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English Course for Students of Biology Faculty Page 1 of 9 Tense Time Tense Time PART 1 GRAMMAR REVISION I. Verb Tenses Present simple Present continuous Present perfect Present Dave teaches history twice a week. Right now, Dave is teaching history in class. Dave has taught history for ten years. Past simple Past continuous Past perfect Past Dave taught history yesterday. Dave was teaching history in class at 9 yesterday morning. Dave had taught archeology before he taught history. Exercise 1 Each of the paragraphs below has 8 errors in verb tense. Find the errors and correct them. 1. John has lived in Spain for over six months. He moves here shortly after finishing university. John spoke Spanish very well, having studied it for many years. He likes Spanish culture, and he is loving the food also. His plan is being to live in Spain for a few years in order to improve his Spanish, then he planned to return to England to teach in a university. John going to move back to England in May because he missed his family. Because his girlfriend has been Spanish, he believes that one day he might return to Spain and start a family there. 2. Stephen and Sarah got married in May of last year. They married just over a year. They are looking for a house for over nine months now. Yesterday, they finally found a house that they really liked. They decide to move in next month, after all of the furniture has been bought. They both work in the same hospital. Stephen is a doctor and Sarah was a doctor, too. Both of them worked very hard, and have little time for organizing their new house. As a result, they hire a decorator to buy all the furniture and decorate the house. In a few weeks, they hope everything will had been organized and they looked forward to living in their new home. Exercise 2 Write the correct form of the verb. 1. When I traveled around Europe, it was one of the best times of my life. I………………(have) just finished university and I……………… (decide) I wanted to see some more of the world. It was amazing to see so many different cultures in such a small area. While I was……………… (travel) through Germany, I met some people who, like me, were from America. We had a great time, so we decided to travel together for the rest of the holiday. It was so much fun. We ……………… (make) a promise that sometime in the future we would return and do it again, together. 2. Dublin City is home to the world's tallest sculpture. The Dublin Spire……………… (be) over 120 meters in height and……………… (be complete) in January 2003. When the structure was first being……………… (build) in 2002, there were delays because of bad weather. However, when the strong winds……………… (pass), the spire was eventually able to be finished, and Dublin's tallest structure was finally completed. English Course for Students of Biology Faculty Page 2 of 9 II. Word Forms Noun (person) -er, -or, -ist, -ian Noun (thing) -nce, -ism, -ness, -logy, -ion, -ty, verb+ing, to+verb Verb -ate, -ize, -fy Verbs = Noun influence, comment, ruin, attempt Examples Verb: We contributed to the community chest. (Correct) Verb + Noun: We contribution to the community chest. (Incorrect) We made a contribution to the community chest (Correct) Verb/Noun create/creation complain/complaint argue/argument comment/comment develop/development improve/improvement decide/decision attempt/attempt perform/performance concentrate/concentration relieve/relief ruin/ruin influence/influence conclude/conclusion contrast/contrast Exercise 1 Choose the correct form of the word. 1. The man's………………………is for the woman to make a schedule. (A) suggest (B) suggestion 2. The student's essay needed better………………………. (A) organize (B) organization 3. He didn't need to………………………so quickly. He had over a week remaining. (A) decide (B) decision 4. After all the arguing, there was a lot of . ……………………… (A) confuse (B) confusion 5. He didn't need to make a………………………, because the restaurant was not busy. (A) reserve (B) reservation 6. After they………………………the new medicine, many lives were saved. (A) developed (B) development 7. The president's refusal was not the………………………they had hoped for. (A) responded (B) response 8. When it happened, the………………………shocked everyone in the area. (A) explode (B) explosion 9. The group's………………………ensured that they won in the end. (A) dedicate (B) dedication 10. The director made the………………………one more time, because they needed the practice. (A) perform (B) performance Exercise 2 Find the 5 incorrect words in each of the paragraphs below. Correct the words. There can be more than one incorrect word within a sentence. English Course for Students of Biology Faculty Page 3 of 9 1. One of the best ways to reduction stress is to take up a hobby. At home, sometimes work-related issues can remain in a person's mind. To prevention this, thinking about something different or doing something active can help your mind to focus on something else. Some people have a collect of certain objects or items. Other people preference physical exercise or sports. This can improve your circulate, which is also good for your health. Either way, it is important to have an activity or hobby to help reduce the stress in your life. 2. Some people enjoy bringing some action and adventure into their lives. Many people enjoy sports like baseball and soccer, but some also enjoy high-risk activities such as sky diving and paragliding. Of course, with sports like these it is important that you are education properly about them. The risks involvement are far greater than in regular sports. But with higher