[...]... stronger interaction An increasing number of studies indicating potential application of carbon supports, particularly those of AC and CB, in hydroprocessing catalysis have been noted Carbon fibers and CNT have been attracting attention as well, whereas so far little information supports the use of fullerenes in hydroprocessing applications Carbons and Carbon- Supported Catalysts in Hydroprocessing By... 6 Contents Carbon- Supported Catalysts 6.1 6.2 6.3 Chapter 7 48 48 51 55 55 56 60 63 63 71 71 83 87 89 92 92 92 101 103 Kinetics and Mechanism of Hydroprocessing Reactions over Carbon and Carbon- Supported Catalysts 7.1 7.2 Chapter 8 Preparation of Carbon- Supported Catalysts 6.1.1 Pretreatment of Carbon Supports 6.1.2 Loading of Metals on Carbon Supports Characterization of Carbon- Supported Catalysts. .. CHAPTER 1 Introduction Carbon materials have been attracting attention as potential supports in heterogeneous catalysis Thus, only in 2006, the number of articles dealing with various types of catalysts supported on carbon approached 1000 Among these, only a fraction was devoted to hydroprocessing catalysts It is, however, emphasized that interest in carbons as supports for hydroprocessing catalysts. .. to produce carbon black from coal.5 Particle size, structure (aggregate size) and surface area are among the important properties of CB Structure refers to the size of the primary Carbons and Carbon- Supported Catalysts in Hydroprocessing By Edward Furimsky r Edward Furimsky, 2008 4 5 Industrial Carbons aggregates Thus, CB consisting of many prime particles with extensive branching and chaining is referred... availability of carbon, the C–Mo–S entities may be present and participate during hydroprocessing reactions even for the catalysts supported on g-Al2O3 and other supports 3.1.3 Effect of Support The recent study of Kagan and coworkers77,78 focusing on the differences in the structures of active phase in the AC- and g-Al2O3 -supported catalysts, contributed to the understanding of the hydroprocessing catalysis... available information indicates some beneficial effects, although overall, there might be some limitations on the use of carbon materials as the supports for hydroprocessing catalysts Carbons that are used industrially exist in a highly ordered crystalline form (diamond and graphite) and a less ordered amorphous form Figure 1 depicts models of these carbons Amorphous forms of carbons such as carbon black... neutral nature and little interaction with active metals, carbon supports are suitable to study the structure of active phase without interference as is usually the case of oxidic supports Consequently, the understanding of the active phase in hydroprocessing catalysts was significantly advanced Carbons alone exhibit activity in some hydroprocessing reactions The ability of carbons to adsorb and activate... for the loading of active metals, the conditions applied during sulfiding, the operating conditions, the properties of supports, etc 3.1 Structure and Chemical Composition The unsupported Mo(W)S2 catalysts exhibit hexagonal coordination It is reasonable to assume that the same coordination is retained in the supported catalysts Under hydroprocessing conditions, the corner and edge sulfur ions in Mo(W)S2... Industrial Carbons 11 could be readily intercalated into the expanded graphite The morphology and microstructure of metals deposited on graphite was studied by Atamny and Baiker40 using scanning probe microscopy The focus was on the Pt and Pd catalysts supported on graphite used predominantly in various HYD applications As was indicated earlier, graphite can be partially converted to CNT by applying suitable... removing the aromatic sheet from the basal plane Apparently, there may be a sufficient driving force for rolling of such sheets to CNT CHAPTER 3 Hydroprocessing Catalysts All aspects of hydroprocessing catalysts have been reviewed in detail elsewhere.41–53 Therefore, a brief and general account of their chemical composition and physical properties only will be given The Mo(W)-containing supported catalysts, . Activity of Carbons 5.1 Model Feeds 41 5.2 Real Feeds 44 Carbons and Carbon- Supported Catalysts in Hydroprocessing By Edward Furimsky r Edward Furimsky, 2008 ix Chapter 6 Carbon- Supported Catalysts 6.1. Real Feeds 101 6.3.3 In- situ made Carbon- Supported Catalysts 103 Chapter 7 Kinetics and Mechanism of Hydroprocessing Reactions over Carbon and Carbon- Supported Catalysts 7.1 Kinetics 105 7.1.1 Model. develop- ments and applications of catalysis, in both academia and industry. Titles in the Series: Carbons and Carbon Supported Catalysts in Hydroprocessing By Edward Furimsky, IMAF Group, Ottawa,