QUAN HE VIET NAM - CHAU AU U€N AAINH QUflN SIT GlUti CHUfl TRJNH V6l HA LAN TRONG cudc NOI CHICN TRINH - NGUVIN THIKV XVII • • • TS. Tran Nam Tien Dai hgc Khoa hgc Xa hgi vd Nhan vdn TP. Ho Chi Minh 1. Vdo cuoi thi ky XVI, Hd Lan sd hiiu trong tay dpi ngii thuang nhdn hiing manh, ndng ddng, gidu kinh nghifm di bien bae nliat the gidi. Den dau the ky XVII, Ha Lan da xay dyng cbo minh dugc mdt ham dpi "gdm 15.000 thuyen vd 15 vgn ngu&i phuc vu. Id cdc thuyen chien duge trang bi vd ddng vitng chdi, luc lugrng hdi qudn Hd Lan khdng ngirng l&n mgnh trong su ghen ti cua cdc nu&c khde" Uu the vugt trdi ve phuang tien van chuyen nay Id nhan td quan trpng X f giiip Hd Lan gidnh phan thdng trong cdc cudc thuang chien, khdm phd vd chinh pbuc ddt dai ciing nhu cudp bdc thudc dia. Trong qud trinh md rdng dnh hudmg, tim kiem thj trudng, ngudi Hd Lan ciing da hudmg tam nhin ve phuang Ddng. Nam 1695, dpi XX X ^ thuyen ddu tien cua Hd Lan gdm 4 chiec vdi 240 thuy thii da khdi hdnh di phuang Ddng. Chuyen di tuy khdng dat dugc nhirng muc X X ^ X dieh de ra nhung da gdp phan "ciing cd niem tin mdnh liet cua gi&i thuang nhdn Hd Lan f y f 7 lite do: cdc chuyen di ve sau neu dugc td chitc vd dieu hdnh tdt hem thi trien vgng ve lgi nhudn tie nen mdu dich v&i phirang Ddng se rdt l&n " Trudc nhu cau khai thdc phuang Ddng Clia gidi thuang nhan, Nhd nudc Cdng hda Hd Lan da de ra gidi phdp thdng nhat cac cdng ty hifn cd cua cdc thanh phd vdo mpt cdng ty duy nhat. Tren ca sd dd, ngdy 20-3- 1602, Cdng ty Ddng An Hd Lan (Verenigde Oost-Indische Compagnie - VOC)^ dugc thanh lap d thii dd Amsterdam. Day dugc xem Id mgt trong nhiing cdng ty da qudc gia dau tien tren the gidi. Ngoai chire nang thuomg mai, Nhd nudc Hd Lan cdn cho Cdng ty ddc quyen budn bdn vdi phuang Ddng, duge phep thay mat Nhd nudc Ha Lan ky kit hifp udc, tuyen bd chiln tranh, diic tiln va thanh lap thudc dia. Ngay sau khi thanh lap, ' F. Ia. Polianxki, Lich sir kinh te cdc nudc. Tap 2 - Thdi ky chu nghia tu bdn, Truong HQu Quynh djch, Nxb. Khoa hoc xa hpi, Ha Noi, 1978, tr. 91. Tru6c hieu umg cua chuyin di diu tien nay, chi trong vong 7 nam (1595-1601), da co 15 doan voi ting cong 65 t^u buon Ha Lan di phuong Dong (Hoang Anh Tuan, Tu lieu cdc cdng ty Dong An Hd Lan va Anh vi Ke Chg Ddng Ngodi thi ky XVII. Nxb. Ha Noi, 2010, tr. 22-23). Cong ty gom c6 6 phong la Amsterdam, Zeeland, Delfi, Rotterdam, Hoom va Enkhuizen. Thoi gian tin tai cua Cong ty la 21 nam, sau do sg dugc nha nuorc Ha Lan can nhic gia han: ' Miht minlL quan SJU. 65 gidi lanh dao cua Cdng ty Ddng An Hd Lan da xay dyng hdn mdt chien luge kinh doanh lau ddi d phuomg Ddng. Mue tieu xuyen sudt cua Cdng ty Ddng An Hd Lan Id tien hdnh f '4 xay dyng mdt bf thdng cdc thuang diem f Uen hodn, mdt mang ludi thuang mai Ndi A trdi ddi tir Nam Phi den tan viing Vien Ddng xa xdi, trong dd phan ldn cdc thuomg diem tap trung d dia ban chau A ngdy nay. Tir ndm 1619, Cdng ty Ddng An Hd Lan ddt try sd d chau A tai Batavia (tiic Jakarta thudc Indonesia ngdy nay). Nam 1623, Cdng ty chilm ludn cdc ddo Java, Sumatra va lap ra Dutch East Indies hay Netherlands East Indies (xii Ddng An Hd Lan). Den nam 1641, ngudi Ha Lan ldm chu hodn todn eo biln Malacca ma trudc day do ngudi Bd Ddo Nha kilm sodt. Do vay, Cdng ty Ddng An Ha Lan eung lam chii ludn con dudng budn ban hd tieu qua eo bien Malacca. Mang ludi thuang mai Ndi A dugc xay dung dam bdo chdc chan cbo cdc thuang nhan Hd Lan xam nhap vdo phuang Ddng vd thilt lap mdt hf thdng budn bdn rdng ldm d khu vyc nay. Din giiia thi ky XVII, mang '* Thirong diSm la nh&ng co so bu6n bdn cua cac nuoc phirong Tay, la nai dat ciia hang, kho chiia hang h6a, phong lam viec cua thuoTig nhan nudc ngodi, c6 khi dirge xem nhu la mgt ca quan dai dien cua mgt cong ty lom, Ilic nay la cac cong ty Dong An. Lien quan mat thigt din hoat dgng cua cac thuang dilm nay la cong ty Dong An. Vl nguyen tic, do la cong ty cua nhffng tap doan tu ban doanh nghidp tu nhan, nhung ding thai cung dirge sir hS trg rit 16n vl nhilu mat cua chinh phu. Hoat dgng ciia cac cong ty Dong An se thong qua hoat dgng cua cac thuang dilm dat tai