risk, there comes greater excite. The pleasure is far greater than with normal, everyday sports. Of course, you have to payment more with these activities, but they are usually worth the extra cost. If you want your life to have more entertain, then these fun pastimes are a great idea. III. Subject-Verb Agreement 3 rd person singular She runs to the bus. Uncountable noun A lot of time was waste There is/ are There is a bar of chocolate on the table There were three chairs in that room. Each/ every + noun Any/every/ no/ some + body/thing/ one Everyone wants to be happy. Nobody agrees with your opinion. Subject with phrases The nurses in the hospital are angry about the pay cut. One of the horses has damaged the fence. With quantity expression A piece of the puzzle was under the chair. Some of the teachers have decided to quit. Exercise 1 For each sentence below, underline the subject once and underline the verbs twice. Then, write C for the correct sentences and IC for the incorrect sentences. ___________ 1. A lot of information are on the Internet. ___________ 2. We decided to leave the restaurant, as the menu was not impressive. ___________ 3. All of this food are healthy for you. ___________ 4. A number of students has failed the exam. ___________ 5 .The nurses waited over an hour for the doctor, who never arrived. ___________ 6 .The Philippines have a population of over eighty-six million people. ___________ 7. After the day in the park, they was all very relaxed. ___________ 8. Brian and I am deciding where to go on vacation. ___________ 9. Each nation have donated food and supplies to help with the problem. ___________ 10. Watching certain television programs are a good way to educate children. ___________ 11. Some of the builders are going to return to work tomorrow. ___________ 12. One thousand dollars are a lot of money to earn each week. ___________ 13. Each evening, the couple take a walk along the beach. ___________ 14. The children was curious about many of the animals in the zoo. English Course for Students of Biology Faculty Page 4 of 9 ___________ 15. The janitor had finished cleaning by the time we arrived. Exercise 2 Write the correct form of the verb. Use the present simple tense. 1. The flowers in the garden all………………………(look) beautiful. 2. Each of the applicants……………………… (have) a very impressive resume. 3. He……………………… (appear) to be very unhappy in his new job. 4. Many witches……………………… (have) black cats. 5. Some of the airplanes at the airport……………………… (need) repairs. 6. Politics……………………… (be) one of the more difficult subjects in university. 7. Each year, the volunteers……………………… (rescue) over one hundred mountain climbers. 8. Each night, the family……………………… (pray) together. 9. Many of the members of the jury……………………… (have) no knowledge of the law. 10. The fishermen……………………… (catch) over two tons of cod each week. 11. More than one of the prisoners ……………………… (escape) from prison each year. 12. The doctors in the hospital……………………… (disagree) with the director's new policy. 13. The manager, as well as the players, ……………………… (be) happy with the win. 14. 14 When autumn……………………… (arrive), the leaves begin to fall from the trees. 15. Parents often……………………… (worry) about their children's school work. IV. Noun Phrases and Noun Clauses As a subject Noun The book is difficult To-infinitive To find a solution for that is difficult. = It is difficult (for us) to find a solution for that. Gerund Finding a solution for that is difficult. That clause (The news) that we found a solution for that is well-known. = It is well-known (that) we found a solution for that As an object Noun I like a present. To-infinitive I’d like to work in a group. Gerund I’d like working in a group. That clause I assumed that I would work in a group. As a complement Noun My idea is this. To-infinitive My idea is to get the feedback from everyone. Gerund My idea is getting feedback from everyone. That clause My idea is (that) we should get the feedback from everyone. Exercise 1 Identify the noun phrases and clauses in each sentence below. Then write C for the correct sentences and IC for the incorrect sentences. ___________ 1. We asked the government develop the school facilities. ___________ 2. My grandfather liked study new things. English Course for Students of Biology Faculty Page 5 of 9 ___________ 3. The woman also suggested applying for the loan. ___________ 4. We decided to do some extra work over the weekend. ___________ 5. As it was Saturday, we didn't want work hard. ___________ 6. I saw him to selling tickets for the raffle. ___________ 7. One theory is the universe exploded billions of years ago. ___________ 8. He decided working there was a bad idea. ___________ 9. His final solution was to sell the house. ___________ 10. They agreed that hiring a detective might solve the problem. ___________ 11. It is impossible to finding an answer for that question. ___________ 12. They didn't want spend more time there than was necessary. ___________ 13. To review the project again was suggested by the director of sales. ___________ 14. I knew that finishing the job would be more difficult than to starting it. ___________ 15. The easiest solution was that replace the broken part with a new one. Exercise 2 Rewrite the sentences below with that-clauses or with to-infinitives. 