4 WDM Te c h n o I o g i es ed bj IYUT K. DUTTA DY K. DUTTA 5AHIKO FUJIWARA I WDM TECHNOLOGIES: ACTIVE OPTICAL COMPONENTS WDM TECHNOLOGIES: ACTIVE OPTICAL COMPONENTS Edited by Achyut K. Dutta Fujitsu Compound Semiconductors, Inc. San Jose, California, USA Niloy K. Dutta University of Connecticut Storrs, Connecticut, USA Masahiko Fujiwara Networking Research Laboratories NEC Corporation Tsukuba, lbaraki, Japan ACADEMIC PRESS An imprint of Elsevier Science Amsterdam Boston London New York Oxford Paris San Diego San Francisco Singapore Sydney Tokyo This book is printed on acid-free paper. @ Copyright 2002, Ehevier Science (USA) All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the Publisher. The appearance of the code at the bottom of the first page of a chapter in this book indicates the Publisher’s consent that copies of the chapter may be made for personal or internal use of specific clients. This consent is given on the condition, however, that the copier pay the stated per copy fee through the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. (222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, Massachusetts 01923), for copying beyond that permitted by Sections 107 or 108 of the US. Copyright Law. This consent does not extend to other kinds of copying, such as copying for general distribution, for advertising or promotional purposes, for creating new collective works, or for resale. Copy fees for pre-2002 chapters are as shown on the title pages. If no fee code appears on the title page, the copy fee is the same as for current chapters. $35.00 Explicit permission from Academic Press is not required to reproduce a maximum of two figures or tables from an Academic Press chapter in another scientific or research publication provided that the material has not been credited to another source and that full credit to the Academic Press chapter is given. Academic Press An imprint of Ekevier Science 525 B Street, Suite 1900, San Diego, Califomia92101-4495, USA http://www.academicpress.com Academic Press An imprint of Elsevier Science 84 Theobald’s Road, London WCI X 8RR, UK http://www.academicpress.com Library of Congress Control Number: 2002107431 International Standard Book Number: 0-12-225261-6 PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 02 03 04 05 06 MB 9 8 7 6 5 4 32 I Dedicated to our parents, Harish Chandra and Kalpana Rani Dutta, Debahr and Madabor Datta, and to our families, Keiko, Jayoshree, Jaydeep, Sudeep Hiroshi, and Cristine Dutta Contents Contributors Foreword: The WDM Revolution Acknowledgments Chapter 1 Overview Achvut K.m Dutta, Niloy K. Dutta, and Masahiko Fujiwai-a I. 1. Prospectus I .2. I .3. Organization and Features of thc Volumes Survey of Volume I References Part 1 Laser Sources Chapter 2 Long-Wavelength Laser Source Niloy K. Dutta 2.1. 2.2. 2.3. 2.4. 2.5. 2.6. 2.1. 2.8. Introduction Laser Designs Quantum Well Lasers 2.3. I. 2.3.2. Other Matcrial Systems Distributed Feedback Lasers 2.4.1. Tunable Lasers Surface-Emitting Lasers Laser Reliability Integrated Laser Devices 2.7.1. Laser Arrays 2.7.2. Integrated Laser Modulator 2.7.3. Multichannel WDM Sources 2.7.4. Strained Quantum Well Lasers Spot Size Converter (SSC) Integrated Laser Summary and Future Challenges References 11 13 13 14 20 25 29 30 35 38 44 48 48 49 51 51 53 54 vii [...]... community 1 WDM TECHNOLOGIES: ACTIVE OPTICAL COMPONENTS 935.00 Copyright 2002 Elsevier Science (USA) All rights of reproduction in any form reserved ISBN: 0-1 2-2 2526 1-6 2 Dutta, Dutta, and Fujiwara involved with the opticalnetworking, a series of volumes covering all WDM technologies (from the optical components to networks) is introduced Many companies and new start-ups are trying to make the WDM- based... 