cdc nuac phuang Dong ma nuac do dat quan h? thong thuang. ludi thuomg mai Ndi A cd vai trd quan trpng. quylt dinh sy thanb cdng ciia Cdng ty Ddng An Hd Lan. Chinh vien Toan quyen Cornells f van der Lijn da pbdi thira nhan: "He thdng Ihuang mgi Ngi A Id linh hdn cita Cdng ty [Ddng An Hd Lan] nen edn duge bdo ve nghiem nggt, bdi neu linh hdn bi huy hogi Ihi thi xdc tdt yiu se bi tan rira"^ Trong he tbong cdc thuomg diem, cdc thuomg diem d An Dp vd Nhat Bdn cd vai trd rat quan trpng, quylt djnh sy thanb bai ciia mang ludi thuomg mai Ndi A. Trong qud trinh xay dyng mang ludi thuomg mai Ndi A, cdc thuomg nhan Hd Lan cung da chii y gay dyng quan he mau dich vdi Dai Viet. Ngay tir nam 1601, bai thuomg thuyen Ha Lan Id Leiden va Haarlem da den vimg biln Dang Trong, sau dd dd bd len dat Dang Trong vd da cd mdt cudc dung dp vii trang vdi nhan dan dia phuomg. Cudc dung dp khdng lam ngudi Ha Lan thay ddi y djnh thilt lap quan bf thuomg mai vdi vuomg qudc Dang Trong cua chiia Nguyen. Tai Hdi An, phdi dodn Ha Lan da dugc chiia Nguyen tiep ddn tir tl. Tuy nhien, do nghe tin ddn rang quan dia phuang dang chuan bj tan cdng vao hg, ngudi Hd Lan da vdi va rdi Hdi An, ddt pha vai ngdi nha cua dan ban dia khi chay ^ Dan theo Om Prakash, "European and Asian Merchants in Asian Maritime Trade, 1500-1800: Some Issues of Methodology and Evidence", in J. M. Flores, (ed.), Revista de Cultura 13/14: The Asian Seas 1500-1800, Local Societies, European Expansion and the Portuguese, Macao, 1991, pp.131- 139. 66 NGHIEN Cifu CHAU AU - EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N°l 1 (134).2011 thodt ra bien^ Ndm 1613, Gidm doe thuang diem Hirado (Nbat Ban) da cho thuyin chd cdc thir ngd voi, Ien da, chd den Ddng Trong xin budn bdn, nbung kbdng dat ket qud. Cd the ndi, nhung cudc tiep xiic ddu tien giira ngudi Ha Lan vdi chiia Nguyen d Ddng Trong deu that bai vd pban nao dd de lai an tugng kbdng tdt cbo quan be bai ben vc sau. Cdc ndm 1617 den 1618, chiia Nguyen Phiic Nguyen giri tbu cbo Cdng ty Ddng An Ha Lan de ngbj bg tdi Dang Trong budn bdn Thdi diem nay, quan bf giiia Hd Lan vd thj trudmg Trung Qudc dang cdng thdng vi kbdng tiep can dugc luc dja Trung Qudc. Trudc tinh the ndy, ngudi Hd Lan mudn tim mdt khu vyc budn bdn ddng vai trd trung gian giiia vimg bien Ddng Nam A vd Trung Qudc. Dia diem ndy phai ddp iing duge nhu X cau tieu thy bdng hda ciia Hd Lan vd mua dugc cdc loai hdng bda ciia Trung Qudc. Tuy nhien, viec trien khai quan hf vdi Dai Vift dien ra khd cham. Mai den ndm 1633, vifc budn bdn ciia ngudi Hd Lan vdi chiia Nguyen d Dang Trong mdi duge bit diu. Trong ndm nay, Cdng ty Ddng An Hd Lan da giri sir gia den Hdi An thdm dd thi trudmg vd giri qua bieu len Sai Vuomg. Ndm 1636, mdt / A, thuomg diem ciia Cdng ty Ddng An Ha Lan dugc md d Hdi An. Tir nam 1636 den 1637, moi nam cd hai 7 7 tdu Ha Lan tdi Dang Trong de trao ddi, budn Hoang Anh Tuin, sdd, tr. 25. ' Vi?n Sir hgc, Lich sir Viet Nam, tap IV: The kyXVII- XVIII, Nxb. Khoa hgc xS hgi, Ha Ngi, 2007, tr. 259. bdn. Cde tdu Hd Lan thudmg xuit phdt tir Hirado (Nhat Ban), qua Taiyuwan (cdng An Binh d Ddi Loan) tdi Dang Trong. Nhung trong thdi dilm nay, cdc thuang nhan Ha Lan kbdng djch ndi cdc thuomg nhdn Nhat Bdn trong vifc tbu mua to, ngudn Igi chinh yeu cua bg. Do khdng xam nhap dugc thi trudng to d Ddng Trong, thuang mai dinh ddn, ngudi Hd Lan hudmg tam nhin ra Dang Ngodi. Llie ndy cung Id thdi diem chinh quyen Mac phu d Nbat Bdn thi hdnh chinh sdch Tda qudc (sakoku), do dd cdc thuong nhdn Nbat pbdi tir bd mang ludi budn ban vdi cdc qudc gia Ddng Nam A. Nhan co hoi ndy, Cdng ty Ddng An Hd Lan da tim each thay the ngudi Nhdt trong xuat khau to lua 6 Ddng Ngodi sang Nhdt Ban dk ddi liy bac, ddng vd sau ndy Id vdng. Ci Vift Nam, day ciing Id thai ky chinh quyin Le-Trjnh dang tim cdcb md rdng quan hf vdi cdc nudc phuomg Tay nhdm thu mua vii khi phuc vu cho cugc chien tranh vdi Dang Trong. Tren CO sd dd, nam 1637, Cdng ty Ddng An Ha Lan da cir tdu Grol sang Dang Ngodi, gap chiia Trinh de thiet lap quan hf mau dicb va bang giao. Day dugc xem Id mdt sy khdi diu cbo qud trinh quan hf thdng trim giiia ngudi Hd Lan vd chinh quyin cua cdc chiia Trinh 6 Dang Ngoai (1637-1700), trong dd mdt lien minh quan sy giiia hai ben ciing dugc hinh thdnh. 