nay, liia thom cd the bag gdm ca 3 loai: liia Tam, liia nep va lua nuong vdi dly dii ca 2 loai hinh indica va japonica (NghTa, Buu, Trinh & Thao, 2001). Dae biet da xac djnh dugc mdt phin liia Tam thom (gao te) phia BIC Viet Nam thugc loai hinh japonica (Trinh et al. 1995; Trinh 1999; Siiu 1999; NghTa & Trinh, 2000.) O mien Nam, cd khoang 2.000 mau gidng liia dja phuong dugc suu tap va bao quan, trong dd cd cac gidng liia thom va nep thom. Hau het cac gidng lua thom Nam Bg cd dang hat dai, thon dai thude loai hinh indica. Cd nhieu gidng liia thom d cac viing sinh thai khac nhau, nhung ve thdi gian sinh trudng hoac mirc do phan img v.di quang chu ky cd the phan loai thanh 3 nhdm: miia sdm, miia lo va miia mudn. Ndi tieng nhat la gidng Nang Thom Chg Dao d Can Dude, Long An phan img chat vdi quang chu ky anh sang cd thoi gian sinh tnrdng 165-175 ngay, cao cay 150-160 cm. Gao ed vet due or giira ggi la "hat luu". Com xdp deo, cd miii thom nhat la sau khi nau. Tuy vay trong thdi gian gan day, theo danh gia ciia nhieu chuyen gia va ngudi dan san xuat liia, miii thom eua gao Nang Thom Chg Dao da bj giam nhieu. Cd nhieu ly do giai thich van de nay. Nguyen nhan cd the do gidng da bj thoai hda, hoac do ngudn nude tudi da hi thay ddi, bdn phan bdn vd eo nhieu cung bj anh hudmg. Cd mdt sd ngudi cdn cho rang do che do dinh dudng ngay nay ciia ngudi dan da dugc cai thien nhieu nen cam giac ngon mieng ciing nhu cam quan ve miii thom com gao ciing bj giam tuong ddi. Liia thom d viing Tay Nguyen chu yeu trdng tren nuong ray, ed dang bdng to, khdi lugng 1000 hat thudng Idn hon 25g, thdi gian sinh trudng 110-140 ngay, than cao, nhung chdng dd kha tdt, nang suit dat 1-2,5 t/ha (Thuy 1998, Arraudeau va Xuan, 1995) va phin Idn thugc loai hinh indica, chilm 81% (NghTa va CS, 2007). Theo NghTa va CS. (2007), cd mdt sd mlu gidng thu thap d Tay Nguyen cd kha nang chdng chju khd han, benh Dao On va benh Bac La. 2.2.3 Nguon gen lua cam Liia dm la loai liia mau, cd the la mau dd, mau tim hoac den. Liia cam ed nhieu d cac nude Chau A (Juliano & Villareal, 1993; Tang 1995). 6 Viet Nam da thu thap va bao quan hon 100 mau gidng liia elm (Quynh, 2002). Liia elm cung la loai lua dac san cua Viet Nam, ngoai lam thuc phim nd cdn la vat phim ciing tl theo muc dich tdn giao, nd cdn la san phim lam thude, dinh duong chirc nang. Phan loai theo loai com gao va viing san xult cd cac loai: lua cam te, dm nip, dm nuong va cam rudng (NghTa, 2007). Thuc tl phin Idn lua dm dugc trdng d viing trung du mien nui vdi dien tich gidi han, it dugc trdng d viing ddng bang. 2.3 Nghien cuu di truyin va danh gia cac dac tinh giong lua dac san 2.3.1 Danh gia di truyen nguon gen lua dac san Dieu tra tinh hinh su dung cac gidng liia nam 2000-2001 do Trung tam Khao Kiem nghiem Gidng Cay trdng Trung uong cho thay: mac dii nhieu dja phuong tap trung gieo trdng cac gidng liia tham canh, nang suat cao nhung ty le gieo trdng gidng liia dac san van cdn Idn, chiem 18,90% tren tdng sd gidng liia dang dugc sii dung trong san xuat hien nay. Dieu nay cho thay ngudn gen liia dac san dang sir dung d cac viing sinh thai cdn rat phong phii va da dang. Trong 3 viing dieu tra thi eae tinh thanh phd phia Bac cd sir da dang