Handbook of Biochemical Kinetics This Page Intentionally Left Blank Handbook of Biochemical Kinetics Daniel L Purich R Donald Allison Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology University of Florida College of Medicine Gainesville, Florida ACADEMIC PRESS San Diego London Boston New York Sydney Tokyo Toronto This book is printed on acid-free paper Copyright © 2000 Academic Press All rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher Requests for permission to make copies of any part of the work should be mailed to the following address: Permissions Department, Harcourt Brace & Company, 6277 Sea Harbor Drive, Orlando, Florida 32887-6777 Academic Press A Division of Harcourt Brace & Company 525 B Street, Suite 1900, San Diego, CA 92101-4495 http://www.apnet.com Academic Press 24–28 Oval Road, London NW1 7DX http://www.hbuk.co.uk/ap/ Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 99-63958 International Standard Book Number: 0-12-568048-1 Printed in the United States of America 99 00 01 02 03 04 MM Table of Contents Preface vii Abbreviations & Symbols xi Abbreviated Binding Schemes xxi Source Words Wordfinder .717 Handbook of Biochemical Kinetics v This Page Intentionally Left Blank Preface T he biotic world is doubtlessly the best known example of what Nobelist Murray Gell-Mann has termed ‘‘complex adaptive systems’’—a name given to those systems possessing the innate capacity to learn and evolve by utilizing acquired information Those familiar with living systems cannot but marvel at each cell’s ability to grow, to sense, to communicate, to cooperate, to move, to proliferate, to die and, even then, to yield opportunity to succeeding cells If we dare speak of vitalism, especially as the new millennium is eager to dawn, we only so to recognize that homeostatic mechanisms endow cells with such remarkable resilience that early investigators mistook homeostasis as a persuasive indication that life is self-determining and beyond the laws of chemistry and physics A shared goal of modern molecular life scientists is to understand the mechanisms and interactions responsible for homeostasis One approach for analyzing the mechanics of complex systems is to determine the chronology of discrete steps within the overall process—a pursuit called ‘‘kinetics.’’ This strategy allows an investigator to assess the structural and energetic determinants of transitions from one step to the next By identifying voids in the time-line, one considers the possibility of other likely intermediates and ultimately identifies all elementary reactions of a mechanism Kinetics is an analytical approach deeply rooted in chemistry and physics, and biochemists have intuitively and inventively honed the tools of chemists and physicists for experiments on biological processes Biochemical kinetics first began to flourish in enzymology—a field which has gainfully exploited advances in physical organic chemistry, structural chemistry, and spectroscopy in order to dissect the individual steps comprising enzyme mechanisms No apology is offered, nor should any be required, for our strong emphasis on chemical kinetics and enzyme kinetics Scientists working within these dis- Handbook of Biochemical Kinetics ciplines have enjoyed unparalleled success in dissecting complex multistage processes Mechanisms are tools for assessing current knowledge and for designing better experiments As working models, mechanisms offer the virtues of simplicity, precision, and generativity ‘‘Simplicity’’ arises from the symbolic representation of the interactions among the minimal number of components needed to account for all observed properties of a system ‘‘Precision’’ emerges by considering how rival models have nonisomorphic features (i.e., testable differences) that distinguish one from another ‘‘Generativity’’ results from the recombining of a model’s constituent elements to admit new findings, to predict new properties, and to stimulate additional rounds of experiment For chemical and enzyme kineticists, the goal of this recursive enterprise is to determine a mechanism (a) that accounts for responses to changes in each component’s concentration, (b) that explains the detailed time-evolution of all chemical events, (c) that defines the concentration and structure of transient intermediates, (d) that makes sense of relevant changes in positional properties (i.e., conformation, configuration, and/or physical location), and (e) that reconciles the thermodynamics of all reactions steps and transitions In this respect, the rigor of chemical and enzyme kinetics teaches us all how best to invent new approaches that appropriately balance theory and experiment The inspiration for this HANDBOOK stemmed from our shared interest in teaching students about the logical and systematic investigation of enzyme catalysis and metabolic control We began twenty-five years ago with the teaching of graduate-level courses (‘‘Chemical Aspects of Biological Systems’’; ‘‘Enzyme Kinetics and Mechanism’’) at the University of California Santa Barbara as well as a course entitled ‘‘Enzyme Kinetics’’ at the Cornell University Medical College More recently, we have vii Preface taught undergraduate students (‘‘A Survey of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology’’) as well as graduate students (‘‘Advanced Metabolism’’; ‘‘Physical Biochemistry and Structural Biology’’; ‘‘Dynamic Processes in the Molecular Life Sciences’’) here at the University of Florida Our lectures have included material on the theory and practice of steady-state kinetics, rapid reaction kinetics, isotope-exchange kinetics, inhibitor design, equilibrium and kinetic isotope effects, protein oligomerization and polymerization kinetics, pulse-chase kinetics, transport kinetics, biomineralization kinetics, as well as ligand binding, cooperativity, and allostery Because no existing text covered the bulk of these topics, we resorted to developing an extensive set of lecture notes—an activity that encouraged us to consider writing what we initially had envisioned as a short textbook on biochemical kinetics What also became clear was that, before and during any detailed consideration of a molecular process, teachers must always take pains to explain the associated terminology adequately In 1789, the French chemist Antoine Lavoisier aptly declared: ‘‘Every branch of physical science must consist of the series of facts that are the objects of the science, the ideas that represent these facts, and the words by which these ideas are expressed And, as ideas are preserved and communicated by means of words, it necessarily follows that we cannot improve the science without improving language or nomenclature.’’ We recognized that there was no published resource to help students come to grips with the far-ranging terminology of biochemical kinetics Furthermore, as the distinction between scientific disciplines becomes blurred by what may be called ‘‘the interdisciplinary imperative,’’ students and practicing scientists from other disciplines will require a reliable sourcebook that explains terminology Far too much time is wasted when students trace a finger over many pages of a textbook, only to find a partial definition for a sought-after term Moreover, as more bioscientists come from countries not using English as a working language, there is an even greater need for a reliable and clearly written sourcebook of definitions A dictionary format became an appealing possibility for our HANDBOOK, but we also wished to treat many terms in greater depth than found in any dictionary This led us to adopt the present word-list format which in many viii respects resembles the ‘‘Micropaedia’’ section of the ENCYCLOPAEDIA BRITANNICA One loses the seamless organization that can be realized in multichapter expositions that systematically develop a series of topics We have accordingly attempted to mitigate this problem by including longer tracts on absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy, biomineralization, chemical kinetics, enzyme kinetics, Hill and Scatchard treatments, ligand binding cooperativity, kinetic isotope effects, and protein polymerization Likewise, we have extensively inserted cross-references at appropriate locations within many entries One intrinsic advantage of a mini-encyclopedia, however, is that in subsequent printings we should be able to make corrections and additions, or even deletions of an entire term, without upsetting the overall format We also felt that readers should be encouraged to consult the most authoritative sources on particular topics For this reason, we developed a collection of over 5000 literature references and, in many cases, our citations credit the original papers on a given topic We have included the names of nearly 1000 enzymes, along with chemical reactions, EC numbers, and, in many instances, their biochemical and catalytic properties The references cited are not intended to be comprehensive; rather, they serve to guide the reader to further interesting and helpful reading on subjects we have discussed Where possible, at least one reference is included to provide information on assay protocols for the listed enzyme We also urge readers to use the Wordfinder (included at the back of the Handbook) to take fullest advantage of the text and reference material The nearly 8000 entries in the Wordfinder represent all listed source words as well as other subheadings, keywords, or synonyms Each entry is immediately followed by the recommended source entries, and many source words are also cross-referenced to guide the reader to other related source words One of us (D.L.P.) has been a member of the METHODS ENZYMOLOGY family of editors for well over two decades The volumes in this series on ‘‘Enzyme Kinetics and Mechanism’’ have become a standard for those interested in biological catalysis As the form of this book began to emerge, we quickly recognized that METHODS IN ENZYMOLOGY could serve as an additional source for annotations on recommended theories and practices for kinetic studies on a wide range of topics The Handbook contains nearly 6000 METHODS IN ENZYMOLOGY citaIN Handbook of Biochemical Kinetics Preface tions, and we have indicated the topic, volume, and beginning page for each at the foot of many of the source words We trust that users of our Handbook will benefit from improved access to the first 280 volumes of METHODS IN ENZYMOLOGY For the derivations presented in this Handbook, we have assumed that the reader is familiar with the fundamentals of differential and integral calculus To those who are loathe to engage in the rigor of mathematics, we say ‘‘Take heart!’’ The successful study of kinetics requires only that students work out a considerable number of problems which are both theoretical and numerical in character We are reminded that Mithridates VI, the Grecian king of Pontus, is said to have acquired a tolerance to poison by taking gradually increasing doses To aid those seeking their own intellectual mithridate (i.e., acquired antidote), we provide scores of step-by-step derivations and practical advice on how to derive particular rate expressions Likewise, we have included detailed protocols for H J Fromm’s systematic ‘‘theory-of-graphs’’ method as well as W W Cleland’s net reaction rate method We are also greatly indebted to Dr Charles Y Huang for permitting us to include entire tracts from his chapter (which originally appeared in Volume 63 of METHODS IN ENZYMOLOGY) on the derivation of initial velocity and isotope exchange rate equations We immediately recognized how daunting the task would be to attempt to surpass Dr Huang’s truly outstanding treatment The success of our HANDBOOK OF BIOCHEMICAL KINETICS can only be judged by those using this manual for some period of time We have come to recognize that we could not possibly represent all of the topics falling within the realm of biochemical kinetics—and certainly not within a first edition We are also certain that, despite a determined effort to cover the terminology of chemical Handbook of Biochemical Kinetics and enzyme kinetics, we have still overlooked some important issues We had also hoped to include additional kinetic techniques applied in pharmacokinetics, cell biology, electrophysiology, and metabolic control analysis Time constraints also prevented our developing mathematical sections on Laplace transforms, vector algebra, distribution functions, and especially statistics Eventually, we aspire to create a compact disk version of this Handbook, appropriately presented as hyperlinked text; that same CD should have room for selected problems/ exercises along with step-by-step solutions, as well as down-loadable programs for kinetic simulation, algorithms for symbolic derivation of rate equations, molecular dynamics and related modeling techniques, and tried-and-true statistical methods We also hope that our readers will not hesitate to advise us of shortcomings, missed terms, as well as techniques meriting definition, mention, or further explanation We shall be forever grateful for such guidance We thank our students and colleagues for reading earlier drafts of our manuscript, and we are especially grateful to both Shirley Light and Dolores Wright of Academic Press for their insights, help, and thorough editing of the text We also thank Academic Press for allowing us to incorporate the numerous annotations to METHODS IN ENZYMOLOGY Finally, as first- and second-generation disciples of Professor Herbert J Fromm, we dedicate this book to him, in recognition of his germinal and indelible contributions to the field of enzyme kinetics and mechanism Daniel L Purich R Donald Allison January, 1999 ix Wordfinder PROCESSIVITY OF KINESIN ATPase PROCHIRALITY CHIRALITY CHIRALITY PROBES PROCOLLAGEN N-PEPTIDASE Prolyl residue isomerases, PARVULIN Prompt emission, FLUORESCENCE PROPAGATION PROTEIN FARNESYLTRANSFERASES PROTEIN GERANYLGERANYLTRANSFERASES Protein interior, water exclusion from, HYDROPHOBIC EFFECT PRODUCT CHAIN REACTION PROTEIN KINASE PRODUCT-DETERMINING STEP CHAIN TRANSFER PROTEIN KINASE C PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT CONTROL INITIATION Protein-ligand interactions, Product formation, TERMINATION INITIAL RATE PHASE Product