2. Thang 3-1637, tau Ha Lan Grol din Dang Ngoai. Thuyin trudhg Kdrel Hartsinck da d J,. :„ "lu >£ieM itiinlt qudn iut 67 dan duge va xin dugc budn bdn d Ddng Ngoai. Muc tieu quan trpng Iiic ndy ciia cbiia Trinh Id tim cdcb thiet lap lien minh qudn sy vdi ngudi Hd Lan de tiln hdnh chiln tranh thu phuc cbiia Nguyen d Dang Trong. Muc tieu ndy dugc cbiia Trjnh cdng khai bdy td vdi Korel Hartsinck trong budi gap mat. Sau cudc gap ndy, chua Trjnh cbo phep ngudi Hd Lan ddt mdt thuomg diem d Dang Ngodi^ De the hien thifn chi cua minh, chua Trjnh da nban Hartsinck lam con nudi, ban cbo mii do ciia quan, lai ddt ten cbii Dang Ngodi Id Heyung-tuong^ vd cbo phep ngudi Hd Lan dugc ty do budn bdn d Dang Ngodi. Sy kifn nay da dugc nhd nghien ciiu ngudi Phdp George Dumoutier tudng thudt lai nhu sau: "Budi tiep kien ciia vua Le Thdn Tdng ddnh cho ngudi Hd Lan da dien ra rdt thudn lgi, hg nhdn dugc nhieu dn siing uu di ciia vi hodng de vd tranh thii cdm tinh duge nhieu vi quan trong trieu do cdch irng xie ciia hg vd cd le nhieu hom Id do nhUng mdn qud bieu. Bdn thdn Hartsinck da du kheo lea de nhd vua nhdn minh ldm con nudi" Sau dd chiia Trinb lai tien them mdt budc, ddt van de lien minh quan sy vdi vl dja dilm Cong ty Dong An Hd Lan lap thuang diem a Dang Ngoai, nhilu tai lieu cho la Pho Hien (Hung Yen). Nhung hien nay van con co nhilu y kiln khac nhau. Xem them D6 Thj Thuy Lan, "Vi su tin tgi cua throng diim Hd Lan a Phd Hiin the kyXVII", Tap chi Nghien ciiu Lich sir, sl 8 (368), 2008, tr. 64- 75. ' Hoang Anh TuSn, Sdd, tr. 27. G. Dumoutier, Les comptoirs Hollandais de Pho- Hien ou Pho-Khach, pres de Hung-Yen (Tonkin) au XVIf Steele, pp. 222. ngudi Hd Lan de ddnh Dang Trong. Trong nam 1637, cbiia Trinb da giri cho Toan quyen Cdng ty Ddng An Hd Lan mdt biic tbu de nhd ngudi Hd Lan giiip do chdng chua Nguyen d Ddng Trong. Biic thu" cd doan: f "( ) Mgt sd ngu&i hung bgo (lire hg Nguyen) da thiet lap mot chinh quyen tdeh biet tgi bien gi&i phia nam eua Bdn qudc. Chung dang dua vdo vi tri phdng thu virng chdc eua ehung de chdng lgi trieu dinh (eiia nhd Le tgi Thdng Long). Bdn qudc ehua ldm gi ehung ed vi e nggi rdng ed mdt edi gi do khdng dodn tru&c ed the xdy ra tren bien. Vi f f Quy qudc vuomg cd thien chi vdi Bdn qudc. f 7 r Quy qudc vuomg cd the cho Bdn qudc 2 hoge 3 tdu, hoge 200 linh bdn gidi duge khdng, X y f nhu mgt bdng chung ve su tdt bung eiia Quy qudc vuomg. Nhitng ngudi linh do ed the giiip Bdn qudc bdn dgi bdc. Ngodi ra, xin hay cho Bdn qudc 50 thuyen chien vai binh linh chgn lgc vd dgi bdc cd sire edng phd f r r mgnh Sau khi chien thdng, Bdn qudc se tdng cho binh linh ciia Quy qudc vuong 20.000 den 30.000 Igng bgc. Cdn ve phdn Quy qudc vuong, bdn qudc se trao cho Quy f '19 qudc vuomg Qudng Nam de tri vi " Thu viet bang chu Han nen nguai Ha Lan khong dgc dugc. Hg nhcr mgt thong djch vien Nhat Ban 6 Nagasaki ten 1^ Meison chuyen sang tieng Ha Lan. Meison gai ban djch cho nguai Ha Lan va giu nguyen ban la thu. '^ Iwao Seiichi, About the letter asking help from the Duch Navy, sent by Annam to Wulan (Ha Lan), TohoGaKu, sl 23, 1962, tr. 109-118. Xem thgm Thuan H6a, Nhiing cuoc doi ddu giira nhd Nguyen & nguai Hd Lan. Trong Nhiing vdn de lich sir vi triiu dgi cuoi citng a Viet Nam, Nxb. Van hoa Sai Gon, TP. H6 Chi Minh, 2002, tr. 16. 68 NGHIEN cau CHAU AU EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N°l 1 (134).2011 Nhim thuylt pbuc ngudi Ha Lan, cbiia Trinh Trdng vd tbi tir Trinh Tac thudng xuyen giri thdng thu va qud bilu tdi Todn quyin cua Cdng ty Ddng An Ha Lan la Antonio van Diemen d Batavia (Indonesia) cung nhu cdc vi gidm ddc thuomg mai ciia Cdng ty tai Dai Loan vd Nhat Bdn. Ndm 1639, chiia Trinh cir mdt sii bd sang thdm Batavia nhim tdng cudng quan bf bang giao vdi phia Hd Lan. Sy himg manh ciia Cdng ty Ddng An Hd Lan d phuong Ddng, ciing nhu quy md rdng ldn ciia tdng bdnh dinh Cdng ty d Batavia da tao an tugng manh cho sii dodn. Trong bdo cdo ve chuyen di