hon va chiem ty le cao hon (29,6%) so vdi viing Duyen Hai Nam Tmng Bd, Tay Nguyen (12,5%) va Nam Bd (12,1%) (NghTa va CS., 2007). Viing cac tinh phia Bac, viing Tay Nguyen va Nam Trung Bd cd ngudn gen liia dac san trong vu Miia va He Thu cao hon (36,0 va 16,9%) so vdi vu Ddng Xuan (22,2 8L 6,9%) do or day cdn diing nhieu gidng dac san cd truyen, nhat la gidng phan ling anh sang ngay ngin (NghTa «& CS., 2007). Rieng viing cac tinh thanh Nam Bd cd ngudn gen liia dac san trong vu Ddng Xuan cao hon (14,4%) so vdi liia He Thu (9,9%) do viing nay dang sii dung nhieu gidng Ilia thom cai tien nhu Jasmine, OM 3536, ST 1, ST3, VD20. 2.3.2 Danh gia da dang di truyen Bing phuong phap SSR (Simple Sequence Repeats) va phan mem NTSYS de phan nhdm cac gidng liia theo khoang each di truyen. Nghien curu cua Vien Liia DBSCL da tiln hanh vdi 46 gidng liia thom dja phuong tren co sd phan tich 8 loci khac nhau thugc 3 marker SSR lien kit gen miii thom (RM 223, RM 150 va RM 190). Kit qua cho thiy cac gidng liia thom cho bang hinh kha rd. Marker RM 223 trong sd 3 marker lien kit gen miii thom cho sd bang da hinh cao. Cd thi phan chia cac nhdm di truyen theo miii thom nhu sau: *Nhdml: - Khao Dawk Mali, Nang Thom Chg Dao cd khoang each di truyin lien kit vdi gen mill thom gidng nhau d muc dung hgp 100% (Lang «& CS. 2002). - Nhd thom, Nang Nhen Thom cd khoang each di truyin lien kit vdi gen miii thorn ciing gidng nhau. * Nhom 2: Cd 2 nhdm phu vdi khoang each di truyin d mirc do dung hgp Idn hon 70%, cac gidng trong ciing nhdm cd miic do dung hgp Idn hon 85%. * Nhdm 3: Cd 2 nhdm phu vdi khoang each di truyin d mirc do dung hgp Idn hon 75%. * Nhdm 4: Cd 2 nhdm phu vdi khoang each di truyin d mirc do dung hgp Idn hon 70%. Theo kit qua danh gia nay gidng Nanh Chdn dlu cd mat d 3 nhdm di truyen: Nanh Chdn 3 d nhdm 2; Nanh Chon 1 va Nanh Chdn 2 d 2 nhdm phu cua nhdm 1. Dieu nay chimg td cac mlu gidng Nanh Chdn cd ngudn gdc chgn lge tuong ddi khac nhau, dac biet la vl tinh thom. Ket qua nghien cuu tren day khdng chi neu len sir da hinh kieu gen cua ngudn tai nguyen liia thom d DBSCL ma edn md ra hudng lira chgn vat lieu khdi dau trong cdng tac cai tien liia thom. Nguyen tac quan trgng lira chgn bd me trong cac cap lai la ed su tuong phan Idn hay cd khoang each di truyen cang xa nhau thi mirc do da dang di truyen d ddi sau cang cao, kha nang chgn lge gidng mong mudn cang Idn. 2.3.3 Da dang di truyen giong dac san va cong dong cac dan toe Cdng ddng cac dan tdc thieu sd thudng sdng tap trung chu ylu d khu vuc miln mil Viet Nam. Luong thuc chinh ciia nhieu nhdm dan tdc phin Idn la liia nip va lua nuong. Ket qua nghien ciru, phan loai cac gidng liia dja phuong d cac dan tdc thilu sd mien mil phia Bac Viet Nam (Quynh, 2004) theo chi tieu phan nhdm indica-japonica va nep-te cho thay: liia japonica-indica d dan tdc Mudng la 95,7%-4,3%, d dan tdc Dao la: 87,3%-12,7%, dan tdc Tay la: 76,6 %-23,4%, dan tdc Niing la: 75,0%-25,0% va dan tdc Thai la 69,2%-30,8%. Ket qua nghien ciiu phan loai cho thay: tat ca cac nhdm dan tdc d khu vuc mien mil phia Bac trdng liia japonica chii yeu la liia nuong va liia nep nhieu hon Ilia indica. Ket qua thu thap cac gidng liia can tir 5 huyen ciia tinh