1.3 Survey of Volume I WDM TECHNOLOGIES: ACTIVE OPTICAL COMPONENTS Unlike most of the available textbooks on optical fiber communication, our Volume I covers several key active optical components and their key technologies from the standpoint of WDM- based application Based on our own hands-on experience in this area for the past 25 years, we tend to cover only those components and technologies that could... publish one volume for active and one volume for passive components This format should prove more manageable and convenient for the reader Other volumes are on optical systems and optical networks Volume I gives a clear view on the WDM components, especially all kinds of active optical components Volume 11, covering key passive optical components, follows this Volume III covers WDM networks and their... a short- or long-haul application, long-wavelength semiconductorlasers fabricated on InP substrate are being used, and their performance has been improved tremendously The fabrication technologies, performance characteristics, current state-of-the-art, and research direction of long-wavelength laser diodes are examined in Chapter 2 by Niloy K Dutta, a pioneer of the laser diode Chapter 3: High-Power... zero dispersion locally, but provide near-zero dispersion globally Vigorous R&D in WDM technologies led to another milestone in the history of optical communications, the first large-scale deployment of a commercial WDM system in 1995, the deployment of the NGLN system in the long-distance network of AT&T In the years that followed, WDM led the explosive growth of optical communications In early 1996,... technology into the “tera-era.” All three approaches used WDM techniques Five years later, in 2001 and exactly on schedule for the factor-100-per-decade growth rate, a WDM research transmission experiment demonstrated a capacity of 10 Tb/s per fiber This is an incredible capacity: recall that, at the terabidsec rate, the hair-thin fiber can support a staggering 40 million 28-K baud data connections,... Technology Development Association, Sumitomo Edogawabashiekimae Bldg., 7F, 2 0-1 0 Sekiguchi 1-Chome, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 11 2-0 014, Japan Foreword The WDM Revolution This book is the first of four about wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) , the most recent technology innovation in optical fiber communications In the past two decades, optical communications has totally changed the way we communicate It is... Kokubo Kogyo Danchi, Showa-Cho, Nakakoma-Gun, Yamanashi-Ken 4093883, Japan Fumio Koyama (Chapter 5 ) , Precision & Intelligence Lab., Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta, Midoriku, Yokohama 22 6-8 503, Japan Koji Kudo (Chapter IO), Photonic and Wireless Devices Research Labs System Devices and Fundamental Research, NEC Corporation, 2-9 - 1 Seiran Ohtsu-shi, Shiga 52 0-0 833, Japan Rangaraj Madabhushi... area of WDM technologies This series on various areas of WDM technologies is divided into four volumes, each of which is divided into a few parts to provide a clear concept among the readers or educators of the possibilities of their technologies in particular networks of interest to them The series starts with two complete volumes on optical components Because many of the chapters relate to components, ... comprising two chapters, covers the packaging technologies for optical components Chapter 12: Optical PackagingModule Technologies: Design Methodology Chapter 12 by A K Dutta and M Kobayashi describes the design methodologies as required systematically for optical package/module design Different kinds of optical packages are also included for giving insight about the optical packages For the most part, emphasis . Ichi- Akihiko Kasukawa (Chapter 3), Yokohama R&D Laboratories, The Furukawa Electric Co., Ltd., 2-4 -3 Okano, Nishi-ku, Yokohama 22 0-0 073, Japan. Masahiro Kobayashi (Chapters 9, 12 &. Fujitsu Quantum Devices Limited, Kokubo Kogyo Danchi, Showa-Cho, Nakakoma-Gun, Yamanashi-Ken 40 9- 3 8 83, Japan. bancho, Chiyodaku, Tokyo 10 2-8 47 1, Japan. Fumio Koyama (Chapter 5),. USA. poration, 34, Miyukigaoka, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 30 5-8 50 1, Japan. Masahiko Fujiwara (Chapter 1 ), Networking Research Laboratories, NEC Cor- Kenichi Iga (Chapter 5), The Japan Society