giri cbo cbiia Trinh, sii dodn da X f de nghj chiia Trinb thdt chat bom niia quan hf A I -y bang giao vdi Cdng ty Ddng An Hd Lan Sau nhiing cudc thuomg thuyet lien tyc tu giiia ndm 1637 cbo den ndm 1638 ve lien minh quan sy, ndm 1639, ngudi Hd Lan quyet dinh xay dyng lien minh vdi Dang Ngodi. Phia Hd Lan ky vgng rang, thdng qua cdc mdi quan hf bang giao mat thiet, ehinh quyen Le-Trjnh se trao cho Cdng ty nhieu ddc quyen budn bdn tai Dang Ngodi, ddng thdi hy vgng chiia Trinh se bdi thudng cho ngudi Hd Lan nhiing tdn that md hg Nguyen da gay ra cbo Cdng ty trong nhiing ndm •il4 trudc dd Ndm 1640, phia Ha Lan da cir '^ Hoang Anh TuSn, Sdd, tr. 27. ''* Truac khi quyet djnh lien minh v6i chiia Trjnh, nguai Ha Lan da co mgt khoang thai gian do dg trudc dl nghj Clia chiia Trinh. Vi thuc te, ngu6i Hi Lan vin chu truang mgt chiln lugc lau dai tren bin dao D6ng Duong, do do hg vSn muon duy tri moi quan he hoa hilu voi chiia Nguyin a Dang Trong. Do d6, tuy thilt lap quan he vai Dang Ngoai nam 1637, Cong ty Dong Nicolaas Couckebaker Idm dai difn chinh thire cua minh dk tien hdnh vifc tbdo luan vdi chiia Trinh cdc dilu kifn lien minh. Cupc thdo luan thdi gian dau di vao cho be tac do chiia Trinh Trdng thing thimg tir chdi nhiing yeu ciu dugc xem Id "qua ddng" cua phia Ha Lan vl cdc khodn bdi thudng vd ddc quyen trong thuang mai. Tuy nhien, phia Ha Lan van tiep tuc the hifn mong mudn thiet lap lien minh vdi Dang Ngodi'^ Miia be nam 1640, Todn quyen vd Hdi ddng Cdng ty Ddng An ebo biet Batavia rat mong muon lien minh vdi Dang Ngodi de chdng lai Dang Trong. Tuy nhien, phia Ha Lan khdng nhan dugc sy phan hdi tir phia chiia Trinh. Nam 1641, Todn quyen lai giri thu cho chiia Trinh thdng bdo se dua qudn sang lien ket vdi chiia Trinh. Trudc sy nhift thdnh eua phia Hd Lan, chiia Trinh thdng bdo ddng y thiet lap lien minh vdi Hd Lan. 3. Trong ndm 1641, chiia Trinh Trang giri thu cho Toan quyin Ha Lan d Indonesia yeu cau giiip 5 chien bam, 600 binb linh vu trang diy du, vdi tram dai bdc, 200 phao binh Chiia Trinh ciing thdng bdo cbo phia An Ha Lan van tilp tuc duy tri thuang dilm a Hoi An. Nhung sau d6 1 nam, phia Ha Lan da quylt djnh tir bo thuang dilm a Hgi An tren co sa tinh loan nhffng nii ro c6 thi gap phai khi duy tri quan he chinh thiic v6i ca Dang Ngoai lln Dang Trong. (Xem Hoang Anh Tuin, Sdd, tr. 27) John Kleinen, Vi nhung ngudi bgn cH vd nhirng ngudi bgn gid mgo - Quan he ciia Hd Lan vdi Dang Trong thi ky XVII. Trong Su tir vd ring: Bon ihi ky quan he Hd Lan - Vi$t Nam, Nxb. Thi giai, Ha Noi, 2008, tr. 28. Dan theo Nguyin Phan Quang Truang Hiiu Quynh IVPH t-t:v f liiijrwt «».>.», ,.,„ •i,,„i hinrn Mieu mink qudn iu£ 69 Batavia, Ddng Ngodi se ddng y bdi thudmg cho Cdng ty Ddng An Hd Lan nhiing khodn that thodt ma chiia Nguyin da gay ra Cdng ty trong thdi ky trudc dd neu Cdng ty giiip dd Dang Ngodi chinh phuc thdnh cdng Ddng Trong'^ Ngdy 14-5-1641, Todn quyin Ha Lan tai Batavia giri thu cho chua Trinh Trdng, viet rdng hg da sdn sang cir tdu den de phdi hgp ddnh Dang Trong. Theo ke boach, quan dpi chiia Trinb se ddng tai cira bien Nhat Lf (Qudng Binh) de cbd ham dpi Hd Lan den tham chien. Mdt lien minh quan sy Dang Trong - Hd Lan timg budc dugc binb thanb. Nham that chat lien minh vdi phia Hd Lan, dau ndm 1642, chiia Trinh lai cir sii bd sang Batavia hdi dam vdi phia Cdng ty Ddng An Ha Lan. Mdt sy kifn xdy ra vdo thdng 11-1641 da khien cbo ngudi Ha Lan cdng them Cling ran trong thdi do ddi vdi chiia Nguyen d Dang Trong. Ngdy 26-11-1641, hai chiec tdu Gulden Buijs vd Maria de Medicis tren dudng tir Dai Loan ve Batavia bj ddm d bd bien Dang Trong. Tat cd nhiing ngudi Ha Lan song sdt (82 ngudi) deu bi bdt giam tai Hdi An vd hang hda thi bi cbinh quyin Ddng Trong tich thu. Cdc cudc thuang thuylt dl thd cdc con tin Ha Lan diu that bai'« (1427-1858), quyin 2, tap 1, Nxb. Giao due, 1976, tr. 149. " John Kleinen, Bai da din, tr. 29. '* Li Tana, Xir Ddng Trong - Lich sir kinh ti - xa hoi Viet Nam thi ky 17 vd 18, Ban djch ciia Nguyen Nghj, Nxb, Tre„TP. Hi Chi Minh, 1999, tr. 230. CCing thai dilm nay, mgt doan tau Ha Lan do Jacob van Liesvelt chi