Dae Lac trudc day: Krdng Ana, Dak Mil, Krdng Buk, Eakar, Krdng Nd, P. V. Hien (2002) cho biet ngudn tai nguyen liia dac san khu vuc Tay Nguyen, ma chu yeu la liia can cdn tuong ddi phong phii, tuy vay noi day dang bao ddng ve sir suy giam ngudn gen nay. Ngudi Kinh thugc nhdm cu dan ngudi Viet cd thudng tni d cac ddng bang chau thd cac eon sdng Idn vdi phuong thiic canh tac chii yeu la liia nude. Ngudn gen cay liia d 2 khu vuc ddng bang sdng Hdng va DBSCL phat trien da dang va ddng gdp Idn cho san xuat liia cua Viet Nam. Chau thd sdng Cuu Long vdi ngudn tai nguyen di truyen lua thom cd truyen, mang cac dac diem ndng hgc ciia nhdm gidng Khme-Viet, thom, ngon, dang hat thon dai, thugc nhdm indica. Ngudn gen nep d chau thd sdng Cuu Long it da dang hon so vdi Bac Viet Nam, hat thom nhung it dinh hon, the hien cac dac diem cua lua indica (NghTa, Buu, Trinh & Thao, 2001). 2.3.4 Tinh khang ciia giong dac san vdi sau benh 2.3.4.1 Khd ndng khdng binh bgc Id (Xanthomonas oryiae) Nghien ciiu da dang ngudn gen di truyen cay liia d DBSCL, Buu & Lang (2002) cho biet 130 gidng liia miia dugc thanh lge vdi ndi vi khuan gay benh bac la cd: Nep Than, Liin Vang la nhd, Chet Cut, Bdng Sen la 4 gidng khang benh bac la cung cap ngudn gen lan xa-13. Nip Mau Luon cung cap ngudn gen khang trdi Xa-7. Gidng Tram Bdng, Nang Tay Diim cung dp ngudn gen khang trdi Xa-14. Dilu dang chii y la ngudn gen khang benh bac la d DBSCL hay Ddng bing sdng Hdng phin Idn la cac gidng liia nip va lua thom (NghTa & CS. 2007). 2.3.4.2 Kha ndng khang binh dgo dn (Pyricularia oryzae) Danh gia kha nang chdng chju benh dao dn cua 48 mau gidng liia nep va lua thom miln BIC Viet Nam (NghTa & CS., 2004) cho bilt: Liia thom cd kha nang khang [...]... ban^ phuong phap sac ky khi, hgp chat 2-acetyl-l-pyroline da tim thay va cd miii thom tuong tu nhu mill thom cua com Hussain & CS (1987) da so sanh miii thom cua ciia liia thom (Basmati) va liia khdng thom, xac djnh hgp chat thom tai viing dinh cua cac bieu dd sac ky, noi the hien cd nhieu pentadencan-2-one, hexanol va 2-pentylfiirane d lua Basmati Chat 2-acetyl-l-pyroline da khdng tim thay Nhung hau... phan phu luc "Bao cao ket qua dieu tra hien trang san xuat liia d BR-VT" 4.2.2 Phuang phdp chpn Ipc phuc hdi gidng Ida Nanh Chdn - Ap dung tieu chuan nganh TCN 55 4-2 002 trong xac djnh va md ta gidng gdc - Ap dung tieu chuan nganh 10 TCN 39 5-2 006 trong chgn Igc phuc trang gidng sieu nguyen chung tir rudng san xuat qua 3 the he Go - G \- Gi- Ap dung chgn Igc theo cdng thirc tinh gia trj trung binh quan the... hinh thai NC, 2006 TT Nhdm Sd ddng theo doi Sd ddng chpn Ipc 3 NC-VN NC-VL NC-IR 40 30 50 TT Nhdm Ngay trd 1 NC-VN 2 3 18 2 8 Gdc than (dp) 1 2 Dang hinh (dp) 5 5 3 5 7 3 4/12 TGST (ngay) 159±2,7 Cao cay (cm) 157±4,7 NC-VL 7/12 163±3,3 158±3,4 NC-IR 10/12 165±2,9 160±3,5 Dp cimg than ra Gdc la ddng (dp) Mau gdc than (dp) 7 5 7 5-7 5-7 5-7 trang tim trang sang Dudi hat qudt dudi Thang, cham tim qudt... dugc tdng hgp sau khi thu hoach Ket qua chgn lge nhu sau: + Nhdm NC-VN: chgn dugc 40 ddng/ 540 ddng (bdng) tham gia thi nghiem + Nhdm NC-VL: chgn dugc 30 ddng / 320 ddng (bdng) tham gia thi nghiem + Nhdm NC-IR: chgn dugc 50 ddng / 140 ddng (bdng) tham