Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology Volumes 113–116 (12 Issues), Spring 2004, ISSN: 0273–2289 Executive Editor: Ashok Mulchandani Biotechnology for Fuels and Chemicals The Twenty-Fifth Symposium Editors Mark Finkelstein James D. McMillan Brian H. Davison Barbara Evans Biotechnology for Fuels and Chemicals The Twenty-Fifth Symposium Editors Mark Finkelstein James D. McMillan Brian H. Davison Barbara Evans Humana Press • Totowa, New Jersey Biotechnology for Fuels and Chemicals The Twenty-Fifth Symposium Presented as Volumes 113–116 of Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology Proceedings of the Twenty-Fifth Symposium on Biotechnology for Fuels and Chemicals Held May 4–7, 2003, in Breckenridge, CO Sponsored by US Department of Energy’s Office of the Biomass Program (DOE-OBP) National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) Argonne National Laboratory (ANL) Idaho National Engineering and Environment Laboratory (INEEL) Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) US Department of Agriculture (USDA) Alltech Archer Daniels Midland (ADM) BBI International Biotechnology Industrial Organization (BIO) Breckenridge Brewery Cargill, Inc. Cargill Dow, LLC Coors Brewing Company Corn Refiners Association (CRA) E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Co., Inc. (DuPont) Genencor International Iogen Corporation Katzen International Natural Resources Canada Novozymes Biotech Proctor and Gamble Syngenta Tate and Lyle Tembec Industries Editors Mark Finkelstein and James D. McMillan National Renewable Energy Laboratory Brian H. Davison and Barbara Evans Oak Ridge National Laboratory Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology Volumes 113–116, Complete, Spring 2004 Copyright © 2004 Humana Press Inc. All Rights Reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the copyright owner. Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology is abstracted or indexed regularly in Chemical Abstracts, Biological Abstracts, Current Contents, Science Citation Index, Excerpta Medica, Index Medicus, and appropriate related compendia. iii Introduction to the Proceedings of the Twenty-Fifth Symposium on Biotechnology for Fuels and Chemicals MARK FINKELSTEIN National Renewable Energy Laboratory BRIAN H. DAVISON Oak Ridge National Laboratory The 25 th Symposium on Biotechnology for Fuels and Chemicals was held in Breckenridge, CO, May 4–7, 2003. Over 450 attendees helped underscore the growing importance of bioenergy and a biobased economy during this special Silver Anniversary Symposium. Forty states and twenty-three countries were represented at the Symposium, with over 40% of the attendees from industry, almost 40% from universities and colleges, and the remainder from government agencies and laboratories. The robust participation and sponsorship by industry highlights the rel- evancy and importance of this Symposium. While improving the economics of producing fuels and chemicals is vital to many industrial sectors, the ability to do so in a sustainable and environmentally responsible manner is becoming increasingly important. The program for the 25 th Symposium on Biotechnology for Fuels and Chemicals was designed to deliver the latest research breakthroughs and results in biotechnology that stimulate such improvements. The technical focus of Symposium was evident at each session, as evolutionary as well as revolutionary research findings were revealed. The eight technical ses- sions contained 52 oral presentations and we had 272 poster presentations. Whether one represented the industrial, academic, or government sector, each was invited to participate in this stimulating exchange of information and ideas. Valuable opportunities for productive interactions with col- leagues, both from a national and international perspective, were evident throughout the meeting. iv Introduction With the 25 th Symposium, we continued the tradition of providing an informal, congenial atmosphere that our participants found conducive to discussing technical program topics. This year’s topics included: Session 1A Feedstock Supply, Logistics, Processing, and Composition Session 1B Enzyme Catalysis and Engineering Session 2 Microbial Catalysis and Engineering Session 3 Bioprocessing including Separations Session 4 Biotechnology for Fuels and Chemicals—Past, Present, and Future Session 5 Biobased Industrial Chemicals Session 6A Biomass Pretreatment and Hydrolysis Session 6B Plant Biotechnology and Feedstock Genomics Special Topics A Microbial Pentose Metabolism Special Topics B International Bioenergy Agency Bioethanol