[...]... boiler pressures  Saturated pressure psig 0  Absolute steam pressure psia Bar absolute Approximate temperature °F Approximate temperature °C 10 0  14 .7  1. 10  21 2   50  64.7  4.46  29 8  14 8  10 0  11 4.7  7. 91 338  17 0  15 0  16 4.7  11 .36  366  18 6  20 0  21 4 .7  14 .80  388  19 8  300  314 .7  21 . 70  422   21 7   600  614 .7  42. 38  489  25 4  900  914 .7  63.07  534  27 9  12 00  12 14.7  83.75  569  29 8  15 00  15 14.7 ... of  a  volume  of  gas  (v)  is  equal  to  the   product  of  the  universal  gas  constant  (R)  and temperature  (7).  Pv 1. 1 .2   =  RT  The Separation of Steam and Water Fire  tube  boiler designs  employ  the  upper  internal  portion  of the  boiler vessel   as a compartment  to hold the generated  steam,  while WT  boilers  Boiler Water Treatment: Principles and Practice 8 Table   1. 1  Saturated ... AVP   All­Volatile  programs  XXV xxvi Boiler Water Treatment: Principles and Practice AVT  All­Volatile   treatment Barg  bar   (pressure),  gravity  BD  blowdown  BDHR  blowdown   and heat  recovery  system  BF  blast   furnace  BOF  basic   oxygen  furnace  boiler BOOM  build,   own,  operate,  maintain  BOP  balance   of  plant  BS&W  basic   sediment  and water BSI  British   Standards  Institution ... in Figure 1. 1.  (a)   (b)  Figure   1. 1  Steam  generation  from  a  heated  surface,  showing  nucleate  boiling,   leading  to bubbly,  intermediate,  annular  and mist  flow  forms  of  convective   boiling.  Steam  bubbles  in water (a) leading  to  water droplets  in   steam (b).  6  Boiler Water Treatment: Principles and Practice Heat   transfer  rates  in  modern  boilers  are  relatively  high,  and ... no  means  limited  to  the  boiler itself,  in  practice, boiler water treatment   also  includes pre -boiler and post -boiler functions  and further  requires  that all the various types of water utilized are controlled  through  a   comprehensive  treatment and proactive  management  program.  Clearly,   the  lack  of  or  the  use  of  an  inappropriate  boiler water treat­ ment   program ...   the  traditional  view  of  boiler water treatment (and water treatment   in  general)  is  changing.  The  marketplace  is  indicating  that  water   treatment is  merely  part  of  a  more  comprehensive  technical  sup­ port   and management  services  industry  for  various  water,   wastewater,  and   manufacturing  process  systems.  Increasingly,  water treatment is  widening   in ... improvements  in  engineering  design  and practice,   many  differ­ ent   forms  of  external  water treatment processes  and internal  water treatment   programs  have  been  developed.  Today  a wide range of modern water treatment processes and programs  are  available that have been  developed  and perfected  to suit the many  dif­ ferent   types  and applications  of  boilers  now  operating. These ... disciplines  and a  depth  of  water treatment problem­solving  xxiv Boiler Water Treatment: Principles and Practice experience  to overcome technical and operational problems  and also add  value   to their  customers  operations.  But  in  today's  global  economy,  the  sheer  permutation  of  available  niche  services, the  growing  demands  for  both   outsourcing  of  non­core  utility  functions,  and ... the  heat­transfer   and steam  generation  processes,  to  adversely  affect  the  xvii xviii Boiler Water Treatment: Principles and Practice quality   and purity  of  steam,  and to  act  as  primary  instigators  in  the  cor­ rosion   and wastage  of  boiler plant  system  materials  of  construction.  A  wide  variety of chemical reactions and physical mechanisms can and will  take   place, ...  fans, FW tanks, and so forth.  This  system is variously  known  as  a   steam­raising  plant  or  a  boiler plant,  or  by  a  similar  name,  and is  usually   contained  within  a boiler house  (although  in  suitable  climates  many   field­erected  power  boiler plants  are  framed  in  steel  but  are  nev­ ertheless   open  to the  elements).  1 2 Boiler Water Treatment: Principles and Practice . Plant Efficiency 14 2 Boiler Types and Applications 23 2 .1 Electric Boilers 24 2. 2 Fire Tube (Shell) Boilers 29 2. 3 Water Tube Boilers 39 2. 4 Nuclear Reactor Boilers 61 3 Boiler Plant Subsystems,. Adjuncts 510 11 .4 Alkalinity Boost Chemistries 545 11 .5 Antifoam and Defoamer Chemistries 548 11 .6 Multiblend Formulations 555 12 Control of Boiler Water Chemistry 559 12 .1 Water Treatment. 12 .2 Tables and Supporting Notes 566 13 Operational Control of Waterside Surfaces 599 13 .1 Sampling and Testing Steam and Condensate 599 13 .2 Managing Standby and Idle Boilers 606 13 .3 Boiler