inhibition experiments, practical limitations on, PRODUCT INHIBITION STUDIES PRODUCT INHIBITION STUDIES ABORTIVE COMPLEXES PRODUCTION COMPARTMENT ANALYSIS PRODUCT RULE Profilin, ABM-1 & ABM-2 ACTIN-BASED MOTOR SEQUENCES ACTIN-BASED BACTERIAL MOTILITY PROGRESS CURVE ANALYSIS Propanal, synthesis of, PROPANEDIOL DEHYDRATASE PROPANEDIOL DEHYDRATASE Propanoyl-CoA, formation of, PROPIONYL-CoA SYNTHETASE Propionate:CoA ligase, PROPIONYL-CoA SYNTHETASE PROPIONYL-CoA CARBOXYLASE NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE ‘‘Protein only’’ hypothesis for prion plaque formation, PRION PLAQUE FORMATION PROTEIN OXIDATION (In Aging & Disease) PROTEIN PRENYLTRANSFERASES PROTEIN-PROTEIN RECOGNITION KINETICS Protein structure and dynamics, NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE PROPIONYL-CoA SYNTHETASE PROTEIN SYNTHESIS INHIBITORS PRO-PROCHIRAL PROTEIN TURNOVER PROCHIRALITY N-END RULE CHIRALITY LEUCINE KINETICS pro-R GROUP PROTEASE La CHEMICAL KINETICS pro-S GROUP PROTOCATECHUATE 3,4-DIOXYGENASE KINSIM/FITSIM PROSTACYCLIN SYNTHASE PROTOCATECHUATE 4,5-DIOXYGENASE PROSTAGLANDIN E: 9-KETO (Ͱ)-REDUCTASE 2-Protocatechuoylphloroglucinolcarboxylate, PROSTAGLANDIN H, PROSTAGLANDIN D ISOMERASE PROTOCHLOROPHYLLIDE REDUCTASE Progress curve with respect to product inhibition, FOSTER-NIEMANN PLOTS PROLINE DEHYDROGENASE PROLINE DIPEPTIDASE PROLINE IMINOPEPTIDASE cis,trans-Proline isomerization, PROLYL ISOMERASE Proline-limited folding, PARVULIN PROLINE RACEMASE ENZYME ENERGETICS (The Case of Proline Racemase) PROLINE REDUCTASE D-Proline reductase, borohydride reduction, BOROHYDRIDE REDUCTION D-Proline reductase (dithiol), PROLINE REDUCTASE D-Proline, synthesis of, PROLINE REDUCTASE L-Proline to D-proline interconversion, PROLINE RACEMASE PROLIPOPROTEIN SIGNAL PEPTIDASE PROSTAGLANDIN H, PROSTAGLANDIN E ISOMERASE PROSTAGLANDIN H2 SYNTHASE Prostereoisomerism, CHIRALITY PROTOPHILIC AMPHIPROTIC Ͱ-Proton abstraction from thioesters, CROTONASE SUPERFAMILY PROTON AFFINITY PROCHIRALITY Proton exchange in base pairs, PROSTHETIC GROUP BASE PAIRING PROTEASE ACCESSIBILITY (As Probe of Protein Structure) Proton flow to ATP synthesis/hydrolysis, PROTEASE INHIBITOR ‘‘COCKTAILS’’ PROTON INVENTORY TECHNIQUE PROTEASE La, Ͱ-Proton lability in racemization of phenylalanine, Protein aggregation, in Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, PRION PLAQUE FORMATION PROTEINASE A Proteinase inhibitor, SERPINS (INHIBITORY MECHANISM) PROTEIN COMPLEMENTATION DOMAIN SWAPPING PROTEIN DISULFIDE ISOMERASE PROLYL 4-HYDROXYLASE PROTEIN-DISULFIDE REDUCTASE (Glutathione) 774 PROTOGENIC CHIRALITY PROBES PROLYL 3-HYDROXYLASE PROLYL ISOMERASE QUERCETIN 2,3-DIOXYGENASE BINDING CHANGE MECHANISM PHENYLALANINE RACEMASE Proton shuttle, SHUTTLE GROUP 1,3-Proton transfer, CROTONASE SUPERFAMILY PROTON TRANSFER IN AQUEOUS SOLUTION Proton-translocating ATP synthase/hydrolase, BINDING CHANGE MECHANISM Handbook of Biochemical Kinetics Wordfinder PROTOPHILIC AMINO ACID RACEMASE L-SELENOCYSTEINE PROTOGENIC 2-AMINOADIPATE AMINOTRANSFERASE SERINE DEHYDRATASE AMPHIPROTIC 1-AMINOCYCLOPROPANE-1CARBOXYLATE SYNTHASE SERINE PALMITOYLTRANSFERASE PROTOPORPHYRINOGEN OXIDASE Pseudo-asymmetric carbon atom, STEREOCHEMICAL TERMINOLOGY, IUPAC RECOMMENDATIONS Pseudo-axial, STEREOCHEMICAL TERMINOLOGY, IUPAC RECOMMENDATIONS PSEUDO BUFFERS 5-AMINOLEVULINATE AMINOTRANSFERASE 5-AMINOLEVULINATE DEHYDRATASE 5-AMINOLEVULINATE SYNTHASE ARGININE DECARBOXYLASE ARGININE RACEMASE ͱ-LYASE O-SUCCINYLHOMOSERINE (THIOL)LYASE THREONINE DEHYDRATASE TRYPTOPHANASE TYROSINE AMINOTRANSFERASE Pyridoxal 5Ј-phosphate, synthesis of, PYRIDOXAL KINASE PSEUDOCATALYSIS AROMATIC AMINO ACID AMINOTRANSFERASE PYRIDOXAMINE:PYRUVATE AMINOTRANSFERASE PSEUDOHALIDES ASPARTATE AMINOTRANSFERASE Pseudoisomeric forms, ASPARTATE ͱ-DECARBOXYLASE PYRIDOXINE & PYRIDOXAL (Analogues and Derivatives) BRANCHED-CHAIN AMINO ACID AMINOTRANSFERASE 4-Pyridoxolactone, synthesis of, CYSTATHIONINE ͱ-LYASE PYRIMIDINE DIMER DNA GLYCOSYLASE PSEUDOROTATION CYSTATHIONINE ͱ-SYNTHASE Pyroglutamase (ATP-hydrolyzing), PSI (␺) CYSTEINE CONJUGATE ͱ-LYASE PTERIDINES, ANALOGUES & FOLATE COENZYMES CYSTEINE LYASE PYROGLUTAMYL PEPTIDE HYDROLASE DIAMINOPIMELATE DECARBOXYLASE PULLULANASE PYROLYSIS DIIODOTYROSINE AMINOTRANSFERASE PULSE-CHASE EXPERIMENTS PYROPHOSPHATASE, INORGANIC GLUCOSAMINATE AMMONIA-LYASE Pyrophosphate, BIOCHEMICAL THERMODYNAMICS ATP, THERMODYNAMICS OF HYDROLYSIS N-END RULE GLUTAMATE DECARBOXYLASE PYRIDOXAL 4-DEHYDROGENASE 5-OXOPROLINASE OXYGEN, OXIDES & OXO ANIONS PULSE RADIOLYSIS GLUTAMATE FORMIMINOTRANSFERASE PURINE NUCLEOSIDASE GLUTAMINE AMINOTRANSFERASE PURINE NUCLEOSIDE PHOSPHORYLASE ACETATE KINASE (PYROPHOSPHATE) GLYCINE ACETYLTRANSFERASE PUTRESCINE CARBAMOYLTRANSFERASE GLYCINE AMINOTRANSFERASE ACYLNEURAMINATE CYTIDYLYLTRANSFERASE PUTRESCINE N-METHYLTRANSFERASE PUTRESCINE OXIDASE Putrescine synthesis, ORNITHINE DECARBOXYLASE GLYCINE DECARBOXYLASE GLYCINE:OXALOACETATE AMINOTRANSFERASE Pyrophosphate as a substrate or product, ADENINE PHOSPHORIBOSYLTRANSFERASE ADENYLATE CYCLASE GLYCINE SYNTHASE ALKALINE PHOSPHATASE P-VALUE HISTIDINE DECARBOXYLASE AMIDOPHOSPHORIBOSYLTRANSFERASE Pyramidal inversion, HISTIDINOL-1-PHOSPHATE AMINOTRANSFERASE AMINOACYL-tRNA SYNTHETASES STEREOCHEMICAL TERMINOLOGY, IUPAC RECOMMENDATIONS PYRAZOLE ALCOHOL DEHYDROGENASE Pyridine nucleotide transhydrogenase, NAD(P)ϩ TRANSHYDROGENASE HOMOCYSTEINE DESULFHYDRASE ANTHRANILATE PHOSPHORIBOSYLTRANSFERASE erythro-ͱ-HYDROXYASPARTATE DEHYDRATASE ARACHIDONYL-CoA SYNTHETASE KYNURENINASE ASPARAGINE SYNTHETASE KYNURENINE AMINOTRANSFERASE ARGININOSUCCINATE SYNTHETASE PYRIDOXAL 4-DEHYDROGENASE LEUCINE AMINOTRANSFERASE ATP:GLUCOSE-1-PHOSPHATE ADENYLYLTRANSFERASE PYRIDOXAL KINASE LYSINE 2,3-AMINOMUTASE ATP PHOSPHORIBOSYLTRANSFERASE Pyridoxal-phosphate-dependent enzymes, LYSINE 6-AMINOTRANSFERASE BENZOATE-CoA LIGASE N2-ACETYLORNITHINE AMINOTRANSFERASE LYSINE DECARBOXYLASE METHIONINE Ͳ-LYASE BIOTIN HOLOCARBOXYLASE SYNTHETASE O-ACETYLSERINE (THIOL)-LYASE ORNITHINE AMINOTRANSFERASE BORNYL PYROPHOSPHATE SYNTHASE ALANINE AMINOTRANSFERASE PHENYLALANINE DECARBOXYLASE CARNOSINE SYNTHETASE ALANINE:GLYOXYLATE AMINOTRANSFERASE PHOSPHATIDYLSERINE DECARBOXYLASE CHOLINE-PHOSPHATE CYTIDYLYLTRANSFERASE ALANINE RACEMASE PHOSPHOSERINE AMINOTRANSFERASE CHOLOYL-CoA SYNTHETASE S-ALKYLCYSTEINE LYASE PYRIDOXAMINE:PYRUVATE AMINOTRANSFERASE COBALAMIN ADENOSYLTRANSFERASE ALLIIN LYASE Handbook of Biochemical Kinetics 4-COUMAROYL-CoA SYNTHETASE 775 Wordfinder CTP:ETHANOLAMINEPHOSPHATE CYTIDYLYLTRANSFERASE PYRUVATE, ORTHOPHOSPHATE DIKINASE Quadrupole moment, DEOXYCYTIDYLATE HYDROXYMETHYLTRANSFERASE QUINOLINATE PHOSPHORIBOSYLTRANSFERASE QUALITY INDEX DIHYDROPTEROATE SYNTHASE REVERSE TRANSCRIPTASE DIMETHYLALLYLTRANSTRANSFERASE RIBITOL-5-PHOSPHATE CYTIDYLYLTRANSFERASE DNA LIGASES FARNESYLTRANSTRANSFERASE FUCOSE-1-PHOSPHATE GUANYLYLTRANSFERASE GALACTOSE-1-PHOSPHATE URIDYLYLTRANSFERASE GENTAMICIN Љ-NUCLEOTIDYLTRANSFERASE GERANYLTRANSTRANSFERASE GLUCOSE-6-PHOSPHATASE RIBOSEPHOSPHATE PYROPHOSPHOKINASE LEUCYL-tRNA SYNTHETASE LONG-CHAIN FATTY ACYL-CoA SYNTHETASE HYDROGEN TUNNELING KINETIC ISOTOPE EFFECTS SQUALENE SYNTHASE SULFATE ADENYLYLTRANSFERASE