Meeting A summary of these sessions is included at the beginning of each section of the Proceedings. The technical core of the Symposium remains the creation, manipulation, and practical use of new biocatalysts to pro- duce useful fuels and chemicals. This was shown in both fundamental science discoveries as well as progress reports from commercialization efforts. However, we have continued to expand interest into the bio- feedstock (plant genomics, production, and pretreatment). While the pro- duction of sugars from biomass and their subsequent bioconversion into chemicals remains the dominant thrust, areas such as gasification and direct production in plants were presented. The use of molecular biology and genomics to provide new biocatalysts as well as understanding the fundamentals of the microbes, enzymes, and biomass has increased the likely achievement of both near and long-term commercialization goals. This year Dr. J. Craig Venter, Genome Sequencer, Entrepreneur, and Chief Executive Officer augmented our technical program with a spell- binding after dinner presentation entitled “Genomic Approaches to the Environment.” This touched on his latest efforts in metagenomics and in constructing a minimal genome. Charles D. Scott Award Presentation For the past 10 symposia we have recognized an individual who has distinguished him or herself in the application of biotechnology towards the production of fuels and chemicals. This award acknowledges contribu- tions to the field as a whole or this symposium, with particular attention to innovation in fundamental and applied biotechnology, insight into bioprocessing fundamentals, or commitment to facilitate commercializa- tion of products from renewable resources. The award is named in honor of Dr. Charles D. Scott, the founder of this symposium and its chair for the first 10 years. Dr. Tom Jeffries received this year’s award. Dr. Jeffries is a microbiolo- gist whose research focuses on using plant matter to make the fuel ethanol. He directs the Institute for Microbial and Biochemical Technology at the USDA Forest Service Forest Products Laboratory in Madison, WI, and is a Introduction v professor in the Bacteriology and Food Science departments at the Univer- sity of Wisconsin, Madison. His recent research has aimed at modifying yeast DNA to increase the amount of ethanol produced when the yeast metabolizes certain components of wood. He was also one of four attendees who attended the inaugural Symposium 25 years ago (along with Bob Tanner, Y.Y. Lee, and Chuck Scott). Session Chairpersons Session 1A: Feedstock Supply, Logistics, Processing, and Composition. Topics encompassed production and collection issues (availability, farm- ing, silviculture, harvesting, densification, consistency and storage). Chair: Jim Hettenhaus, E-mail: jrhetten@ceassist.com Co-Chair: David Morris, E-mail: dmorris@ilsr.org Session 1B: Enzyme Catalysis and Engineering. Speakers focused on how to identify, modify, develop, and cost-effectively produce the use of enzymes to carry out a myriad of biological/chemical transformations. Chair: Mike Himmel, E-mail: Mike_Himmel@nrel.gov Co-Chair: David Wilson, E-mail: dbw3@cornell.edu Session 2: Microbial Catalysis and Engineering. This session focused on finding new and developing existing microorgan- isms for improved performance to produce fuels and chemicals. Chair: Tom Jeffries, E-mail: Twjeffri@facstaff.wisc.edu Co-Chair: Lee Lynd, E-mail: lee.lynd@dartmouth.edu Session 3: Bioprocessing, Including Separations. This session covered reactor configurations and the integration of engineer- ing with microbiology, biochemistry, and chemistry to produce fuels and chemicals. Chair: Dale Monceaux, E-mail: monceaux@katzen.com Co-Chair: David Short, E-mail: david.r.short@usa.dupont.com Session 4: Biotechnology for Fuels and Chemicals— Past, Present, and Future. This session gazed into the crystal ball while occasionally looking into the rear-view mirror to review the past 25 years. Chair: Chuck Scott, E-mail: cdscott1@aol.com Co-Chair: Charles Wyman, E-mail: charles.e.wyman@dartmouth.edu Session 5: Biobased Industrial Chemicals. The production of chemicals and other value-added bioproducts from bio- logical rather than petrochemical uses was discussed at this session. Advances in process integration, demonstration, economics, and commer- cialization were highlighted. Chair: Doug Cameron, E-mail: Doug_Cameron@cargill.com Co-Chair: Marion Bradford, Tate & Lyle, Retired vi Introduction Session 6A: Biomass Pretreatment and Hydrolysis. Novel reactor configurations as well as new process approaches