1. Dave and Casey agreed to share the prize money. (that) 2. They decided that they would sell the house. (to) 3. He expected that she would not flunk the course. (to) 4. Andrea realized to paint the wall would take too long. (that) 5. Everyone expected that the company would change ownership. (to) 6. In order to meet the deadline, they had to work on Saturday. (that) 7. Kim asked that the manager give her an extra day to finish the project. (to) 8. They knew it was unacceptable completing the project three weeks late. (that) . 9. We agreed to spend a week in Greece. (that) 10. In order that the repairs for the computer be done properly, you should call Tim. (to) V. Coordinating Conjunctions and Coordinating Adverbs Coordinating Conjunctions Coordinating Adverbs I study English, and I study Japanese. With that jacket you will be warmer. Also, you won’t get wet. I mowed the grass and I washed the car. I went to the library first. Then, I did my homework. English Course for Students of Biology Faculty Page 6 of 9 I hurt my ankle, so I went to the hospital. I failed my math test; therefore I got a lower score for the semester. I failed my math test. Therefore, I got a lower score for the semester. I spent hours studying, but I couldn’t understand the passage. I did my best; however, it wasn’t good enough. I did my best. However, it wasn’t good enough. I can cook some pasta, or we can go to the restaurant. We can stay in a hotel. Alternatively, we can stay in a hostel for much less. Exercise 1 Find the error in each sentence below and correct it. 1. The heavy storm kept us from going out. So, we sat watching TV all day. 2. It was raining heavily, therefore I had no umbrella. 3. We can go to the theater. Or go to the beach. 4. He enjoys neither the theater. Nor the opera. 5. These days I take cooking lessons also started a yoga class. 6. I was very hungry however I had no money to buy food. 7. We began our vacation in Paris then we traveled around the rest of Europe. 8. He won the cooking competition therefore he is the best chef. 9. He is a fantastic lecturer however, he often arrives late for class. 10. We lost that particular game. But we won the whole competition. 11. They won an expensive meal for two. So they are going to a restaurant this weekend. 12. I encourage my students to read first. Then, can practice speaking. 13. They are big soccer fans however they have never been to a game. 14. I spend a lot of time studying French but, I don't seem to be improving. 15. I have the most experience with cameras therefore I should take the photographs. Exercise 2 Write the missing words. Use the words below to fill in the blanks. Use each word once. whereas however additionally then therefore on the other hand for example so but and although or 1. Some cities are a lot more expensive to live in than others. For example, a cup of coffee in Dublin, Ireland can cost you around three euros (a) …………, the same cup of coffee in Buenos Aires might set you back only seventy cents. Quite a difference! These days, the most expensive cities to live in are Tokyo, London, (b) …………Moscow. Paris is also very expensive. A two-bedroom apartment there can cost around 2000 euros per month, (c) …………it may cost only 600 euros in Buenos Aires. (d) …………, a music CD in Buenos Aires sells for around seven euros, the same CD may sell for up to 20 euros in Dublin and London. We can see,(e) …………, as much as we complain about prices, some cities have it worse than we do. 2. Skydiving is a very exciting sport. Imagine climbing into an airplane with a bag on your back, flying into the sky, and (a) ……………jumping out of the airplane.(b) …………… it sounds dangerous, each year, thousands of people pay money to do this. What is it that makes people want to do this? English Course for Students of Biology Faculty Page 7 of 9 Is it the excitement (c) …………… the fear and danger? Some people, (d) ……………, enjoy the "rush" from roller coasters. (e) ……………, others may want to test how brave they are; (f) …………… they put on a parachute and jump out of a plane. Either way, there must be something special that makes people want to jump. VI. Combining Sentences with Adjective Clauses An adjective clause modifies a noun or pronoun. Adjective clauses are led by relative pronouns such as who, which, and that. For a noun of time or place, when or where can be used instead of the phrase at which. Marker Use Examples Who People (subject) The tribes who lived in the Great Plains used smoke signals. Whom People (object) The woman whom we met was called Lightning Cloud. Whose People/ things (possessive) He sent a message whose meaning we had agreed upon. Which Things (subject/ object) That is a tribe which interests me. The drumbeats which we heard sent a message. That People/ things (subject/ object) The Apache is a tribe that I will research. The smoke that you see is from the hills. Notes: • The speed that the wheel turns at is measured in revolutions per second. • The speed at which the wheel turns is measured in revolutions per second. • I don’t know the girl that Dan is talking to. • I don’t know the girl to whom Dan is talking. Where Place (adverb) That is the valley where the tribe lived. When Time (adverb) That is the day when we get the signal. Notes: • If the relative pronoun is the object of the adjective clause, it can be omitted. + The woman we met was called Lightning Cloud. + The drumbeats we heard sent a message. • Use commas before and after an adjective clause if the noun it describes is a specific person or thing, for example, a proper noun. + Rachel Kingsley, who writes mystery novels, is signing books at the bookstore. • Which can refer to the whole previous sentence. + He tried to apologize, which made her even angrier. • Reducing adjective clauses. Adjective clauses Reduced adjective clauses The audience, which was listening intently to the music, failed to notice the commotion that grew louder and louder in the theater's lobby. The drumbeats which are used by tribes in Africa can give more signals. The audience, listening intently to the music, failed to notice the commotion growing louder and louder in the theater's lobby. The drumbeats used by tribes in Africa can give more signals. English Course for Students of Biology Faculty Page 8 of 9 Exercise 1 For each sentence below, underline the incorrect part or parts of the sentence. 