UBIQUITIN-PROTEIN LIGASES ⌬1-PYRROLINE-5-CARBOXYLATE DEHYDROGENASE ⌬1-PYRROLINE-5-CARBOXYLATE REDUCTASE 1-PYRROLINE-4-HYDROXY-2CARBOXYLATE DEAMINASE PYRUVATE CARBOXYLASE PYRUVATE DECARBOXYLASE LUCIFERASE PYRUVATE DEHYDROGENASE MANNOSE-1-PHOSPHATE GUANYLYLTRANSFERASE PYRUVATE DEHYDROGENASE KINASE METHIONINE ADENOSYLTRANSFERASE PYRUVATE DEHYDROGENASE PHOSPHATASE METHIONYL-tRNA SYNTHETASE Pyruvate:ferredoxin 2-oxidoreductase, ϩ NAD SYNTHETASE NICOTINAMIDE MONONUCLEOTIDE ADENYLYLTRANSFERASE NICOTINATE PHOSPHORIBOSYLTRANSFERASE NUCLEOSIDE TRIPHOSPHATE HEXOSE1-PHOSPHATE NUCLEOTIDYLTRANSFERASES trans-OCTAPRENYLTRANSTRANSFERASE OROTATE PHOSPHORIBOSYLTRANSFERASE OXALYL-CoA DECARBOXYLASE PHOSPHATIDATE CYTIDYLYLTRANSFERASE PHOSPHOENOLPYRUVATE CARBOXYKINASE (PYROPHOSPHATE) PHOSPHORIBOSYL-ATP PYROPHOSPHATASE QUANTUM MECHANICAL TUNNELING RUBBER cis-POLYPRENYLCISTRANSFERASE PYROPHOSPHOMEVALONATE DECARBOXYLASE HYPOXANTHINE (GUANINE) PHOSPHORIBOSYLTRANSFERASE QUANTUM CHEMICAL KINETICS GMP SYNTHETASE HEXOSE-1-PHOSPHATE GUANYLYLTRANSFERASE HANSCH’S CORRELATION ANALYSIS QUANTASOME RNA POLYMERASE PYROPHOSPHATE FRUCTOSE-6-PHOSPHATE 1-PHOSPHOTRANSFERASE GUANYLATE CYCLASE Quantitative structure-activity relationships, RNA LIGASE GLUCOSE-1-PHOSPHATE URIDYLYLTRANSFERASE GTP CYCLOHYDROLASE II QUADRUPOLE PYRUVATE SYNTHASE PYRUVATE FORMATE LYASE PYRUVATE KINASE NUCLEOSIDE-5Ј-TRIPHOSPHATE REGENERATION QUANTUM REQUIREMENT QUANTUM YIELD QUANTUM YIELD FLUORESCENCE ACTINOMETER Quasi-axial, STEREOCHEMICAL TERMINOLOGY, IUPAC RECOMMENDATIONS Quasi-elastic laser light scattering, LIGHT SCATTERING (DYNAMIC) Quasi-enantiomers, STEREOCHEMICAL TERMINOLOGY, IUPAC RECOMMENDATIONS Quasi-equatorial, STEREOCHEMICAL TERMINOLOGY, IUPAC RECOMMENDATIONS QUASI-EQUILIBRIUM ASSUMPTION QUASI-EQUIVALENCE Quasi-racemic compound, STEREOCHEMICAL TERMINOLOGY, IUPAC RECOMMENDATIONS QUATERNARY COMPLEXES QUENCHER QUENCH-FLOW EXPERIMENTS PYRUVATE, ORTHOPHOSPHATE DIKINASE QUENCHING PYRUVATE OXIDASE Quercetin, Pyruvate, phosphate dikinase, PYRUVATE, ORTHOPHOSPHATE DIKINASE QUERCETIN 2,3-DIOXYGENASE QUERCETIN 2,3-DIOXYGENASE PYRUVATE SYNTHASE QUINOLINATE PHOSPHORIBOSYLTRANSFERASE PYRUVATE, WATER DIKINASE Quinone reductase, NAD(P)H DEHYDROGENASE (QUINONE) Q Q10 Quinones, BIOCHEMICAL NOMENCLATURE QUIN-2 TETRAACETOXYESTER FURA-2 PROPIONYL-CoA SYNTHETASE QCO2 PYROPHOSPHATASE, INORGANIC Q TEST QUOTIENT FUNCTION PYROPHOSPHOMEVALONATE DECARBOXYLASE QUADREACTANT SYSTEMS QUOTIENT, RESPIRATORY QUADRUPOLE QUOTIENT, SYNERGISM (Qsyn) 776 Handbook of Biochemical Kinetics Wordfinder R RANDOM ERROR R0.9, RANDOM EXPERIMENT S0.9 / S0.5 RACEMASES Racemic conglomerate, STEREOCHEMICAL TERMINOLOGY, IUPAC RECOMMENDATIONS RACEMIC MIXTURE (or Racemate) RACEMIZATION RAD STATISTICS (A Primer) STATISTICS (A Primer) RANDOMIZATION STATISTICS (A Primer) RANDOM MECHANISMS MULTISUBSTRATE MECHANISMS Random number table, STATISTICS (A Primer) RATE-DETERMINING STEP or RATE-LIMITING STEP Rate enhancement, CATALYSIS CHEMICAL KINETICS ORBITAL STEERING Rate enhancement observed in two-phase reaction, PHASE-TRANSFER CATALYSIS RATE LAW CHEMICAL KINETICS RADIAN RANDOM-ON/ORDERED-OFF BI BI MECHANISM RADIANCE RANDOM SCISSION KINETICS RADIANT ENERGY RANDOM TER TER MECHANISM RADIANT (or, ENERGY) FLUX RANDOM UNI BI MECHANISM Rate-limiting step in metabolic pathway, Radiant power, RANDOM UNI UNI BI BI PING PONG MECHANISM RATE OF APPEARANCE RADIANCE Radiationless transfer, JABLONSKI DIAGRAM RADIATIONLESS TRANSITION FLUORESCENCE RADIATIVE LIFETIME RANDOM VARIABLE STATISTICS (A Primer) RANDOM WALK DIFFUSION PERSISTENCE TIME TWIDDLING RADICAL (or, FREE RADICAL) RAPID BUFFER EXCHANGE RADICAL CENTER Rapid equilibrium assumption, RADICAL ION Radioactive decay, CHEMICAL KINETICS RADIOACTIVE SUBSTANCES (General Precautions) RADIOCARBON DATING COSMOGENIC DATING RADIOLYSIS PULSE RADIOLYSIS Radiometric technique, PULSE-CHASE EXPERIMENTS QUASI-EQUILIBRIUM ASSUMPTION RAPID EQUILIBRIUM MECHANISMS Rapid gel filtration of biomacromolecules, RAPID BUFFER EXCHANGE RAPID MIXING QUENCHED FLOW EXPERIMENTS Rapid quench experiments, QUENCH-FLOW EXPERIMENTS Rapid reaction kinetics, PULSE RADIOLYSIS Rapid reaction techniques, Rate-limiting step in inner-sphere coordination, EIGEN-TAMM MECHANISM PACEMAKER REACTION CHEMICAL KINETICS RATE OF DISAPPEARANCE CHEMICAL KINETICS Rate of intracellular synthesis and/or turnover of a metabolite, PULSE-CHASE EXPERIMENTS RATE OF REACTION CHEMICAL KINETICS Rate processes in aqueous solutions, CHEMICAL KINETICS RATE SATURATION BEHAVIOR RAY-ROSCELLI TREATMENT ISOMERIZATION ISO MECHANISMS REREACTANCY Reactant conversion into its mirror image, NARCISSISTIC REACTION REACTING BOND RULES RAMAN SCATTERING CRYOENZYMOLOGY REACTING ENZYME CENTRIFUGATION RANDOM AB/QR, ORDERED C/P TER TER MECHANISM PULSE RADIOLYSIS REACTION COORDINATE DIAGRAM RANDOM AC/PR, ORDERED B/Q TER TER MECHANISM RANDOM BC/PQ, ORDERED A/R TER TER MECHANISM RANDOM BI BI MECHANISM MULTISUBSTRATE MECHANISM RANDOM BI BI DUAL-THEORELL-CHANCE MECHANISM MULTISUBSTRATE MECHANISM Random Bi Bi ternary complex mechanism, ISOTOPE EXCHANGE AT EQUILIBRIUM RANDOM BI UNI MECHANISM RANDOM BI UNI UNI BI PING PONG MECHANISM Handbook of Biochemical Kinetics Rapid removal of enzyme stabilizing agents, RAPID BUFFER EXCHANGE RAPID SCAN SPECTROSCOPY OF FAST REACTIONS RAPID-START COMPLEX Rate coefficients exhibiting temporal memory, FRACTAL REACTION KINETICS RATE CONSTANT CHEMICAL KINETICS RATE-CONTRIBUTING STEP RATE-CONTROLLING STEP RATE-DETERMINING STEP or RATE-LIMITING STEP KINETIC ISOTOPE EFFECTS POTENTIAL ENERGY DIAGRAM SADDLE POINT ENZYME ENERGETICS (The Case of Proline Racemase) REACTION CYCLE Reaction intermediate, ACYL-PHOSPHATE INTERMEDIATE PERSISTENT TRANSIENT CHEMICAL SPECIES REACTION MECHANISM CHEMICAL KINETICS Reaction order of nonenzymic reaction, CHEMICAL KINETICS NOYES EQUATION 777 Wordfinder REACTION PROGRESS CURVE FOR UNSTABLE ENZYMES PROGRESS CURVE ANALYSIS REACTION RATE/VELOCITY CHEMICAL KINETICS Reactions at interfaces, FRACTAL REACTION KINETICS Reaction schemes, CHEMICAL KINETICS Reactions in understirred solutions, FRACTAL REACTION KINETICS Reaction velocity, ENZYME KINETIC EQUATIONS (1 The Basics) REACTIVATION KINETICS (Temperature Effects) REAGENT PURITY SUBSTRATE PURITY WATER PURITY ENZYME PURITY Receptor complex, AGONIST Reconceptualization of biochemical thermodynamics, ATP, THERMODYNAMICS OF HYDROLYSIS Rectangular hyperbola, ENZYME KINETIC EQUATIONS REDOX-ACTIVE AMINO ACIDS TOPAQUINONE REDOX POTENTIAL Redox reactions, HALF-REACTIONS NERNST EQUATION REDUCED CONCENTRATION Reduced dimensionality of diffusion, DIFFUSION, REDUCTION IN DIMENSIONALITY REDUCED MASS HOOKE’S LAW SPRING KINETIC ISOTOPE EFFECTS REDUCING AGENT (or Reductant) REDUCTION Reducing agents, BOROHYDRIDE REDUCTION REDUCTIO AD ABSURDUM REDUCTION ELECTRODE KINETICS OXIDATION REFERENCE REACTION CATALYTIC PROFICIENCY REGIOSELECTIVITY 778 REGULATION OF ENZYME ACTIVITY RELATIVE BIOLOGICAL EFFECTIVENESS RELATIVE DENSITY RELATIVE SUPERSATURATION (RS or RSS) BIOMINERALIZATION RELAXATION CHEMICAL KINETICS RELAXATION PERIOD FOR PRECIPITATION BIOMINERALIZATION RELAXATION TIME FAST REACTION TECHNIQUES CORRELATION FUNCTION