huy cung din khu vuc biln Da Ning (Tourane) Thdng 5-1642, phia Ha Lan cir mdt ham dpi gdm 5 tdu (Kievit, Meerman, Wakende Boei, Zeeuwsche Nacbtegaal vd Brack) ciing 222 thiiy tbu vd Iinh den Viet Nam. Chi huy cua ham dpi nay la Thiiy su dd ddc Jan van Linga. Ngdy 31-5-1642, phia Ha Lan cap vjnh Cambir (Quy Nhon), ddt ehdy 400 bode 500 ngdi nhd vd kho thdc vd bat giii 38 ngudi'^ Ngay lap tire, ngudi Ha Lan nhan ra rdng "chinh quyen Quinam (Dang Trong TG) da bdy binh bd tran tai cdc vimg ven 7 f y "yrt bien trong the tran phdng tbii rdi" Do dd, kbi linh Hd Lan tien vdo dat lien, bp da bi quan dpi chua Nguyen bao gdm 150 quan mai pbuc sdn tan cdng, thiet hai 23 ngudi ciing vdi vien ehi huy Van Liesvelt. Khi Jan Van Linga yeu eau chiia Trinh dem quan tan cdng qudn chua Nguyen, Trinh Trang ndi rang dng da phdi quan di nhung pbdi hdi binh vi ngudi Ha Lan khdng xuat hien. Cbiia Trinb yeu cdu Cdng ty phdi ham dpi sang Dang Ngodi vdo miia xuan nam tdi de cimg vdi dpi Dang Ngodi di ddnh Dang Trong. Nhung dieu ndy ed ve nhu Id mdt sy lira ddi mang tinh ngoai giao ciia chua Trjnh nham che day su khdng sdn Idng lien ket lyc lugng bit dan thuang va doi trao doi tu binh voi chinh quyen Dang Trong. Tuy nhien cugc thuang thao that bai do phfa Dang Trong khong d6ng y. " Thuan H6a, Nhiing cuoc doi ddu giUa nhd Nguyen & nguai Hd Lan. Trong Nhirng vdn de lich sir vi triiu dgi cuoi citng a Viet Nam, Sdd, tr. 245. ^° Xem Wilhelm Jozef Maria Buch, De Oost-Indische Compagnie en Quinam: de betrekkingen der Nederlanders met Annam in de XVIIe eeuw, H. J. Paris, Amsterdam, 1929. 70 NGHIEN CLfU CHAU AU EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N°l 1 (134).2011 chdng Nguyen Thang 3-1643, phia Ha Lan lai giri den mdt ham dpi gdm 5 tau chiln (Kievit, Wakende Boei, Zeeuwsche Nacbtegaal, Wijdcncs va Zandvoort) ciing 290 quan do Johannes Lamotius cbi buy, den cira sdng Thai Binh chd hdi quan vdi chua Trjnh de tan cdng "nbung ngirdi Dang Trong xau xa"" Nbung khi den nai, bp nban thay rang quan dpi ciia chua Trinh chua san sang cbo sy hgp tdc. Sy chain tre mdt cdcb khd bieu ciia chiia Trjnh Trdng lai khien cho ke boach hgp binh mdt Ian niia bj dd vd. Phia Hd Lan da khdi hanh ve lai Batavia, chi de lai chiec tau Wakende Boei de giiip chiia Trinh. Sau dd, hai chiec tdu Keivit va Zeeuwsche Nacbtegaal cung quay lai vi nhd miia gid bac, kbdng the ve Batavia Tiep dd, vdo thdng 7-1643, phia Ha Lan van kien nhdn pbdi den mdt ham dpi khde do Pieter Baeck chi buy de phdi hgp vdi chua Trjnh ddnh chiia Nguyen. Vira den Ddng Trong, ciing vdi 3 chiec tau cdn luu lai d Dang Ngoai, lyc lugng Ha Lan ky nay cd 3 tau Wijdenes, Waterhond vd Vos chd theo 200 linh, trong khi di ngang qua viing bien Cil Lao Cham (Hdi An), ngdy 7-7-1643, bam dpi Ha Lan da dung dp quan dpi cua cbiia Nguyen. Dodn chien thuyen quan Nguyen do Nguyen Phiic Tan chi huy lap tiic td chirc vdy danh dpi tau do Baeck dan dau, khien ehiing hodng loan bd chay. Trong tinh thi cip bdch, doi phuang ddnh ty phdng lira dit ehdy cbiic tdu tien phong do cbinh Baeck chi huy, gidi vay cho bam dpi trong tieng sung , _, ^ "yt ren vang Ian lira khdi mil trdi Theo Dgi Nam thuc luc tiin bien thi trdn ddnh nay lai xdy ra d gan edng Eo (tire Thuan An, Phu Vang, Thira Thien Hue ngay nay). Theo Le Thanb Khdi: "Cw(5c chien ndy qua that Id mgt ten hga. Tdu De Wijdeness (tdu hoa lieu) bi tidu diet, Thiiy su do ddc Pieter Baeck hi giet, hai tdu khde phdi ma du&ng mdu thdo 'yc chgy " Theo cdc tu lifu Ha Lan, trong cuoc ddi dau ndy cd 7 chien thuyen ciia Dang Trong bj phd hiiy, 700 den 800 Iinh bj giet. Sir trieu Nguyen da ghi lai tran danh quan ndy nhu sau: "Bdy gid gidc O Lan ddu thuyen ngodi bien, cirirj) bdc ldi hudn. Qudn tudn bien bdo tin. Chua (Ngu>en Pbiic Lan) dang bdn ke hogch ddnh dep. The lu (sau ndy Id chiia Nguyen Phiic Tan) lite thi mat bdo v&i Chu&ng ca Tdn Thdt Trung udc dua Ihity qudn ra ddnh. Trung Idy e& ehua bdm y f f r t menh, ngdn nggi ehua quyet. The tir ddc sudi chien thuyen cua minh tien thdng ra. Trung ' ' f f f y bdt ddc dl ciing ddc sudt chien thuyen theo di, den cua bien thi thuyin Thi tu