[...]... Membrane Technology 359 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 10.5 10.5.1 10.5.2 10.6 10.7 10.8 10.9 10.10 Microfiltration Ultrafiltration Module Design Filtration Resistances Equipment Scale-up and Modelling Models of Flux Decline EquilibriumFlux Models Diafiltration Permeate Flux Maintenance and Regeneration Applications and Investigations References Nomenclature 363 368 368 371 372 376 378 388 389 392 393 395 11 Filtration. .. dispersive and agglomerative forces present m these systems are functions of temperature, agitation, pumping conditions, etc all of which complicate the situation and produce the result that suspension properties cannot be explained m hydrodynamic terms alone Despite these formidable problems, modern filtration and separation technology continues to produce separations m seemingly mtractable situations, and. .. rate and viscosity7particle size and concentration, filter medium pore rating and their effects on the tihation process As mentioned m the previous section, the separation stage is rarely required m isolation and is often followed by drying or dewatering of the porous deposits andor purilication of the recovered solids by washing Re and post-treatment processes such as flocculation, n coagulation and. .. use of depth filtration equipment The process techniques used and the filtration mechanisms mvohed m depth filters are outlined m Chapter 6, which mcludes information on sand filters and cartridges The effectiveness of the simple sand filter can be improved by superimposing a layer of anthracite on the surface of the sand layer This is shorn in Figure 1.9 where a dual layer of anthracitelsand is contained... Solutions of Continuity and Flow General Relations Arrangements, Types and Designs Applications Centd3galFiltration Batch Discharge C e n e g e s BatchDischarge Centd3ge Capacity Continuous Discharge Machines Selection of Filtering Centd%ges Centd3ge ProductiVities n Filtration and Permeation i Centfigation Wash Time spin Dry Practical Equilibrium Saturation Studies n Theoretical Filtration Rates i Centfiges... 2 1 Solid Liquid Separation Technology be retained as a possiiitity in those circumstances where gravity separation proves to be impossible, and the nature of the partidates was such as to make Wation “dif3icdt” The latter condition would ensue when dealing with small, sub-micron material, or soft, compressible solids of the type encountered in waste water and other eilluents Some separations require... to fluid flow of the particles and the filter medim Flow can also be created by spjnning the suspension,thereby creating a centdhgal force m the system Thus, centdkgal filters, fitted with suitable filter media are found m many applications m the food, beverage, and pharmaceutical industries 6 I Solid Liquid Separation Technology 1.3 Filtration Fundamentals An understanding of the physical mechanisms... Files Index 529 Solid-LiquidFiItration and Separa tion TechnoIogy A.Rushton, A.S Ward & R G Holdich copyright 0 VCH Verlagsgesellschaft mbH, 1996 1 Solid Liquid Separation Technology 1.1 Introduction It is di&xlt to identi@a largescale industrial process which does not involve some form of solid-hid separation In its entirety, the latter activity involves a vast array of techniques and machines This... into cartridge and candle filters In these applications, the rigid medium will usually be fashioned into a cylinder, although other shapes exist Random porous media (sand, anthracite, filter aids) will be used m clarification processes These generahations can also be extended to flexiile and rigid membranes descriied in Chapter 10 1.5 Filter Media 11 The filtxation mechanisms invoked i separations using... more acceptable In clarification systems m v o h g depth filtration, loose media are used which are often associated with pores thousands of times larger than the particles requiring filtration However, deposition of the movjng solids onto the medium does occur, and clarified liquids are obtained Such separations depend on the surfice condition and area of the media used m deep-bed systems Chapter 4 . Pressure and Rate Filtration Effect of Pressure on Cake Filtration Constant Pressure Filtration Constant Rate Filtration Analysis of Flow Inside a Cake Variable Rate and Pressure Filtration. CMcation Fjltration Sedimentation and Flotation Washing and Deliquoring Membrane Filtration Filtration Process Equipment and Calculations References Nomenclature Filtration Fundamentals RG Membrane Technology RG. Holdich Microfiltration Ultrafiltration Module Design Filtration Resistances Equipment Scale-up and Modelling Models of Flux Decline Equilibrium Flux Models Diafiltration