1. The designation of an individual's class, which can be based on a number of different factors, have been of key interest to sociologists for decades. 2. A child is only a few weeks old is capable of imitating a limited range of facial expressions that he or she observes from a care-giver. 3. Children who grow up in single-parent households typically do worse in school than children what are from two-parent households. 4. Diana Pearce who was an economist by profession suggested a theory that proved popular among sociologists. 5. The female lion, that is distinguished from the male by the lack of a mane, does the hunting. 6. A critical aspect of learning to read involves the integration of skills when develop at different stages of childhood, namely the ability to decipher sounds of a language and the ability to write. 7. One of the most influential theories related to cognitive development comes from Piaget who based his theory on observations of elementary-age children. 8. Paper products, that are made with at least 60% recycled fibers, consume 45% fewer raw materials than products made without recycled fibers. 9. The professor describes the Industrial Revolution as a time at when great strides were made in science and technology. 10. A Utopian society is one in that citizens live in perfect fairness and harmony with each other. 11. Polaris, can be located easily on a clear night, is a reliable point in the sky to navigate by because it is located over the point of true north. 12. The claim that "laughter is the best medicine" are supported by research that shows laughter reduces stress, which contributes to a person's overall health and well-being. Exercise 1 Combine two simple sentences to make a complex sentence containing an adjective clause. Add commas if necessary. Then put parentheses around the relative pronoun and the verb IF they can be omitted. 1. The bowl was found in the cave. It was over 1,000 years old. →……………………………………………………………………………………………………. 2. A child knows he did something wrong. He will not look an adult in the eye. →……………………………………………………………………………………………………. 3. Cats were important in ancient Egyptian culture. Egyptian culture flourished in the Nile River Valley for thousands of years. →……………………………………………………………………………………………………. 4. The desk was broken. It was removed from the classroom. →……………………………………………………………………………………………………. 5. Columbus grew up in a large port city. This city was located on the coast of Italy. →……………………………………………………………………………………………………. 6. The fossil was obviously a species of horse. The species is now extinct. →……………………………………………………………………………………………………. English Course for Students of Biology Faculty Page 9 of 9 7. People grow up near the border. They usually learn to speak two languages. →……………………………………………………………………………………………………. 8. The legal age of adulthood is 21. At the age of adulthood, a person can purchase alcohol. →……………………………………………………………………………………………………. 9. Snoopy is a famous cartoon dog. Snoopy is a beagle. →……………………………………………………………………………………………………. 10. Two critics reviewed the book. They did not agree. →……………………………………………………………………………………………………. 11. The university has recently changed its admission policy. The policy used to prohibit women from studying there. →……………………………………………………………………………………………………. 12. By definition, sunrise is a time in the morning. At this time, the sun first appears over the horizon. →……………………………………………………………………………………………………. VII. Reduce the adverbial clause into a participle phrase. Example • As they were too young to be left alone, the young birds were taken from the nest and transported to a care facility. Being too young to be left alone, the young birds were taken from the nest and transported to a care facility. 1. Since the building has been severely damaged by the storm, it has to be torn down. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 2. The plastic melted and warped because it had been left in the car on a hot day. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 3. We are only able to objectively view the core of the problem after we cut through all of the media hype. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 4. Because the town wants to attract more companies, it will offer tax incentives to new businesses. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 5. In the past, women were confined to the home by social pressure since they were primarily expected to bear and raise children. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… . knowledge of the law. 10 . The fishermen……………………… (catch) over two tons of cod each week. 11 . More than one of the prisoners ……………………… (escape) from prison each year. 12 . The doctors in the. late for class. 10 . We lost that particular game. But we won the whole competition. 11 . They won an expensive meal for two. So they are going to a restaurant this weekend. 12 . I encourage my. director's new policy. 13 . The manager, as well as the players, ……………………… (be) happy with the win. 14 . 14 When autumn……………………… (arrive), the leaves begin to fall from the trees. 15 . Parents often………………………