dd ra ngodi khai Trung lay c& vdy lgi, nhirng The ^' Thuan Hoa, sdd, tr. 247. ^^ Wilhelm Jozef Maria Buch, sdd, tr. 29. " Hoang Anh TuSn, sdd, tr. 29. Ton Chau Quan, Nguyin Phiic Tdn vd trdn hdi chiin ljch sir ndm 1644, Tap chi Xua & Nay, sl 304, 2008, tr. 12-13. " Le Thanh Khoi, Le Viet Nam. Les Editions de Minuit, Paris, 1955, tr. 248. Theo Qudng Nam qua cdc thai dgi, C6 hoc tung thu, quyin I, 1974, tr. 144 cho ring 'ngudi Hd Lan qud mdt tinh thdn din noi tu phd tdu D'''! n'^-'i Ti:£/;!j" Mieu niluh qudn su' 71 tir khdng quay lgi. Trung ben giuc binh y r ^ ^ thuyen tien theo. Chien thuyen tru&c vd sau ludt nhanh nhu bay. Gidc trdng thdy cd sg. X ' nhdm thdng phia ddng md chgy, bd rai lgi mdt chien thuyen l&n. The lir ddc qudn vdy ban. Tudng gidc the cimg phdng lira tu ddt chet. The lir ben thu qudn ve"^ ^ Dien bien tren dugc sir gia Le Quy Ddn xdc dinh xay ra nam Quy Miii (1643) va tdm lugc: "Con thir hai (Phuc Lan) Id Phuc Tdn dem thiiy qudn ddnh phd dugc mudi chiec Idu cua gidc O Lan a cira Eo. Phuc Lan khen Id dimg, ben f •y'7 CO y dung ldm con ndi nghiep " Ket thiic tran ddnh, bam dpi Ha Lan bj coi nhu Id that bai vi bp kbdng cd dii siing than cdng tren tdu md lai cdn ddnh gid thdp phia ke tbii. Hai chiec tdu cdn lai thdo chay ve phia bdc vd budng neo d vjnh Bac Bd, khdng nghl den viec dirng lai de hgp quan vdi quan ddi cbiia Trjnh dang ddng d cira bien Nhat Le. Trong kbi dd, lyc lugng cbiia Trinh d day cd kboang 100.000 quan va nhieu thuyen chien. Trong ddi quan ciia chiia Trjnh liic nay cd sy tbam gia cua vua Le Than Tdng. Sau khi khdng the hdi quan vdi phia Ha Lan, chiia Trinh da cho nit quan ve. Phia Ha Lan hit siic bit man vdi bdnh ddng ciia cbiia Trjnh. Tuy nhien, de trdnh mat mat, vj phu trdch thuomg dilm Ha Lan d Hirado, ^^ Qu6c sii quan trilu Nguyen, Dgi Nam thuc luc tiin bien, ban dich Vien Sii hoc, Nxb. Sii hgc, 1962, tr. 73-74. ^' Le Quy Don, Phu bien tgp luc, ban djch Vien Sir hoc, Nxb. van hoa - Thong tin, Ha Ngi, 2007, tr. 65- 66. Jan van Elserack da cd gdng chdng che vdi cbiia Trinh Trdng rang Cdng ty Ddng An Ha Lan da thyc sy chien thdng Cd the ndi, cudc chien giira thiiy quan chua Nguyen vdi tdu chien Ha Lan trong nam 1643 la cudc dung dp ddu tien ciia quan Dai Vict vdi tau thuyen den tir phuong Tay vdi nhumg ky nang va phuang tien ky thuat virgl trdi. Phan thang thudc ve quan dpi chiia Nguyen la mpi sy tat yeu, qua dd danh gia dung ihuc krc quan sy ciia Dang Trong luc bay gid. 4. That bai trong nhirng lan hanh quan den Viet Nam da khien cho phia Ha Lan nan chi. Trong kbi dd, cbiia Trjnh van mong mudn tiep tyc duy tri lien minh. Ve that bai vdo miia be ndm 1643, trong tbu giri Toan quyen Ha Lan va Hdi ddng Ddng An. chiia Trjnh da than phien ve viec dpi tau ciia Cdng ty kbdng hdi quan diing diem hen la cua sdng Nhat Le, ddng thdi chi trich sy "nhiit nhat" ciia dpi quan Ha Lan: "Tdi cir ludng Todn quyen giiip dd tdi lau chien vd hinh .sT nhirng chd mdi md chdng ihdy den. ha chiec Idu luu lgi Ddng Ngodi tir mita xudn. Idi dd chu edp ddy du cho thuy thu vd binh si de hg ed the ciing tdi tien vdo Poutsin [cira sdng Nhdt Le]. Tdi coi trgng hg vi nghi rdng hg Id nhirng chien binh kien cudng. Vdy nhirng hg chdng giiip tdi, ciing chdng cd lay mot chiit diing khi ndo de chien ddu v&i ke thii [ehi ngu&i Ddng Trong]. Khi tdi ra lenh cho hg xdng len de bdn phd qudn dich, hg lir chdi vd 28 Wilhelm Jozef Maria Buch, sdd, tr. 33. 72 NGHIEN Cifu CHAU AU EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N°11 (134).2011 cho tdu chgy l&i chgy lui ngodi viing nu&c sdu, cdch qud xa b& bien. Bai le do ddm ngu&i Ddng Trong dirng cudi, het sire khinh bl hg "' Sau dd, chiia Trjnh tiep tuc keu gpi sy hgp tac ciia phia Hd Lan: "De nghi Todn quyen cir mgt hgm dgi cimg v&i 5.000 qudn den dc cimg tdi lien ddnh Ddng Trong cho den khi gidnh duge thdng lgi cudi citng. Nhung Todn quyen nen cdn nhde cir di nhirng chien binh dimg cdm. dirng dua thuang nhdn sang b&i neu Todn quyen cd giri den 20 tdu ciing khdng ldm gi dugc qudn Ddng Trong bai chiing & edeh xa ddt liin. Vi vdy. Todn quyen nen cir qudn dgi sang chien ddu tren bd " Mac dil phia Ddng Ngodi mudn tilp tyc lien minh, ngudi Hd Lan van quylt dinh doan tuyft vifc lien minh quan sy vdi cbiia Trinh chdng lai Ddng Trong'" Nhiing biia X X / ben ve ddc quyen kinh te cua cbiia Trinh liic ndy khdng cdn khien ngudi Hd Lan quan tdm vi theo hp cbiia Trjnh khdng bao gid cd the den bii dugc cbo Cdng ty Ddng An Hd Lan 29 VOC 1149, Gelranslateerden hrieif van den Toncquinsen coninq aen den gouvemeur generael, 1643, fos. 683-685 (Ban djch ciia Hoang Anh TuSn). 