[...]... BROUK B, Plants Consumed by Man, London, Academic Press, 1975 and SADAVA DE, Plants, Genes and Agriculture, Boston, Jones and Bartlett, 1994 DeCANDOLLE A, Origin of Cultivated Plants, New York, Hafner Publishing Co ., 1886 (reprinted 1959) GRIST DH, Rice, London, Longman, 1959 HILL AF, Economic Botany, New York, McGraw-Hill, 1937 KUCKUCK H, KOBABE G and WENZEL G, Fundamentals of Plant Breeding, Berlin, Springer... Barley: Genetics, Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, ed Shewry PR, Oxford, CAB International, 199 2, 19–44 PETERSON RF, Wheat, New York, Interscience Publishers, 1965 POMERANZ Y, Modern Cereal Science and Technology, Weinheim, VCH Publishers, 1987 VON BOTHMER R and JACOBSEN N, ‘Origin, Taxonomy, and Related Species’ In: Barley, ed Rasmusson DC, Madison, American Society of Agronomy, 1985 CHRISPEELS... Verlag, 1991 LAURIE DA, SNAPE JW and GALE MD, ‘DNA Marker Technology for Genetic Analysis in Barley’ In: Barley: Genetics, Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, ed Shewry PR, Oxford, CAB International, 199 2, 115– 32 LAWRENCE WJC, Plant Breeding, London, Edward Arnold, 1968 NEVO E, ‘Origin, Evolution, Population Genetics and Resources for Breeding of Wild Barley, Hordeum spontaneum, in the... example distichon, hexastichon, agriocrithon, deficiens) (Von Bothmer and Jacobsen 1985) Two- and six-row barleys are the most commonly cultivated forms, six-row barley being more resistant to temperature extremes The spike (or ear) consists of alternating nodes each bearing three spikelets (each a single flower) In two-row barley, only the central spikelet is fertile, but in six-row barley, all three spikelets... in-breeding) or cross-pollinating (or out-breeding) Self-pollinating crops such as wheat, oats, rice and barley have physiological and anatomical mechanisms that ensure that individual flowers are primarily self-fertilising As a consequence of this, self-pollinating plant populations are composed of individuals, each homozygous for the vast majority, if not all, of the genetic loci, and the progeny of such plants... cook-book, nor will it be an encyclopaedic work on industrial practice Rather, we hope to provide an overview of both sides of the coin, to introduce and explain the methods and possibilities of cereal transformation to non-specialists, and likewise to introduce to plant molecular biologists what it is that industrialists actually do with cereals in order to process them, bring them to the market, provide... of genetic engineering, it is possible to bring into a crop plant, different genes from other plants or even bacteria, fungi or animals Genes are, simplistically, made up of two parts; the coding region which determines what the gene product is (for example an enzyme like -amylase, or a seed storage protein like hordein ), and the promoter, a set of instructions specifying where, when and to what degree... following: CIMMYT, International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center ICARDA, International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (including barley, wheat) ICRISAT, International Crops Research Institute for Semi-Arid Tropics (including sorghum, millet) IITA, International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (including maize) IRRI, International Rice Research Institute WARDA, West Africa Rice... commercial crops In the first instance, homozygous in-bred lines are developed and deleterious traits (infertility, dwarfness, defective seeds, etc.) are removed from the population In this way, undesirable genes are removed from the line Continuous selection within lines for normal plants with desirable traits results in homozygous in-bred lines Crossing two complementary in-bred lines with good general combining... cultivated species is Avena sativa, but other species are also cultivated to a lesser extent, such as Avena orientalis, A nuda and A brevis There are several wild species of oats, some of which may be ancestral to the cultivated oats, but today are troublesome weeds (for example, Avena fatua) Oats form a minor component of the world cereal crop at 1.5% of total global cereal production (Fig 1.2) and . Shewry PR, Oxford, CAB International, 199 2, 19–44. PETERSON RF, Wheat, New York, Interscience Publishers, 1965. POMERANZ Y, Modern Cereal Science and Technology, Weinheim, VCH Publishers, 1987. VON. species, which has given taxonomists much employment, but in this chapter the view will be taken that there is one cultivated species with several subspecies (for example distichon, hexastichon,. Bartlett, 1994. DeCANDOLLE A, Origin of Cultivated Plants, New York, Hafner Publishing Co ., 1886 (reprinted 1959). GRIST DH, Rice, London, Longman, 1959. HILL AF, Economic Botany, New York, McGraw-Hill,