[...]... language covered in each section overlap to some extent, it will be seen that each deals with the grammatical, functional and discourse characteristics of the particular text types in question Cross-references are supplied where appropriate, both within Intermediate Russian and to Basic Russian Learners at both intermediate and advanced level will find Intermediate Russian beneficial for reference and. .. Zolotova G .A. , Синтактический словарь, «Наука», Moscow, 1988 Grammars Borras F.M and Christian R.F., Russian Syntax, 2nd edition, Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1979 Pulkina I and Zakhava-Nekrasova E., Russian, translated from the Russian by V Koroty, 2nd edn, «Русский язык», Moscow, (no date) Unbegaun B.O., Russian Grammar, Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1957 Wade Terence, A Comprehensive Russian Grammar, Blackwell,... people and events Whereas in the previous part the focus was on narrative – which presupposes change and a certain dynamism – in this part the focus is both on the linguistic means available in Russian for conveying the static and on the features which characterise (as in a still) the participants and their environment The units in this part are structured according to syntactic categories, and each unit... sequencing of events: aspects, adverbs, adverbial phrases, adverbial clauses, co-ordination verbs of motion: prefixed and unprefixed; adverbials of place after verbs of motion word order: the positioning of adverbial phrases and clauses punctuation between clauses expressing cause and purpose establishing and maintaining a relationship with one’s audience • • • • • In Part 3 we look at various ways of describing... texts and doing the exercises that follow, students will not only consolidate their knowledge of grammatical structures, but also develop their vocabulary in a wide variety of areas related to Russian life The material used in both explanations and exercises is taken largely from contemporary Russian publications and literature The answers to all exercises are provided in the key While the areas of language... Sources Course books Akushina A. A and Formanskaya N.I., Русский речевой этикет, 3rd edn, «Русский язык», Moscow, 1982 Akushina A. A and Formanskaya N.I., Этикет русского письма, 3rd edn, «Русский язык», Moscow, 1986 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS LIST OF ENGLISH-LANGUAGE ABBREVIATIONS acc dat f gen impf inst m accusative case dative case feminine genitive case imperfective aspect instrumental case masculine n nom... Present participles as nouns Present participles as adjectives 192 Key to exercises Index 200 215 INTRODUCTION This grammar and workbook is intended for learners of Russian at an intermediate stage or for those who want to refresh their knowledge of the grammar It is suited for people studying on their own and for those participating in language courses Intermediate Russian is not intended to replace a course... course book or indeed a reference grammar, but to be an additional resource for teachers and learners The focus of this book is to provide scope for practising and consolidating Russian structures Intermediate Russian is divided into three parts, each of which is made up of six units containing concise explanations of grammatical points which are illustrated and then tested in exercises Alongside sentence-length... structured according to functional principles, that is to say according to the uses to which language can be put Each of the six units in this part looks at aspects of the following: • • • • • establishing and maintaining a relationship with your speaker politeness formulae and appropriacy seeking and giving information/advice offering to do things expressing wishes and desires In Part 2 we look at various... gerund Lexis and idioms: wearing and wears 158 16 Aspects and perfective gerund Aspects in foregrounding and backgrounding Irregular nouns Comparative degree of adverbs Perfective gerund Aspects in the past tense 166 17 Negation and numerals Negative pronouns Negative adverbs: некогда/никогда Word building раз-/расDeclension of numerals 178 18 Participles Present active participle Past active participle .