Removal of enzyme/protein stabilizing agents, RAPID BUFFER EXCHANGE Retro-aldol condensation, ALDOL CONDENSATION Reverse micelle, INVERTED MICELLE REVERSE TRANSCRIPTASE VIRAL POLYMERASES Reversible adiabatic change, ADIABATIC PROCESS Reversible process, ENTROPY Ͱ-L-Rhamnoase, Ͱ-L-RHAMNOSIDASE L-Rhamnose, RHAMNOSE ISOMERASE RHAMNOSE ISOMERASE RENATURATION Ͱ-L-RHAMNOSIDASE Renaturation of nucleic acids, Ͱ-L-Rhamnosides, NUCLEIC ACID RENATURATION KINETICS RENIN Rennin, CHYMOSIN REORGANIZATION ENERGY Ͱ-L-RHAMNOSIDASE L-Rhamnulose, RHAMNOSE ISOMERASE L-Rhamnulose 1-phosphate RHAMNULOSE-1-PHOSPHATE ALDOLASE INTRINSIC BARRIER RHAMNULOSE-1-PHOSPHATE ALDOLASE MARCUS EQUATION RHIZOPUSPEPSIN Repeatability, REPRODUCIBILITY REPLOTS Reporter group, FLUORESCENCE Residual activity, BASAL RATE RESOLUTION Resonance hybrid, DEWAR STRUCTURES ´ KEKULE STRUCTURES RESONANCE RAMAN SPECTROSCOPY RAMAN SPECTROSCOPY Resonance stabilization, DEWAR STRUCTURES ´ KEKULE STRUCTURES RESONANCE STABILIZATION ENERGY RESPIRATORY BURST OXIDASE NADPH OXIDASE RESPIRATORY EXCHANGE RATIO Restricted rotation, STEREOCHEMICAL TERMINOLOGY, IUPAC RECOMMENDATIONS RESTRICTION ENZYMES DEOXYRIBONUCLEASES Retinoids, BIOCHEMICAL NOMENCLATURE PEPSIN AND PEPSINOGEN RHO (␳) ␳␴-Equation (Rho-Sigma Equation), HAMMETT EQUATION RHODANESE Rhodium(III) nucleotide complex, EXCHANGE-INERT METAL-NUCLEOTIDE COMPLEXES RHODOPSIN RHODOPSIN KINASE RHO-VALUE (␳-Value) HAMMETT EQUATION Ribitol, RIBOFLAVINASE Ribitol dehydrogenase, ABORTIVE COMPLEXES D-Ribitol 5-phosphate, RIBITOL-5-PHOSPHATE CYTIDYLYLTRANSFERASE RIBITOL-5-PHOSPHATE 2-DEHYDROGENASE RIBITOL-5-PHOSPHATE CYTIDYLYLTRANSFERASE RIBITOL-5-PHOSPHATE 2-DEHYDROGENASE 4-(1-D-Ribitylamino)-5-amino-2,6dihydroxypyrimidine, RIBOFLAVIN SYNTHASE Handbook of Biochemical Kinetics Wordfinder Riboflavin, RIBULOSE-5-PHOSPHATE 4-EPIMERASE RIBOFLAVINASE RIESKE IRON-SULFUR PROTEIN S RIBOFLAVIN KINASE Ring reversal (or ring inversion), S0.5 STEREOCHEMICAL TERMINOLOGY, IUPAC RECOMMENDATIONS RIBOFLAVIN SYNTHASE RIBOFLAVINASE Ring structures, role in microtubule assembly, RIBOFLAVIN KINASE RIBOFLAVIN SYNTHASE MICROTUBULE ASSEMBLY KINETICS RIBONUCLEASE (or RNase) RITCHIE EQUATION PSEUDOROTATION RANDOM EXPERIMENT RNA POLYMERASES RIBONUCLEASE III STATISTICS (A Primer) EDITING MECHANISMS Ribonuclease inactivation, REPLICASE DIETHYL PYROCARBONATE Sample turbidity, FLUORESCENCE RNA stability, RIBONUCLEASE IV SAPONIFICATION DIETHYL PYROCARBONATE RIBONUCLEASE P ROENTGEN Ribonuclease, pancreatic, ROENTGEN-EQUIVALENT-MAN (rem) RIBONUCLEASE (or RNase) Rotamer, 5Ј-NUCLEOTIDASE 5-phosphate, RIBOSE-5-PHOSPHATE EPIMERASE RIBOSEPHOSPHATE PYROPHOSPHOKINASE Rotary engine, BINDING CHANGE MECHANISM STEREOCHEMICAL TERMINOLOGY, IUPAC RECOMMENDATIONS Rotational catalysis by ATP synthase, RIBOSE-5-PHOSPHATE EPIMERASE D-Ribose 1-phosphate, interconversion to 5-phosphate, D-ribose BINDING CHANGE MECHANISM ROTATIONAL CORRELATION TIME CORRELATION FUNCTION PHOSPHOPENTOMUTASE RIBOSEPHOSPHATE PYROPHOSPHOKINASE rRNA (ADENINE-6-)-METHYLTRANSFERASE Ribozyme, Rs rRNA (GUANINE-1-)-METHYLTRANSFERASE CATALYTIC RNA RUBBER cis-POLYPRENYLCISTRANSFERASE ENZYME Rubidium ion, D-Ribulose D-RIBULOSE-1,5-BISPHOSPHATE CAR- D-RIBULOSE-1,5-BISPHOSPHATE ASE/OXYGENASE D-Ribulose 5-phosphate, RIBITOL-5-PHOSPHATE 2-DEHYDROGENASE ϩ RUBREDOXIN:NAD REDUCTASE RUNGE-KUTTA ALGORITHM NUMERICAL COMPUTER METHODS NUMERICAL INTEGRATION SCATCHARD PLOT SCATCHARD PLOT Schiff base reduction, BOROHYDRIDE REDUCTION ă SCHRODINGER EQUATION QUANTUM MECHANICAL TUNNELLING Scrambling, ISOTOPIC SCRAMBLING SCREW SENSE OF METAL-NUCLEOTIDE COMPLEXES Sea shell formation, BIOMINERALIZATION Rv SECOND GEAR ALGORITHM RIBULOSE-5-PHOSPHATE 4-EPIMERASE Handbook of Biochemical Kinetics Scatchard equation, STIFFNESS 5-phosphate, RIBULOSE-5-PHOSPHATE 3-EPIMERASE SCALAR COUPLING RELAXATION POSITIONAL ISOTOPE EXCHANGE RUBREDOXIN RIBULOSE-5-PHOSPHATE 3-EPIMERASE L-Ribulose CAR- BOXYLASE/OXYGENASE D-RIBULOSE-1,5-BISPHOSPHATECARBOXYL- RELATIVE SUPERSATURATION SCISSILE BOND Rubisco, BOXYLASE/OXYGENASE SATURATION KINETICS SCINTILLATORS IONIC RADIUS 1,5-bisphosphate, COOPERATIVE LIGAND BINDING SCHIFF BASE (or, Schiff ’s Base) FLUORESCENCE RIBOSE-5-PHOSPHATE EPIMERASE LIGAND BINDING SCAVENGER ROTATIONAL DIFFUSION Ribose 5-phosphate isomerase, SATURATION Saturation ratio, Rotational barrier, RIBOSE-5-PHOSPHATE ADENYLYLTRANSFERASE SARCOSINE OXIDASE Saturation function, STEREOCHEMICAL TERMINOLOGY, IUPAC RECOMMENDATIONS RIBONUCLEOTIDE REDUCTASE ION PUMPS SARCOSINE DEHYDROGENASE STEREOCHEMICAL TERMINOLOGY, IUPAC RECOMMENDATIONS 3Ј-NUCLEOTIDASE D-Ribose Sarcoplasmic reticulum calcium pump, Rosanoff convention, Ribonucleoside synthesis, PHYSICAL ORGANIC CHEMISTRY NOMENCLATURE SAMPLE SPACE RNA LIGASE RIBONUCLEASE II Sacrificial hyperconjugation, SALICYLATE 1-MONOOXYGENASE PHOSPHODIESTERASES RIBONUCLEASE F SAAM SADDLE POINT RNA, exonucleolytic cleavage, DIETHYL PYROCARBONATE S0.9 / S0.1 (or, RS ) SECONDARY ISOTOPE EFFECT KINETIC ISOTOPE EFFECT 779 Wordfinder Secondary kinetic isotope effect, KINETIC ISOTOPE EFFECT Second law of thermodynamics, SENSITIVITY SHIKIMATE DEHYDROGENASE Sensitivity of measurement, SHIKIMATE KINASE NOISE Shikimate 3-phosphate, THERMODYNAMICS, LAWS OF SEPARATION OF VARIABLES ENTROPY SEQUENTIAL MECHANISMS CARATHEODORY, PRINCIPLE OF CARNOT CYCLE MULTISUBSTRATE MECHANISMS Sequential versus ping-pong mechanisms, EFFICIENCY Second-order autocalytic reaction, PHI VALUES IN BISUBSTRATE MECHANISMS INITIAL RATE ENZYME ASSAYS AUTOCATALYSIS Second-order rate constant, ENCOUNTER-CONTROLLED RATE SECOND-ORDER REACTION CHEMICAL KINETICS ORDER OF REACTION Series first-order processes, CHEMICAL KINETICS Serine SERINE HYDROXYMETHYLTRANSFERASE Selective protein degradation rates, ␴ Ǟ ␴ * TRANSITION ABSORPTION SPECTROSCOPY SIGMATROPIC REARRANGEMENT Sigmoidal dose-response, ENZYME CASCADE KINETICS SERINE DEHYDRATASE SIGNAL AMPLIFICATION SERINE DEHYDRATASE ENZYME CASCADE KINETICS SERINE DEHYDROGENASE PHENYLMETHYLSULFONYL FLUORIDE SIGNAL PEPTIDASE, EUKARYOTIC MICROSOMAL SERINE HYDROXYMETHYLTRANSFERASE SIGNAL PROCESSOR Signal-to-noise ratio, Serine protease inhibitor, irreversible, PHENYLMETHYLSULFONYL FLUORIDE N-END RULE Selenium donor protein, SELENOPHOSPHATE SYNTHETASE L-SELENOCYSTEINE L-SELENOCYSTEINE ͱ-LYASE ͱ-LYASE L-SELENOCYSTEINE Selenophosphate, SELENOPHOSPHATE SYNTHETASE SELENOPHOSPHATE SYNTHETASE SELF-ABSORPTION Self-activating process, AUTOCATALYSIS Self-ordering reactants, FRACTAL REACTION KINETICS Self-phosphorylation process, AUTOPHOSPHORYLATION SERPIN PHOSPHOPROTEIN PHOSPHATASES SERPINS (INHIBITORY MECHANISM) TRANSFERASE L-SELENOCYSTEINE Severing protein, CYTOSKELETAL PROTEIN POLYMERIZATION SHIELDING CHEMICAL SHIFT SHIFTED BINDING SHIFTING SPECIFICITY MODEL FOR ENZYME CATALYSIS Shigella, ACTIN-BASED BACTERIAL MOTILITY SELF-QUENCHING ACTIN FILAMENT GROWTH (Polymerization Zone Model) Self-replicating elements, HYPERCYCLE Self-unmixing of reactants, FRACTAL REACTION KINETICS Shikimate, SHIKIMATE DEHYDROGENASE SHIKIMATE KINASE SIGNIFICANT FIGURES Simple diffusion through a membrane, Serine/threonine-specific protein phosphatase, L-SERYL-tRNA SerSELENIUM NOISE PRECISION