30 Nt. Mac dil khong c6n lien minh v6i Dang Ngoai, nhung phia Ha Lan van dan phuang duy tri tinh trang chien tranh vai Dang Trong. Nam 1644, phia Ha Lan da phai mgt ham dgi sang danh pha hb biln Dang Trong nhung khong thu dugc ket qua. Ngay ca sau khi da ky ket hoa uac vdi chua Nguyen vao nam 1651, quan he Ha Lan - Dang Trong vin tin tai trong khong khi thii han. Trong thai gian nay, phia Ha Lan chi thj cho cac tau cua Cong ty buon ban qua khu vuc bien Dong tan cong va bit giff cac thuang thuyin ngoai quoc den buon ban vai xii Dang Trong (Xem Wilhelm Jozef Maria Buch, Sdd, tr. 74-103). f f nhiing mat mdt tir cudc chien. Day ciing la quan dilm cua Karel Hartsinck khi bdo cao vdi Ban Gidm ddc d Amsterdam rdng "cdi f * f qudc gia Ddng Ngodi hgi bgc dy neu co chien thdng Ddng Trong di chdng nira ciing f khdng giir l&i hira v&i Cdng ty, vi the Cdng ty nen bd ke hogch chinh phuc Ddng Trong. de cho chinh ngu&i Ddng Ngadi tu ldm " Ngay sau khi phia Ha Lan quyet djnh cham dut lien minh quan sy vdi Ddng Ngoai, quan hf giiia thuang diem Ha Lan tai day vdi chinh quyen Le-Trinb ngay cang xau di. Pban Idm cdc ddc quyen budn ban phia trieu dinh trao cbo phia Cdng t>' trudc da> bi bai bd. Trudc sy viec ndy. cbiia Trjnh Trdng lai giri thu cho Todn quyen Ha Lan d Batavia yeu cdu: 1. Neu thyc bung giup Trjnh thi phdi giiip du 200 chien ham vd 4 van linh; 2. Neu khdng, thi tir nay Iui tdi budn bdn xin ciir theo If cu: 25.000 lang bac thul, 40.000 lang bac ddt trudc de mua to cbo Cbiia. Khdng thyc hifn mdt trong hai dilu tren thi xin dimg den Dang Ngoai budn bdn niia^^ Bilt khd Idng can thifp quan sy vao Viet Nam, Todn quyin Ha Lan d Batavia ddnh ehju nop thul vd dat tiln mua to cua Chua. Thai do lanh nhat cua chiia Trjnh vdi ngudi Ha Lan cdn tao dieu kifn cho quan lai nhiing nhieu thuomg diem, ep ngudi Ha Lan nop bac dl ddi liy to lua voi gia cao, ddng thdi gay kho de cho cdng vifc lam an cua thuang dilm. ^^ Wilhelm Jozef Maria Buch, Sdd, tr. 100. Nguyen Phan Quang Truang Hffu Quynh Nguylr Mihi niltilt qudit lu! 12> Sau thdi ky ddng bang trong quan bf (1644- 1651), quan hf giiia Dang Ngoai vdi Cdng ty Ddng An Hd Lan phdt trien trd lai, nhung X ^ ciing trdi qua nhieu giai doan thdng tram khde nhau cho den khi thyc sy cham dirt vdo ndm 1700. 5. Nbin chung, sy hifn difn ciia thuomg r X diem Ha Lan d Ddng Ngoai ciing nhu nhieu thuomg nhan ngoai qudc khde da gdp pban ddng ke vdo nhiing chuyen bien kinh te xa hpi Ddng Ngoai the ky XVII. Mac dii gidi f 7 ban chil yeu vdo boat ddng mau dich ddi bac lay to lua vd cung cap vii khi cho phu Chiia X X nhdm tranh thu ddc quyen budn bdn, sy bifn dien vd boat ddng eua ngudi Hd Lan d Dang Ngodi the ky XVII da dnh hudmg sau sdc den sy phdt trien ehung ciia lich sir Vift Nam. Dac bift vl mat qudn sy, sy binh thanh lien minh qudn sy giura cbiia Trinh vd ngudi Ha Lan (1637-1643) da cho thiy mdt bude phdt triln quan trgng trong lich sir Vift Nam ndi chung va lich sir quan sy ndi rieng. Nam 1627, cudc chiln tranh Trinh - Nguyen nd ra. Sau mdt thdi gian, chiia Trinh da nhan ra ring hg khdng the ddnh bai chiia Nguyen cbi bing sue lyc ciia minh. Do dd, nhu ciu tim kilm mdt ddng minh de ciing cd siic manh cbo Dang Ngoai ludn dugc chiia Trinh quan tam. Va trong qua trinh tilp xiie vdi ngudi phuang Tay, chiia Trinh da chgn Ha Lan - mdt qudc gia phuang Tay dang cd uu thi ban cd. Tir phia Ha Lan, trong qud trinh tilp can vao Viln Ddng, hg ciing rit can tim kiem nhiing dong minh de cd the giiip hg md rdng dnh hudmg, phdt trien viec budn bdn, trong dd mdt pban ciing do nhiing xung dot trudc dd giiia hp vdi Dang Trong. Hom the, vife lien minh