to pretreat and saccharify biomass was the focus of this session. Chair: Y. Y. Lee, E-mail: yylee@eng.auburn.edu Co-Chair: Bruce Dale, E-mail: bdale@egr.msu.edu Session 6B: Plant Biotech and Feedstock Genetics. The sustainable success of Bioenergy and Bioproducts requires new inte- grated approaches. The potential impact of transgenic, genetic, and genomic- based modifications to the archi-tectural, compositional, or metabolic func- tions of plants was discussed in relation to an enhanced renewable base. Chair: Jim McLaren, E-mail: mclaren@inverizon.com Co-Chair: Steve Thomas, E-mail: Steve_Thomas@nrel.gov Special Topics: Pentose Metabolism. Microorganisms capable of converting biomass pentose sugars to fuels and chemicals are essential for robust biomass-based processes. This session dis- cussed recent technological developments and understanding that will allow for the construction of superior microorganisms. Chair: Barbel Hahn-Hagerdal, Lund University, Sweden Co-Chair: Neville Pamment, University of Melbourne, Australia Special Topics: IEA Task 39 Bioethanol Chair: Jack Saddler, E-mail: saddler@interchg.ubc.ca Co-Chair: David Gregg, E-mail: djgregg@interchange.ubc.ca Organizing Committee Mark Finkelstein, Conference Chair, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO Brian Davison, Conference Co-Chair, Oak Ridge National Labora- tory, Oak Ridge, TN William Apel, Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory, Idaho Falls, ID Doug Cameron, Cargill, Minneapolis, MN Tom Jeffries, USDA, Forest Service, Madison, WI James Lee, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN Lee Lynd, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH James McMillan, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO Amy Mannheim, US Department of Energy, Washington, DC Dale Monceaux, Katzen International, Cincinnati, OH Jack Saddler, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada Sharon Shoemaker, University of California, Davis, CA David Short, DuPont, Newark, DE Jim Spaeth, US Department of Energy, Golden, CO Introduction vii Jeff Tolan, Iogen Corporation, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada Nancy Watlington, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN Liz Willson, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO Charles E. Wyman, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH Guido Zacchi, Lund University, Lund, Sweden Gisella M. Zanin, State University of Maringa, Maringa, Parana, Brazil Acknowledgments The continued success of the symposium is due to the many partici- pants, organizers, and sponsors, but is also a success and pleasure due to the diligent and creative staff. In particular, Liz Willson of NREL and Nancy Watlington of ORNL, provided organization, advice, persistence, and unfailing good humor. Howard Brown of NREL provided communi- cations and website acumen, Ivilina Thornton provided the overall con- ference coordination, and the overall assistance from Lyn Lumberg of NREL is gratefully acknowledged. The National Renewable Energy Laboratory is operated for the US Department of Energy by Midwest Research Institute and Battelle under contract DE-AC36-99GO10337. Oak Ridge National Laboratory is operated for the US Department of Energy by UT-Battelle, LLC under contract DE-AC05-00OR22725. A contractor of the US Government has authored the submitted manu- scripts. Accordingly the US Government retains a non-exclusive, royalty- free license to publish or reproduce the published forms of this contribution, or allow others to do so for US Government purposes. Other Proceedings in this Series 1. Proceedings of the First Symposium on Biotechnology in Energy Produc- tion and Conservation (1978), Biotechnol. Bioeng. Symp. 8. 2. Proceedings of the Second Symposium on Biotechnology in Energy Pro- duction and Conservation (1980), Biotechnol. Bioeng. Symp. 10. 3. Proceedings of the Third Symposium on Biotechnology in Energy Produc- tion and Conservation (1981), Biotechnol. Bioeng. Symp. 11. 4. Proceedings of the Fourth Symposium on Biotechnology in Energy Pro- duction and Conservation (1982), Biotechnol. Bioeng. Symp. 12. 5. Proceedings of the Fifth Symposium on Biotechnology for Fuels and Chemi- cals (1983), Biotechnol. Bioeng. Symp. 13. 6. Proceedings of the Sixth Symposium on Biotechnology for Fuels and Chemi- cals (1984), Biotechnol. Bioeng. Symp. 14. 7. Proceedings of the Seventh Symposium on Biotechnology for Fuels and Chemicals (1985), Biotechnol. Bioeng. Symp. 15. 8. Proceedings of the Eighth Symposium on Biotechnology for Fuels and Chemicals (1986), Biotechnol. Bioeng. Symp. 16. 