Serine proteinase inhibitor, SELF-PROTECTION MECHANISM 780 O-SIALOGLYCOPROTEASE SERINE PALMITOYLTRANSFERASE SELECTION RULE L-SELENOCYSTEINE SERINE PALMITOYLTRANSFERASE Serine deaminase Serine esterase inhibitor, irreversible, ELONGATION (No Change in Polymer Number Concentration) SIALIDASES (or Neuraminidases) ␴-CONSTANT (Sigma-Constant) AUTOCATALYSIS POLYMERIZATION SI- ␴-ADDUCT (Sigma-Adduct) SERINE DEHYDROGENASE Seeded assembly, SHUTTLE GROUP SIGMA (␴) CHEMICAL KINETICS MOLECULARITY SEDIMENTATION VELOCITY ULTRACENTRIFUGATION NOISE SIDE REACTIONS SERIES REACTIONS SERINE DEHYDRATASE SEDIMENTATION EQUILIBRIUM ULTRACENTRIFUGATION Shot noise, SIALYLTRANSFERASE NOYES EQUATION FIRST-ORDER REACTION SHIKIMATE KINASE PERMEABILITY COEFFICIENT Simplest explanation or model, OCCAM’S RAZOR Simplified treatment of enzyme kinetics, NET RATE CONSTANT METHOD Simulation, analysis, and modeling program, SAAM Single-electron transfer mechanism (SET), PHYSICAL ORGANIC CHEMISTRY NOMENCLATURE Single-ion activity coefficients, ¨ DEBYE-HUCKEL TREATMENT SINGLE-POOL MODEL FOR METABOLITE COMPARTMENTATION SINGLE-STEP REACTION Single-stranded RNA and DNA substrates, NUCLEASE S1 Singlet dioxygen, OXYGEN, OXIDES & OXO ANIONS SINGLET MOLECULAR OXYGEN Handbook of Biochemical Kinetics Wordfinder Singlet oxygen, Solubility, OXYGEN, OXIDES & OXO ANIONS SINGLET STATE JABLONSKI DIAGRAM Solubility product constant, SINGLET-TRIPLET ENERGY TRANSFER SINGLE-TURNOVER CONDITIONS Site-directed inhibitor, Solute-solvent interactions, SOLUTION Site-site interaction, SOLVATION COOPERATIVITY HYDRATION ATMOSPHERE Site-specific enzyme modification, AFFINITY LABELING CHEMICAL KINETICS Solvatochromic relationship, SITE-SPECIFIC ISOTOPE FRACTIONATION IN BIOCHEMICAL MECHANISMS Site-specific labeling, PHYSICAL ORGANIC CHEMISTRY NOMENCLATURE Solvatochromism, AFFINITY LABELING PHYSICAL ORGANIC CHEMISTRY NOMENCLATURE SI UNITS SOLVENT-ACCESSIBLE SURFACE AREA Skew, STEREOCHEMICAL TERMINOLOGY, IUPAC RECOMMENDATIONS Slit widths, Solvent acidity function, BUNNETT-OLSEN EQUATIONS Solvent cage, FLUORESCENCE CHEMICAL KINETICS SLOPE SOLVENT-TRAPPED INTERMEDIATES SLOPE-INTERCEPT EQUATION SLOPE REPLOTS (or, Slope Secondary Replots) SLOW-BINDING INHIBITOR LIGASE Slowest enzymic step in metabolic pathway, PACEMAKER ENZYME Slow partial exchange reactions, SUBSTRATE SYNERGISM SLOW TEMPERATURE-JUMP METHODS DEPOLYMERIZATION, END-WISE SLOW, TIGHT-BINDING INHIBITOR SMOLUCHOWSKI TREATMENT FOR AGGREGATION SOLVENT ISOTOPE EFFECT KINETIC ISOTOPE EFFECT Solvent parameter, PHYSICAL ORGANIC CHEMISTRY NOMENCLATURE SOLVENT TRAPPING OF ENZYME INTERMEDIATES SOLVOLYSIS Solvophobicity parameter, PHYSICAL ORGANIC CHEMISTRY NOMENCLATURE SOMO PHYSICAL ORGANIC CHEMISTRY NOMENCLATURE Spectrophotofluorimeter design, FLUORESCENCE Spin adduct, PHYSICAL ORGANIC CHEMISTRY NOMENCLATURE Spin counting, PHYSICAL ORGANIC CHEMISTRY NOMENCLATURE Spin density, PHYSICAL ORGANIC CHEMISTRY NOMENCLATURE SPIN LABEL ELECTRON SPIN RESONANCE Spin multiplicity, PHOSPHORESCENCE JABLONSKI DIAGRAM Spin-spin coupling, NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE SPONTANEOUS PROCESS Spontaneous resolution, STEREOCHEMICAL TERMINOLOGY, IUPAC RECOMMENDATIONS SQUALENE SYNTHASE ‘‘SUS rearrangase,’’ PROTEIN DISULFIDE ISOMERASE STABILITY CONSTANT METAL ION COMPLEXATION STABILITY CONSTANT DETERMINATION BY A LINEAR PLOT METHOD STABILITY CONSTANT DETERMINATION BY A LINEAR PLOT METHOD STABILITY, PRODUCT SUBSTRATE STABILITY Stabilization, ENZYME STABILITY STANDARD CURVE SONICATION SN1 and SN2 reactions, KINETIC ISOTOPE EFFECTS SN DISPLACEMENT REACTIONS BEER-LAMBERT LAW SORBITOL DEHYDROGENASE ABSORPTION SPECTROSCOPY L-Sorbose, SORBITOL DEHYDROGENASE SOLVOLYSIS S/N ratio, Speciation, NOISE BIOMINERALIZATION SODIUM-22 (22Na) SPECIFIC ACTIVITY Sodium ion, ISOTOPE DILUTION IONIC RADIUS SPECIFIC CATALYSIS STANDARD DEVIATION STATISTICS (A Primer) Standard deviation of the data set, NORMAL ERROR CURVE STATISTICS (A Primer) Standard error curve, NORMAL ERROR CURVE ATPases Solanesyl-diphosphate synthase, trans-OCTAPRENYLTRANSTRANSFERASE Solid-state NMR of inhibited complex, LIGASE Handbook of Biochemical Kinetics GENERAL ACID CATALYSIS STATISTICS (A Primer) GENERAL BASE CATALYSIS Sodium, potassium ATPase, D-ALANINE-D-ALANINE BIOMINERALIZATION HYDROPHOBIC EFFECT AFFINITY LABELING D-ALANINE-D-ALANINE BIOMINERALIZATION SOLUBILITY PRODUCT SPECIFICITY CONSTANT Standard error of the mean, SPECIFICITY SPECIFICITY CONSTANT MAPPING SUBSTRATE INTERACTIONS USING KINETIC DATA NORMAL ERROR CURVE STATISTICS (A Primer} STAPHYLOCOCCAL NUCLEASE STARCH PHOSPHORYLASE 781 Wordfinder STARCH SYNTHASE STATE FUNCTION STATIONARY STATE STEADY STATE STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF ENZYME RATE DATA STATISTICS (A Primer) STATISTICAL FACTOR STATISTICS (A Primer) Statistical mechanics, ENTROPY STATISTICS (A Primer) STEADY STATE Steady-state approximation for polymer nucleation, MICROTUBULE ASSEMBLY KINETICS STEADY-STATE ASSUMPTION pro-R GROUP STURGILL-BILTONEN METHOD pro-S GROUP Suberyldicholine dissociation from acetylcholine receptor, Stereoisomerism, STEREOCHEMICAL TERMINOLOGY, IUPAC RECOMMENDATIONS Stereoisomers, DIASTEREOMERS STEREOSELECTIVITY STEREOSPECIFICITY STERIC-APPROACH CONTROL DEPOLYMERIZATION, END-WISE MULTISTAGE REACTION STEREOCHEMICAL FIDELITY STEREOCHEMICAL TERMINOLOGY (IUPAC Recommendations) STEREOCHEMISTRY OF HYDRIDE TRANSFER TO/FROM NADH STEREOCHEMISTRY OF HYDROGEN TRANSFER TO/FROM FADH2 ALPHA EFFECT SUBSTRATE-ASSISTED CATALYSIS SCATCHARD PLOT Stern layer, BIOMINERALIZATION STEROID 11ͱ-HYDROXYLASE STEROID 17Ͱ-HYDROXYLASE Steroids, STEPWISE REACTION SN REACTIONS Substitution reactions at a saturated carbon, SUBSTRATE NUMERICAL INTEGRATION Stepwise depolymerization, SUBSTITUTION REACTION Steric hindrance effect on ligand binding, STEROID 21-HYDROXYLASE NONEQUILIBRIUM THERMODYNAMICS (A Primer) SUBSTITUENT STERIC HINDRANCE ENZYME KINETICS Steady-state processes, DISSOCIATION KINETICS SUBSITE MAPPING BIOCHEMICAL NOMENCLATURE STEROID SULFOTRANSFERASE STICKY SUBSTRATES ISOTOPE TRAPPING STIFFNESS (or Stiffness Instability) GEAR ALGORITHM Stoichiometric coupling, ION PUMPS STOICHIOMETRIC NUMBER Stoichiometry of elementary reactions, CHEMICAL KINETICS MOLECULARITY SUBSTRATE CHANNELING Substrate contaminated with the enzyme, BASAL RATE Substrate cycling, BIFURCATION THEORY Substrate depletion, INITIAL RATE PHASE Substrate dissociation rate, ISOTOPE TRAPPING STICKY SUBSTRATES Substrate-induced conformational change, INDUCED FIT MODEL SUBSTRATE INHIBITION ABORTIVE COMPLEX FORMATION LACTATE DEHYDROGENASE LEE-WILSON EQUATION Substrate ionization, effect on enzyme catalysis, pH EFFECTS ON ENZYME CATALYSIS UNIMOLECULAR SUBSTRATE OXIDATION KINETICS STEREOCHEMISTRY OF ISOMERASES INVOLVING PROTON TRANSFER BIMOLECULAR Substrate-product ratio, Stereoconvergence, ELEMENTARY REACTION STEREOCHEMICAL TERMINOLOGY, IUPAC RECOMMENDATIONS Stereodescriptor, STEREOCHEMICAL TERMINOLOGY, IUPAC RECOMMENDATIONS STEREOELECTRONIC Stereogenic unit (or Stereogen), STEREOCHEMICAL TERMINOLOGY, IUPAC RECOMMENDATIONS Stereoheterotopic, STEREOCHEMICAL TERMINOLOGY, IUPAC RECOMMENDATIONS Stereoheterotopic