[...]... Natural Clay Catalysts 5.3.2 Synthetic Silica Alumina Catalysts 5.3.3 Preparation of Synthetic Catalysts 5.4 Zeolite Catalysts 5.4.1 Commercial Zeolites 5.4.2 Production of Zeolites 5.4.3 Formation of Active Sites by Ion Exchange 5.4.4 Use of Zeolites in Catalytic Cracking 5.4.5 The Catalyst Matrix 5.5 Octane Catalysts (Catalysts to Increase Octane Rating) 5.5.1 Hydrothermal Dealumination of Y-Zeolites... Development of Hydrogenation Catalysts 3.1.1 Sabatier and Senderens 3.1.2 The First Industrial Application of Nickel Catalysts 3.1.3 Ipatieff and High-Pressure Hydrogenation of Liquids 3.1.4 Colloidal Platinum and Palladium Catalysts by Paal 3.1.5 Platinum and Palladium Black Catalysts by Willstatter 3.1.6 Adams’ Platinum Oxide 3.1.7 Raney Nickel Catalysts 3.1.8 Nickel Oxide/Kieselguhr Catalysts 3.1.9... the use of catalysts followed from a mass of experimental observations, such as those shown in Table 1.1, accumulated after Berzelius2 defined catalysts in 1835 (Figure 1.1) Although the first catalyst was a gas, there are only a few homogeneous catalysts in use today Most industrial catalysts are solids and operate heterogeneously in gas or liquid phase reactions Most of the basic ideas of industrial. .. ideas of industrial catalysis gradually evolved during the early period of development The use of particular groups of metals for hydrogenation and oxidation reactions was investigated first in the laboratory and then industrially Simple reactors with better control of operating conditions were L Lloyd, Handbook of Industrial Catalysts, Fundamental and Applied Catalysis, DOI 10.1007/978-0-387-49962-8_1,... 8.2.6 Supported Polypropylene Catalysts 8.2.6.1 Third-Generation Catalysts 8.2.6.2 Fourth-Generation Catalysts 8.3 Phillips Polyethylene Catalysts 8.3.1 Catalyst Production 8.3.2 Catalyst Reduction 8.3.4 Catalyst Operation 8.3.5 Catalyst Modifiers 8.3.5.1 Titanium 8.3.5.2 Alumina and Zirconia 8.3.5.3 Fluorides 8.3.6 Use of Co -catalysts 8.3.7 Organo-chromium Catalysts 8.4 Other Catalysts 8.5 Polymerization... TABLE 1.5 Preparation and Application of Industrial Catalysts Preparation Impregnation Application Suitable supports impregnated with soluble salts of the catalytic metals which are decomposed to oxides and reduced before use Catalyst Catalysts containing small amounts of precious metals or easily impregnated amounts of base metals Precipitation Carbonates/hydroxides of catalytic metals precipitated, decomposed... control access to the active sites of the catalyst Pore size and surface areas can be moderated in a number of ways to control selectivity and access of large molecules to the catalyst It is interesting to remember that 500 g of catalyst with a surface area of 100 m2.g−1 has a total area of about 12 acres A catalyst charge of 40 tonnes therefore has a total surface of almost 1 million acres An amazing... combustion of ethanol to give acetic acid over spongy platinum—also combustion of hydrogen over spongy platinum (Dobereiner’s Tinder Box) Reaction of hydrogen and chlorine over platinum Oxidation of sulfur dioxide with air over platinum Platinum poisoned by hydrogen sulfide and carbon monoxide First definition of a catalyst Oxidation of ammonia to nitrogen oxides over platinum 0 sponge at 300 C Oxidation of. .. quantity of product produced per unit volume of catalyst per unit time) during industrial operations The space-time yield, or activity of a catalyst, determines the reactor size for a particular process The ratio of volumetric gas flow per hour to catalyst volume under the design conditions chosen is known as the space velocity through the catalyst bed TABLE 1.4 Some Typical Catalysts Used in Industrial. .. Olefin Polymerization Catalysts 8.1 Low-Pressure Polyethylene 8.1.1 Polyethylene Process Development 8.1.2 The Development of Polypropylene Catalysts 8.2 Ziegler–Natta Catalysts 8.2.1 Early Polyolefin Catalysts 8.2.2 Ziegler’s Brown Titanium Trichloride 8.2.3 Natta’s Violet Titanium Trichloride 8.2.4 Second-Generation Propylene Polymerization Catalysts 8.2.5 Supported Polyethylene Catalysts 8.2.6 Supported . SOLID SURFACES V. P. Zhdanov HANDBOOK OF INDUSTRIAL CATALYSTS Lawrie Lloyd METAL-CATALYSED REACTIONS OF HYDROCARBONS Geoffrey C. Bond METAL–OXYGEN CLUSTERS: The Surface and Catalytic Properties of Heteropoly. the scientific basis of the technique, details of its practical applications, and examples of its usefulness. An industrial process or a class of catalysts forms the basis of other books, with. introduction of catalysts to reduce automobile exhaust emissions in response to environmental regulations. This has been one of the major catalyst growth areas of the past 20 years and the use of catalysts