[...]... (Indian) medicine, in part because the Chinese have been more prone to absorb medical practices and < /b> pharmaceuticals from other cultures For example, ginseng (Korea), musk (Tibet), camphor, cardamom, and < /b> cloves (Southeast Asia), and < /b> aniseed, saffron, frankincense, and < /b> myrrh (Persia and < /b> Arabia) are part of traditional Chinese medicine pharmacopoeia The Chinese tra­ Pharmaceuticals 5 dition was also exported... government, academia, and < /b> venture capitalists Chapter 7 Regional Analysis This chapter explores the biotechnology developments, financial infrastructure, markets, and < /b> attitudes toward con­ troversial areas of research and < /b> development in five key regions: North America; Latin America; Europe; Asia, Australia and < /b> Africa; and < /b> Japan Parallels are made with financing strategies used with other industries For example,... example, early genomic studies revealed that a < /b> significant part of the parasite DNA resembles plant DNA and < /b> may be susceptible to pharmaceuticals that share properties with ordi­ nary weed killers This finding is critical because malaria has become more difficult to control and < /b> treat since malaria parasites have become resistant to traditional antimalarial drugs, such as synthetic quinine, a < /b> chemical... re­ search Readers of this book will gain an appreciation for the unique political and < /b> socioeconomic landscape within which academic and < /b> entrepreneurial biotechnology laboratories operate, and < /b> an understanding of the sociopo­ litical, technical, and < /b> labor infrastructures necessary for a < /b> successful biotechnology industry < /b> Most importantly, readers will have a < /b> clear vision of the global biotech < /b> market... drugs and < /b> dyes as part of war reparations The United States government confiscated and < /b> auctioned off all of Bayer’s American assets, including the names “Bayer” and < /b> “aspirin” and < /b> associated trademarks—which remained outside the German company’s control until it bought them back from SmithKline Beecham in 1994 Despite major setbacks from the pre-war pharmaceutical boom, by the 1930s, the German pharmaceutical... With data from these preclini­ cal trials, typically using mice and < /b> other lab animals, a < /b> proposal for clinical trials on humans is made to the Federal Drug Administration (FDA) Drugs with poor results in preclinical trials take longer to get ap­ Pharmaceuticals 13 proved Regulatory approval can take a < /b> year, or take as long as five or more years Furthermore, there is no guarantee that a < /b> candidate drug... patients A < /b> broad interpretation of biotech < /b> incorporates pharmaceuticals as well as dozens of other industries, from dairy, brewing, and < /b> computing, to med­ icine, the chemical industry,< /b> academia, materials manufacturing, and < /b> the military For example, the production of yogurt, cheese, and < /b> baked bread are as reliant on genetically manipulated microorganisms as is the produc­ tion insulin produced by bacteria... patients blood In theory, once the most appropriate candidate drug is identified, the pharmaceutical company will create the appropriate drug using recombinant DNA or other technology In addition to protein-based designer drugs, pharmaceuticals based on nucleic acids (for example, gene therapy) and < /b> carbohydrates (glycomics) promise to cre­ ate new markets for anti-inflammatories, as well as drugs targeting... from the Asia-Pacific Venture Capital Association, Chris Boulton from 3i Investments Plc, David Lai from UBS Private Equity, and < /b> Yeong Wai Cheong Georgie Lee from UOB Kay Hian educated me on what makes Asian biotech < /b> bankable Ehud Gonen from the Israeli Embassy in Singapore made science and < /b> technology an exciting curiosity Patrick Daniel, Raju Chellam, and < /b> Kenneth James, Ph.D., of Singapore Press Hold­... years Given the time and < /b> number of patients involved, Phase III Clinical Trials typically account for 75 percent or more of a < /b> $200 to 800 million drug development budget Once clinical trials have demonstrated the safety, efficacy, and < /b> clinical value of a < /b> drug, application for approval to market the candidate drug for a < /b> specific purpose is made to the FDA This regulatory approval process typically lasts . markets, and attitudes toward con- troversial areas of research and development in five key regions: North America; Latin America; Europe; Asia, Australia and Africa; and Japan. Parallels are. unique political and socioeconomic landscape within which academic and entrepreneurial biotechnology laboratories operate, and an understanding of the sociopo- litical, technical, and labor infrastructures. document Date: 2005.01.29 20:43:12 +08'00' ffirs.qxd 11/24/03 12:03 PM Page iii Biotech Industry A Global, Economic, and Financing Overview BRYAN BERGERON PAUL CHAN John Wiley &