9. Proceedings of the Ninth Symposium on Biotechnology for Fuels and Chemicals (1988), Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol. Symp. 17,18. 10. Proceedings of the Tenth Symposium on Biotechnology for Fuels and Chemicals (1989), Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol. Symp. 20,21. 11.Proceedings of the Eleventh Symposium on Biotechnology for Fuels and Chemicals (1990), Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol. Symp. 24,25. 12. Proceedings of the Twelfth Symposium on Biotechnology for Fuels and Chemicals (1991), Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol. Symp. 28,29. 13. Proceedings of the Thirteenth Symposium on Biotechnology for Fuels and Chemicals (1992), Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol. Symp. 34,35. 14. Proceedings of the Fourteenth Symposium on Biotechnology for Fuels and Chemicals (1993), Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol. Symp. 39,40. 15. Proceedings of the Fifteenth Symposium on Biotechnology for Fuels and Chemicals (1994), Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol. Symp. 45,46. 16. Proceedings of the Sixteenth Symposium on Biotechnology for Fuels and Chemicals (1995), Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol. Symp. 51,52. 17. Proceedings of the Seventeenth Symposium on Biotechnology for Fuels and Chemicals (1996), Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol. Symp. 57,58. 18. Proceedings of the Eighteenth Symposium on Biotechnology for Fuels and Chemicals (1997), Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol. Symp. 63–65. 19. Proceedings of the Nineteenth Symposium on Biotechnology for Fuels and Chemicals (1998), Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol. Symp. 70–72. 20. Proceedings of the Twentieth Symposium on Biotechnology for Fuels and Chemicals (1999), Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol. Symp. 77–79. 21. Proceedings of the Twenty–First Symposium on Biotechnology for Fuels and Chemicals (2000), Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol. Symp. 84–86. 22. Proceedings of the Twenty–second Symposium on Biotechnology for Fu- els and Chemicals (2001), Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol. Symp. 91–93. 23. Proceedings of the Twenty–Third Symposium on Biotechnology for Fuels and Chemicals (2002), Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol. Symp. 98–100. 24. Proceedings of the Twenty–Fourth Symposium on Biotechnology for Fuels and Chemicals (2003), Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol. Symp. 105–108. This symposium has been held annually since 1978. We are pleased to have the Proceedings of the Twenty-Fifth Symposium currently published in this special issue to continue the tradition of providing a record of the contributions made. The Twenty-Sixth Symposium will be held May 7–11, 2004, in Chattanooga, Tennessee. For more information, visit the following Web- sites: http://www.ct.ornl.gov/symposium or http://nrel.gov/biotech_ symposium. We encourage comments or discussions relevant to the for- mat or content of the meetings. viii Introduction ix Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology Vols. 113–116, Spring 2004 *For papers with multiple authorship, the asterisk identifies the author to whom corre- spondence and reprint requests should be addressed. CONTENTS Introduction Brian H. Davison and Mark Finkelstein iii Volume 113 S ESSION 1A—FEEDSTOCK SUPPLY, LOGISTICS, PROCESSING, AND COMPOSITION Introduction to Session 1A Jim Hettenhaus and David Morris 3 Designing an Effective Federal Biomass Program David Morris 5 Methodology for Estimating Removable Quantities of Agricultural Residues for Bioenergy and Bioproduct Use Richard G. Nelson,* Marie Walsh, John J. Sheehan, and Robin Graham 13 Pipeline Transport of Biomass Amit Kumar, Jay B. Cameron, and Peter C. Flynn* 27 Hydrodynamic Separation of Grain and Stover Components in Corn Silage Philippe Savoie,* Kevin J. Shinners, and Benjamin N. Binversie 41 A New Class of Plants for a Biofuel Feedstock Energy Crop James Kamm 55 Fungal Upgrading of Wheat Straw for Straw-Thermoplastics Production Tracy P. Houghton, David N. Thompson,* J. Richard Hess, Jeffrey A. Lacey, Michael P. Wolcott, Anke Schirp, Karl Englund, David Dostal, and Frank Loge 71 Economic Analysis of Ethanol Production in California Using Traditional and Innovative Feedstock Supplies Ellen I. Burnes, John Hagen, Dennis Wichelns,* and Kristen Callens 95 S ESSION 1B—ENZYME CATALYSIS AND ENGINEERING Introduction to Session 1B Mike Himmel and David Wilson 113 [...]