face of a trigonal atom, RESIStereoheterotopic groups in a prochiral atom, 782 TRANSITION-STATE THEORY ISOTOPE EXCHANGE AT EQUILIBRIUM SUBSTRATE PURITY STOKE’S SHIFT SUBSTRATE STABILITY & HANDLING STOPPED-FLOW MASS SPECTROMETRY IN ENZYME KINETICS SUBSTRATE SYNERGISM STOPPED-FLOW TECHNIQUES Stopping a chemical reaction, QUENCHING STRAIN Streak camera method, FLUORESCENCE Streptavidin, BIOTIN AND DERIVATIVES STREPTOKINASE Stress, PASCAL Strong cooperativity, BINDING CHANGE MECHANISM SUBTILISIN Substituent or moiety bound to a molecular entity, RADICAL (or FREE RADICAL) Subunit assembly in multisubunit proteins, BIOCHEMICAL SELF-ASSEMBLY Subzero enzymology, CRYOENZYMOLOGY SUCCESSOR COMPLEX Succinate, SUCCINYL-CoA SYNTHETASE O-SUCCINYLHOMOSERINE (THIOL)LYASE SUCCINATE DEHYDROGENASE Handbook of Biochemical Kinetics Wordfinder Succinyl-CoA, SUCCINYL-CoA SYNTHETASE SUCCINYL-CoA SYNTHETASE O-Succinyl-L-homoserine, O-SUCCINYLHOMOSERINE (THIOL)LYASE O-SUCCINYLHOMOSERINE (THIOL)-LYASE SUCRASE SUCROSE PHOSPHORYLASE ARSENOLYSIS SULFATE ADENYLYLTRANSFERASE SULFATE ADENYLYLTRANSFERASE (ADP) Sulfhydryl-disulfide interchange, PROTEIN DISULFIDE ISOMERASE SULFIDES Sulfite, RHODANESE SULFITE DEHYDROGENASE SULFITE OXIDASE SULFITE REDUCTASE SULFONIUM SALTS SULFOTRANSFERASES SULFUR-35 (35S) Surface fluorescence, NADH/NADPH SURFACE FLUORESCENCE IN LIVING TISSUES Surface plasmon resonance (SPR), BIOSENSOR SURFACE TENSION Sustained chemical behavior or biological response, PERSISTENCE TIME SWAIN-LUPTON RELATION SWAIN RELATIONSHIP KINETIC ISOTOPE EFFECTS Swain-Schaad relationship, EXPONENTIAL BREAKDOWN SYMBOLIC COMPUTING Symmetry-conserving allosteric model, MONOD-WYMAN-CHANGEUX MODEL SYMPORT Symproportionation, PHYSICAL ORGANIC CHEMISTRY NOMENCLATURE Synartetic acceleration, PHYSICAL ORGANIC CHEMISTRY NOMENCLATURE SULFUR DIOXYGENASE SYNCHROTRON X-RAY FOOTPRINTING Sulfuric acid, autoprotolysis constant, Synclinal, AUTOPROTOLYSIS Superoxide, OXYGEN, OXIDES & OXO ANIONS PHOTOOXYGENATION STEREOCHEMICAL TERMINOLOGY, IUPAC RECOMMENDATIONS Synergistic feedback inhibition, FEEDBACK INHIBITION SYNERGISM SUPEROXIDE DETECTION/MEASUREMENT ALLOSTERISM SUPEROXIDE DISMUTASES COOPERATIVITY SUPERACID MONOD-WYMAN-CHANGEUX MODEL SUPERACID CATALYSIS KOSHLAND-NEMETHY-FILMER MODEL SUPERBASE SUBSTRATE SYNERGISM SUPERIMPOSABILITY (or Superposability) SYNERGISTIC INHIBITION SUPERRADIANCE Synperiplanar, SUPERSATURATION BIOMINERALIZATION Suprafacial, ANTARAFACIAL ANTARAFACIAL AND SUPRAFACIAL MIGRATIONS ANTARAFACIAL AND SUPRAFACIAL REACTIONS Surface-adsorbed ions and molecules, BIOMINERALIZATION STEREOCHEMICAL TERMINOLOGY, IUPAC RECOMMENDATIONS Synthesis of ATP, BINDING CHANGE MECHANISM Synthetases, LIGASES SYSTEM SYSTEMATIC ERRORS RANDOM ERROR STATISTICS (A Primer) Surface charge, BIOMINERALIZATION TAUTOMERISM REARRANGEMENTS ANOMERIC SPECIFICITY VALENCE TAUTOMERISM Teeth, BIOMINERALIZATION Tele-substitution, PHYSICAL ORGANIC CHEMISTRY NOMENCLATURE TELOMERASE TEMPERATURE Temperature coefficient, Q10 TEMPERATURE CONTROL TEMPERATURE DEPENDENCE ARRHENIUS LAW VAN’T HOFF RELATIONSHIP TRANSITION-STATE THEORY TEMPERATURE DEPENDENCE OF KINETIC ISOTOPE EFFECTS Temperature dependence of rate constants, ARRHENIUS EQUATION & PLOT Temperature-jump method, CHEMICAL KINETICS TEMPLATE CHALLENGE METHOD PROCESSIVITY Template-directed assembly, MICROTUBULE ASSEMBLY Template-directed irreversible polymerization, IRREVERSIBLE POLYMERIZATION Template-directed self-assembly, BIOCHEMICAL SELF-ASSEMBLY Template-independent irreversible polymerization, IRREVERSIBLE POLYMERIZATION TENSEGRITY N-Terminal aminoacyl residues, N-END RULE TERMINATION Termolecular, TRIMOLECULAR TERNARY COMPLEX MULTISUBSTRATE MECHANISMS Ter quad reaction, MULTISUBSTRATE MECHANISMS Ter-substrate mechanism, RANDOM AC/PR, ORDERED B/Q TER TER MECHANISM SURFACE CROSSING T Surface diffusion, TANDEM MASS SPECTROMETRY RANDOM BC/PQ, ORDERED A/R TER TER MECHANISM TAU (␶) RANDOM TER TER MECHANISM BIOMINERALIZATION Handbook of Biochemical Kinetics 783 Wordfinder RANDOM UNI UNI BI BI PING PONG MECHANISM TER TER REACTION SYSTEMS MULTISUBSTRATE MECHANISMS TER UNI REACTION MULTISUBSTRATE MECHANISMS TESLA TETRAHEDRAL INTERMEDIATE ESTER HYDROLYSIS MECHANISM CHYMOTRYPSIN SERPINS (Inhibitory Mechanism) TETRAHYDROPTEROYLTRIGLUTAMATE METHYLTRANSFERASE N5-METHYLTETRAHYDROFOLATE: HOMOCYSTEINE METHYLTRANSFERASE Tetrapyrroles, BIOCHEMICAL NOMENCLATURE Theorell-Chance, distinguished by abortive complexes, ABORTIVE COMPLEXES Theorell-Chance ordered bi bi mechanism, ORDERED BI BI THEORELL-CHANCE MECHANISM MULTISUBSTRATE MECHANISMS THERAPEUTIC RATIO THERMAL EQUILIBRATION THERMAL LENSING Thermal noise, NOISE THERMAL TRAPPING CRYOENZYMOLOGY Thermodynamic activity of proteins in solution, MOLECULAR CROWDING Thermodynamic additivity, ADDITIVITY PRINCIPLE Thermodynamically unstable intermediate, ARSENOLYSIS THERMODYNAMIC CONTROL KINETIC CONTROL THERMODYNAMIC CYCLE Thermodynamic equation, NERNST EQUATION THERMODYNAMIC EQUATIONS OF STATE Thermodynamic isotope effect, EQUILIBRIUM ISOTOPE EFFECT CARATHEODORY, PRINCIPLE OF THROMBOXANE A SYNTHASE CARNOT CYCLE THYMIDINE 2Ј-HYDROXYLASE EFFICIENCY THYMIDYLATE SYNTHASE INNATE THERMODYNAMIC QUANTITIES TIGHT-BINDING INHIBITOR KINETICS Thermodynamics of DNA unwinding, INNATE THERMODYNAMIC QUANTITIES Thermodynamics of protein unfolding, INNATE THERMODYNAMIC QUANTITIES Thermodynamic quantities, See specific constant of interest Thermodynamic state function, ENTROPY ENTHALPY HENDERSON PLOT Tight-binding inhibitors, HENDERSON PLOT TIGHT-BINDING INHIBITOR KINETICS TIGHT ION PAIR LOOSE ION PAIR ION PAIR SOLVENT-SHARED ION PAIR SOLVENT-SEPARATED ION PAIR THERMOLYSIN TIME Thermostable enzymes, TIME & CHRONOMALS EXTREMOZYMES THETA (␪) Thiamin-dependent enzymes, ACETOLACTATE SYNTHASE BENZOYLFORMATE DECARBOXYLASE TIME-CORRELATED SINGLE PHOTON COUNTING PHOTON COUNTING Time-course, analysis of, PROGRESS CURVE ANALYSIS BRANCHED-CHAIN Ͱ-KETO ACID DEHYDROGENASE COMPLEX Time-course of autocatalysis, Ͱ-KETOGLUTARATE DEHYDROGENASE COMPLEX Time-course of enzyme-catalyzed reactions, OXALYL-CoA DECARBOXYLASE TIME-OF-FLIGHT MASS SPECTROMETRY PHOSPHOKETOLASE Time of relaxation, PYRUVATE DECARBOXYLASE PYRUVATE DEHYDROGENASE TRANSKETOLASE THIAMIN: PHOSPHATES & ANALOGUES Thiocyanate, RHODANESE AUTOCATALYSIS ENZYME KINETIC EQUATIONS CHEMICAL KINETICS Time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy, FLUORESCENCE SPECTROSCOPY (TIMERESOLVED) TIME-RESOLVED MACROMOLECULAR CRYSTALLOGRAPHY THIOLESTER INTERMEDIATE TIME-RESOLVED SPECTROSCOPY THIOLS TIME-RESOLVED X-RAY DIFFRACTION Thiosulfate, Time-scale of a system, RHODANESE Third law of thermodynamics, THERMODYNAMICS, LAWS OF ENTROPY Third order process/reaction, CHEMICAL KINETICS Three-dimensional diffusion in a spherical shell, DIFFUSION, REDUCTION IN DIMENSIONALITY Three-dimensional NMR, NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE PERSISTENT TRANSIENT CHEMICAL SPECIES Time-scale of protein turnover, N-END RULE TIME-SCALE SEPARATION AND METABOLIC PATHWAYS CONTROL TLCK Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV), BIOCHEMICAL SELF-ASSEMBLY Tocopherols, BIOCHEMICAL NOMENCLATURE TOLUENE