gia thi nghiem * Danh gia dac dilm 3 nhdm ddng gidng Nanh Chdn (NC-VN, NC-VL va NC-IR): - v l dac dilm sinh tmdng: Vdi cac gidng lua dja phuong chju anh... nay cd ham lugng cao Trong sd 89 hgp chat phan tich, xu ly thdng ke cho thiy cac chit sau cd sir khac biet giira gidng liia thom va khdng thom: pentanol, 2- acetyl- 1- pyroline, benzaldehyde; octanol, pentadecan -2 -one, 6, 10, 14-imethylpentadecan -2 -one & hexanol Tsuzuki & CS (1977) khang djnh liia thom cd chiia mdt sd lugng Idn nhiing hgp chat carbonyl so vdi gidng liia thudng va day la su khac biet... Nhiet do hoa h6 (GT) Nhiet do hda hd la nhiet do can thilt dk gao biln thanh com va khdng hoan nguyen Nhiet do hda hd biln thien tir 55 V-79°C va phan 3 mire theo IRRI, 1996: - Nhiet do hda hd thip: 5 5-6 9 °C - Nhiet do hda hd trung binh: 7 0-7 4 °C - Nhiet do hda hd cao: 7 5-7 9°C Nhiet do hda hd dugc danh gia thdng qua chi tieu do phan hiiy kiem cua hat gao (ngam 23 gid trong dung djch KOH 1,7%) va theo thang... ngudn thu thap: - Ve dac dilm sinh tmdmg: Trong 3 nhdm gidng NC thi nghiem, nhdm NC-VN cd TGST ngin nhit (158 ngay), nhdm NC-VL cd TGST 162 ngay va nhdm NC-IR cd TGST dai nhat (165 ngay) Chenh lech TGST ciia ciing nhdm liia thi nghiem so vdi nam 2005 la 3-5 ngay Nhdm ddng liia NC-VN trd va chin sdm hom 2 nhdm ddng NC cdn lai Cac nhdm liia NC thi nghiem cd thdi gian sinh tmdng ngin hon 1 0-1 5 ngay so vdi... Chdn, nhit la cac dac tinh phim chit rieng biet - Xay dung qui trinh va md hinh san xult lua dac san Nanh Chdn cd hieu qua cao, nang , suat dat 4, 0-4 ,5 t/ha, Igi nhuan tang jt nhit 15% so vdi lua thudng - Nang cao y thuc bao tdn san vat dja phuong, gdp phin phuc vu cdng tac du ljch tinh nha, tien tdi xay dung thuong hieu san phim gao dac san Nanh Chdn cho tinh - Bd sung thdng tin va vat lieu di truyin cho... ddng mgng 120 ddng liia Nanh Chdn dugc myen chgn trong 1000 ddng Ilia tham gia thi nghiem nam 2005, trong dd cd 40 ddng NC-VN, 30 ddng NC-VL va 50 ddng NC-IR Thi nghiem dugc thuc hien tai xa An Nhit, huyen Long Dien tir ngay 18/7/2006 din 29/12/2006 - Tinh hinh thi nghiem: Lua thi nghiem dugc gieo ma vao ngay 18/7/2006 va cay ngay 28/8/2006 (tudi ma 40 ngay) Sau d y khoang 1 0-1 2 ngay thi phat hien mdng... neu gieo thang 7-8 , d y thang 8-9 , thu hoach thang 1 1-1 2 Nlu gieo 1/1 1- 30/12 (vu DX) thdi gian sinh trudng nit ngan cdn 10 0-1 10 ngay, nhumg liia trd khdng tap trung, chit lugng gao giam rd ret Ham lugng protein bj anh hudng do thdi dilm gat liia khac nhau, ham lugng protein thap khi gat qua sdm va tang len tdi dinh cao tai thdi dilm 30 ngay sau trd (Krupp and et al., 1972) Trong vu Ddng-Xuan tai DBSCL . giira gidng liia thom va khdng thom: pentanol, 2- acetyl- 1- pyroline, benzaldehyde; octanol, pentadecan -2 -one, 6, 10, 14-imethylpentadecan -2 -one & hexanol. Tsuzuki & CS. (1977). nhdm indica-japonica va nep-te cho thay: liia japonica-indica d dan tdc Mudng la 95,7 %-4 ,3%, d dan tdc Dao la: 87,3 %-1 2,7%, dan tdc Tay la: 76,6 %-2 3,4%, dan tdc Niing la: 75,0 %-2 5,0% va. hd biln thien tir 55 V-79°C va phan 3 mire theo IRRI, 1996: - Nhiet do hda hd thip: 5 5-6 9 °C - Nhiet do hda hd trung binh: 7 0-7 4 °C - Nhiet do hda hd cao: 7 5-7 9°C Nhiet do hda hd