... Si-Wouk Kim, and Un-Taek Lee 747 Volume 115 SESSION 4BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR FUELS AND CHEMICALS PAST, PRESENT, AND FUTURE Introduction to Session 4 Charles D Scott* and Charles E Wyman 761 Origins of and Changes in the Symposium Series on Biotechnology for Fuels and Chemicals Charles D Scott 765 Optimization of Enzymatic Production of Biodiesel from Castor Oil in Organic Solvent Medium... Glucose and Xylose Miroslav Sedlak and Nancy W Y Ho* 403 Secondary Membranes for Flux Optimization in Membrane Filtration of Biologic Suspensions Parag R Nemade and Robert H Davis* 417 Enzymatic Synthesis of Monolaurin Carla C B Pereira, Mụnica A P da Silva, and Marta A P Langone* 433 SESSION 3BIOPROCESSING, INCLUDING SEPARATIONS Introduction to Session 3 Dale A Monceaux and David... De Almeida Lopes, Antonio Carlos Augusto Da Costa, and Ana Barros 639 Succinic Acid Adsorption from Fermentation Broth and Regeneration Brian H Davison,* Nhuan P Nghiem, and Gerald L Richardson 653 A Hollow-Fiber Membrane Extraction Process for Recovery and Separation of Lactic Acid from Aqueous Solution Hanjing Huang, Shang-Tian Yang,* and David E Ramey 671 Evaluation of Tocopherol Recovery... Bruhn, Karl S Noah, and Gregory A Bala 827 Contents xvi Effect of Germ and Fiber Removal on Production of Ethanol from Corn Elankovan Ponnampalam,* D Bernie Steele, Deborah Burgdorf, and Darold McCalla 837 Production of Fumaric Acid Using Rice Bran and Subsequent Conversion to Succinic Acid Through a Two-Step Process Se-Kwon Moon, Young-Jung Wee, Jong-Sun Yun, and Hwa-Won Ryu* 843... Production by Bacillus subtilis Grown on Low-Cost Raw Materials Fabớula A S L Reis, Eliana Flavia C Sộrvulo,* and Francisca P de Franỗa 899 Higher-Alcohols Biorefinery: Improvement of Catalyst for Ethanol Conversion Edwin S Olson,* Ramesh K Sharma, and Ted R Aulich 913 SESSION 6ABIOMASS PRETREATMENT AND HYDROLYSIS Introduction to Session 6A Yong Y Lee and Bruce E Dale 935 Fermentation... SESSION 6BPLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY AND FEEDSTOCK GENOMICS Introduction to Session 6B James S McLaren and Steven R Thomas 1163 Expression of UDPGlucose Dehydrogenase Reduces Cell-Wall Polysaccharide Concentration and Increases Xylose Content in Alfalfa Stems Deborah A Samac,* Lynn Litterer, Glena Temple, Hans-Joachim G Jung, and David A Somers 1167 Effects of Ammonia Fiber Explosion Treatment on. .. Laureano-Pộrez, Bruce Dale,* and Mariam Sticklen 1183 Effects of Inoculum Conditions on Growth of Hairy Roots of Panax ginseng C A Meyer Gwi-Taek Jeong, Don-Hee Park,* Hwa-Won Ryu, Baik Hwang, and Je-Chang Woo 1193 Contents xix SPECIAL SESSION AMICROBIAL PENTOSE METABOLISM Introduction to Special Session A Bọrbel Hahn-Họgerdal and Neville Pamment 1207 SPECIAL SESSION BINTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCYBIOENERGY... Huizhong Chen, Carlos R Felix, Michael A Cotta, and Bruce S Dien 233 Characterization and Performance of Immobilized Amylase and Cellulase Bradley A Saville,* Mikhail Khavkine, Gayathri Seetharam, Behzad Marandi, and Yong-Li Zuo 251 Immobilized Enzyme Studies in a Microscale Bioreactor Francis Jones, Scott Forrest, Jim Palmer, Zonghuan Lu, John Elmore, and Bill B Elmore* 261 Performance... Tiffany L Houchin and Thomas R Hanley* 723 Computation Fluid Dynamics Simulation and Redesign of a Screw Conveyor Reactor Yinkun Wan and Thomas R Hanley* 733 Contents xv Production of Biodiesel Fuel by Transesterification of Rapeseed Oil Gwi-Taek Jeong, Don-Hee Park,* Choon-Hyoung Kang, Woo-Tai Lee, Chang-Shin Sunwoo, Chung-Han Yoon, Byung-Chul Choi, Hae-Sung Kim, Si-Wouk Kim, and Un-Taek Lee... Valdman* 125 Model Based Soft-Sensor for On- Line Determination of Substrate Andrộa M Salgado, Rossana O M Folly, Belkis Valdman,* and Francisco Valero 137 Screening of Dowexđ Anion-Exchange Resins for Invertase Immobilization Ester Junko Tomotani and Michele Vitolo* 145 Effects of Carbon Source on Expression of Alcohol Oxidase Activity and on Morphologic Pattern of YR-1 Strain, a . Separations Session 4 Biotechnology for Fuels and Chemicals Past, Present, and Future Session 5 Biobased Industrial Chemicals Session 6A Biomass Pretreatment and Hydrolysis Session 6B Plant Biotechnology. First Symposium on Biotechnology in Energy Produc- tion and Conservation (1978), Biotechnol. Bioeng. Symp. 8. 2. Proceedings of the Second Symposium on Biotechnology in Energy Pro- duction and Conservation. Proceedings of the Eighth Symposium on Biotechnology for Fuels and Chemicals (1986), Biotechnol. Bioeng. Symp. 16. 9. Proceedings of the Ninth Symposium on Biotechnology for Fuels and Chemicals (1988),