vdi Dang Ngodi cdn Id CO hdi de ngudi Hd Lan can thiep vao viing dit ndy tdt bom bao gid bet. Dd chinh la nhiing co sd dk lien minh quan sy giira Dang Ngoai vd Ha Lan dugc binb thanh. Tuy nhien, lien minh ndy ngay tir khi hinh thanb da cbo thay day Id mdt lien minh khdng ben viing. Vd sau mdt thdi gian, lien minh nay da f tan ra md khdng dem lai mdt ket qua nao. Lien minh quan sy Dang Trong - Ha Lan that bai do nhieu nguyen nhan. Trudc tien, trong qud trinh lien minh vdi cbiia Trinb, phia Ha Lan khdng tim hieu ky ve thyc lyc Dang Trong vd ddnh gid thap tiem lyc hdi quan ciia chiia Nguyin d Dang Trong. Dilu ndy dan den thai dp chii quan eiia ngudi Hd Lan. Cdng ty Ddng An Ha Lan da phe phdn rit ndng ne cdc chi huy cdc ham dpi eua minh vi tdi kbdng sdn sdng iing phd vdi cdc cupc tin cdng eua ddi phuang. Trong cd hai lin doi diu vdi quan chiia Nguyen, ngudi Hd Lan ludn bj dat vao the bi ddng va ludn thit thi khi chiln tran nd ra. Ben canh dd, nguyen nhdn quan trpng nhit khien lien minh quan sy giiia chua Trinh vd ngudi Ha Lan khdng cd hifu qud, dd chinh Id thdi dp thilu tinh hgp tdc cua phia chiia Trinh. Trong tit ca nhiing lin xuit quan eiia phia Hd Lan diu khdng dugc sy ho trg tu phia chiia Trinh. [...]... quylt dinh buy bd lien minh chdu Au & nu&c An Nam, ban dich Nguyen quan sy vdi Ddng Ngoai Sau cudc xung dpt Thira Hy, Nxb TbI gidi Ha Ndi, 2006 vdi Dang Trong, uy tin ciia Cdng ty Ddng An Ha Lan tai Vien Ddng cd pban suy gidm Cudc xung dot vdi Ha Lan trong nhirng nam 1640 cung da phan dnh mdt budc ngoat trong sire manh quan sy ciia chua Nguyen d Dang Trong Cdng ty Ddng An Ha Lan, vdi mdt lyc lugng... vdi ddi phuomg Trong cdc cudc chien, chiia Nguyen cd thdi dp cuong quyet ddi vdi ngudi Hd Lan, ludn sdn sdng cho mdt cudc chien vd ludn d vj tri chu ddng Biet duomg ddu vd chien thdng vdi mdt ham ddi thien chien, cd kinh nghifm, tirng bd chii viing bien nhu Ha Lan, cho thdy lye lugng hdi quan ciia chiia Nguyen thudc loai manh, cd kha ndng bdo vf dugc viing bien thudc chii quyen cua minh TAI LIEU THAM... Hodng Anb Tuan, Tu lieu cdc cdng ly Ddng An Hd Lan vd Anh ve Ke Chg Ddng Ngodi thi ky XVII, Nxb Ha Ndi, 2010 5 Le Thdnh Khdi, Le Viet Nam Les Editions de Minuit, Paris, 1955 6 Li Tana, Xir Ddng Trong f Lieh su f kinh te - xd hgi Viet Nam the ky 17 vd 18, ban dich cua Nguyen Nghj Nxb Tre, TP Hd Cbi Minh, 1999 7 Nguyen Phan Quang - Truang Hiru Quynh - Nguyen Cdnh Minh, Lich sir Viet Nam (I-127-1858) quyen... Dang Trong Cdng ty Ddng An Ha Lan, vdi mdt lyc lugng hdi thuyen khd manh, trang bj vu kbi tdi tan vdo thdi bay gid, da ehinb pbuc dugc Batavia (Indonesia) nbung kbdng the chien thdng dugc quan ddi Ddng Trong Dieu nay chirng td qudn ddi chiia Nguyen, ddc biet Id lyc lugng hdi quan Iiic nay khd manh Theo Dgi Nam thuc lue lien ^ X «„ 7 bien quan ddi trieu Nguyen duge chuan bi khd ebu ddo vi hg da nhan dugc... Tre, TP Hd Cbi Minh, 1999 7 Nguyen Phan Quang - Truang Hiru Quynh - Nguyen Cdnh Minh, Lich sir Viet Nam (I-127-1858) quyen 2, tap 1 Nxb Giao due 1976 8 Nhieu tdc gid, Su tu vd rdng: Bdn the ky quan he Hd Lan - Viet \am, Nxb The gidi Ha Ndi, 2008 9 Qudc sir qudn trieu Nguyen, Dgi Nam Ihuc lue tien bien, ban dicb Vifn Sir hpc, Nxb Sir hpc, 1962 10 Vifn Sir hgc, Lich sir Viet Nam, tap IV: TbI ky XVII-XVIII,... Wilhelm Jozef Maria Buch, De OoslIndische 1 Charles B Msiyhon, Histoire moderne du pays d'Annam (1592-1820), Libraire Plon, Paris, 1919 1637-1700, Relations, Compagnie en Quinam: de betrekkingen der Nederlanders met Annam in de XVIIe eeuw, H J Paris, Amsterdam, 1929 . nao. Lien minh quan sy Dang Trong - Ha Lan that bai do nhieu nguyen nhan. Trudc tien, trong qud trinh lien minh vdi cbiia Trinb, phia Ha Lan khdng tim hieu ky ve thyc lyc Dang Trong vd. ciia Dang Trong luc bay gid. 4. That bai trong nhirng lan hanh quan den Viet Nam da khien cho phia Ha Lan nan chi. Trong kbi dd, cbiia Trjnh van mong mudn tiep tyc duy tri lien minh. Ve. (Qudng Binh) de cbd ham dpi Hd Lan den tham chien. Mdt lien minh quan sy Dang Trong - Hd Lan timg budc dugc binb thanb. Nham that chat lien minh vdi phia Hd Lan, dau ndm 1642, chiia Trinh