DIOXYGENASE THERMODYNAMIC pKa THREONINE DEHYDRATASE TONICITY THERMODYNAMICS, LAWS OF THRESHOLD POTENTIAL TOPAQUINONE THROMBIN Topaquinone-containing enzymes, ENTROPY ENTHALPY 784 ACYL-SERINE INTERMEDIATE REDOX-ACTIVE AMINO ACIDS Handbook of Biochemical Kinetics Wordfinder Topaquinone peptides, RESONANCE RAMAN SPECTROSCOPY Torquoselectivity, PHYSICAL ORGANIC CHEMISTRY NOMENCLATURE Torsion angle, STEREOCHEMICAL TERMINOLOGY, IUPAC RECOMMENDATIONS Torsional stereoisomers, STEREOCHEMICAL TERMINOLOGY, IUPAC RECOMMENDATIONS Torsional strain, STEREOCHEMICAL TERMINOLOGY, IUPAC RECOMMENDATIONS Torsional symmetry of terminal phosphoryl oxygen atoms, BRIDGE-TO-NONBRIDGE OXYGEN SCRAMBLING Tortuosity, DIFFUSION WITHIN CELLULAR/EXTRACELLULAR SPACES Tosyl-L-phenylalanine chloromethyl ketone, AFFINITY LABELING TOTAL ENERGY EXPENDITURE TPCK AFFINITY LABELING CHYMOTRYPSIN TRACEE COMPARTMENTAL ANALYSIS TRACER COMPARTMENTAL ANALYSIS TRACER PERTURBATION METHOD TRACER/TRACEE RATIO COMPARTMENTAL ANALYSIS trans-, STEREOCHEMICAL TERMINOLOGY, IUPAC RECOMMENDATIONS TRANSALDOLASE Transaminase, HALF-REACTIONS Transannular strain, STEREOCHEMICAL TERMINOLOGY, IUPAC RECOMMENDATIONS TRANSCARBOXYLASE DIFFUSION CONTROL Transient intermediates, RAPID SCAN SPECTROSCOPY OF FAST REACTIONS Transient kinetic methods, QUENCH-FLOW EXPERIMENTS TRANSIENT SPECIES (or, Transient Chemical Species) TRANSIENT-STATE KINETIC METHODS CHEMICAL KINETICS TRANSITION COORDINATE REACTION COORDINATE PHYSICAL ORGANIC CHEMISTRY NOMENCLATURE TRANSITION DIPOLE MOMENT TRANSITION POLARIZATION TRANSITION PROBABILITY FUNCTIONS TRANSITION STATE TRANSITION STATE THEORY POTENTIAL ENERGY SURFACE HAMMOND PRINCIPLE TRANSITION STRUCTURE TRANSITION-STATE ANALOGUES MOLECULAR SIMILARITY Transition state effect on exchangeable protons, PROTON INVENTORY TECHNIQUE Transition-state mimic, LIGASE TRANSITION STATES IN BIOLOGICAL CATALYSIS TRANSITION-STATE THEORY CHEMICAL KINETICS COLLISION THEORY TEMPERATURE DEPENDENCE Q10 UNI MOLECULAR REACTIONS AND TRANSITION STATE THEORY TRANSITION-STATE THEORY (Thermodynamics) TRANSITION-STATE THEORY (Thermodynamics) TRANSCRIPTION COMPLEX KINETICS TRANSCYTOSIS TRANSITION-STATE THEORY Transducin ADP-ribosylation, GIBBS FREE ENERGY OF ACTIVATION TRANSFERASES ENZYME COMMISSION NOMENCLATURE TRANSFORMATION TRANSGLUTAMINASE Handbook of Biochemical Kinetics TRANSITION STRUCTURE TRANSKETOLASE DIFFUSION WITHIN CELLULAR/EXTRACELLULAR SPACES Translocase, ADENINE NUCLEOTIDE TRANSLOCASE Transmembrane potential, MEMBRANE POTENTIAL Transmembrane proton gradients, BINDING CHANGE MECHANISM TRANSMISSION COEFFICIENT TRANSITION STATE THEORY TRANSMISSION DENSITY TRANSMITTANCE TRANSMITTANCE INTERNAL TRANSMITTANCE CHEMICAL KINETICS ARRHENIUS EQUATION ADP-RIBOSYLATION ENTROPY AND ENTHALPY OF ACTIVATION, INTERPRETATION Translational self-diffusion, PERSISTENT D-ALANINE-D-ALANINE TEMPERATURE DEPENDENCE ENTHALPY OF ACTIVATION ENTROPY OF ACTIVATION EYRING EQUATION VOLUME OF ACTIVATION TRANSITION-STATE THEORY IN SOLUTIONS TRANSMISSION DENSITY TOTAL TRANSMITTANCE BEER-LAMBERT LAW ABSORPTION SPECTROSCOPY Transoid conformation, STEREOCHEMICAL TERMINOLOGY, IUPAC RECOMMENDATIONS Transport control, MICROSCOPIC DIFFUSION CONTROL TRANSPORT NUMBER TRAPPING Trapping of covalent intermediates, BOROHYDRIDE REDUCTION Treadmilling, ACTIN ASSEMBLY KINETICS MICROTUBULE ASSEMBLY KINETICS Triglyceride synthesis kinetics (hepatic), LIPID TRACER KINETICS 2,4,5-Trihydroxyphenylalanine quinone, REDOX-ACTIVE AMINO ACIDS TRIMOLECULAR MOLECULARITY ORDER TRANSITION-STATE THEORY COLLISION THEORY ELEMENTARY REACTIONS 785 Wordfinder TRIOSE-PHOSPHATE ISOMERASE Tunneling, AFFINITY LABELING HYDROGEN TUNNELING HALDANE RELATION TYROSINE AMINOTRANSFERASE KINETIC ISOTOPE EFFECT ENZYME ENERGETICS (The Case of Proline Racemase) QUANTUM MECHANICAL TUNNELING TURBIDITY KINETIC ISOTOPE EFFECT ABSORPTION SPECTROSCOPY REACTION COORDINATE DIAGRAM LIGHT SCATTERING Triose-phosphate isomerase energetics, REACTION COORDINATE DIAGRAM TRIPLE-COMPETITIVE METHOD TRIPLET STATE FLUORESCENCE TRIPLET-TRIPLET ANNIHILATION ACTIN ASSEMBLY ASSAYS TYROSINE KINASES, PROTEIN U Ubiquinol, NADH DEHYDROGENASE MICROTUBULE ASSEMBLY KINETICS UBIQUINOL:CYTOCHROME c OXIDOREDUCTASE DEPOLYMERIZATION, END-WISE Ubiquinone, TURNOVER PULSE-CHASE EXPERIMENTS NADH DEHYDROGENASE Ubiquinone reductase, TURNOVER NUMBER NADH DEHYDROGENASE ANNIHILATION PROTEIN TURNOVER UBIQUITIN-PROTEIN LIGASES WIGNER SPIN CONSERVATION RULE EXPONENTIAL DECAY UDENFRIEND’S REAGENT DELAYED LUMINESCENCE TRIPLET-TRIPLET ENERGY TRANSFER TRIPLET-TRIPLET TRANSITIONS TRITIUM TRITON TRITIUM True self-assembly, BIOCHEMICAL SELF-ASSEMBLY TRYPSIN ACYL-SERINE INTERMEDIATE CHYMOTRYPSIN CATALYTIC TRIAD TRYPTOPHANASE TRYPTOPHAN SYNTHASE T state, ALLOSTERISM MONOD-WYMAN-CHANGEUX MODEL Tub conformation, STEREOCHEMICAL TERMINOLOGY, IUPAC RECOMMENDATIONS Tubulin elongation kinetics, DILUTION-INDUCED DEPOLYMERIZATION MICROTUBULE ASSEMBLY KINETICS TUBULIN-GTP HYDROLYSIS (Apparent Irreversibility) TUBULIN POLYMERIZATION ASSAYS MICROTUBULE ASSEMBLY KINETICS Tubulin polymerization, repetitive addition of protomers, MICROTUBULE ASSEMBLY KINETICS TUBULIN:TYROSINE LIGASE ARSENOLYSIS Tungsten, IONIC RADIUS TUNGSTOENZYMES TUNGSTOENZYMES 786 TURNOVER TIME COMPARTMENTAL ANALYSIS Turnstile rotation, STEREOCHEMICAL TERMINOLOGY, IUPAC RECOMMENDATIONS TWIDDLING PERSISTENCE Twist form, STEREOCHEMICAL TERMINOLOGY, IUPAC RECOMMENDATIONS Two classes of binding interactions, one strong and one weak, SCATCHARD PLOT Two-dimensional diffusion on the circular ring, DIFFUSION, REDUCTION IN DIMENSIONALITY Two-dimensional imaging, FLUORESCENCE Two-dimensional NMR, NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE Two-dimensional surface diffusion, DIFFUSION, REDUCTION IN DIMENSIONALITY UMBRELLA EFFECT UMP synthesis, OROTIDYLATE DECARBOXYLASE Uncatalyzed rates, BASAL RATE UNCOMPETITIVE INHIBITION UNCONSUMED SUBSTRATE OR COFACTOR UNDERSHOOT Unfacilitated transport rate, BASAL RATE Unidirectional processes, NONEQUILIBRIUM THERMODYNAMICS: A PRIMER UNIMOLECULAR CHEMICAL KINETICS MOLECULARITY ORDER OF REACTION ELEMENTARY REACTIONS Unimolecular forward/bimolecular reverse, CHEMICAL KINETICS Unimolecular isomerization, CHEMICAL KINETICS TWO-PHOTON EXCITATION UNINTERESTING ENZYME TWO-PHOTON PROCESS UNIPORT TWO-PROTONIC-STATE ELECTROPHILES AFFINITY LABELING Two-site ping pong mechanism, MULTISITE PING PONG MECHANISMS Two-step ligand-induced isomerization mechanism, ANTIBODY-HAPTEN INTERACTIONS TYPE 1, 2, COPPER BINDING SITES Type I dehydrogenase, NADH DEHYDROGENASE Tyrosinase, MONOPHENOL MONOOXYGENASE MEMBRANE TRANSPORT Unit of energy, QUANTUM UNI UNI ENZYME KINETIC MECHANISM MICHAELIS-MENTEN EQUATION ISO UNI UNI MECHANISM RAPID EQUILIBRIUM ASSUMPTION Unpaired electron, PARAMAGNETIC DIAMAGNETIC RADICAL (or Free Radical) UNREACTIVE Handbook of Biochemical Kinetics Wordfinder UNSTABLE Velocity-modulated allosteric regulation, Vmax-TYPE ALLOSTERIC SYSTEM METASTABLE UNSTABLE AFFINITY LABELING REAGENT VENOM EXONUCLEASE Unstimulated activity, Venom phosphodiesterase, PHOSPHODIESTERASES BASAL RATE UPCONVERSION VESICLE TRANSPORT IN CELLS UREA KINETICS Vibrational bond stretching mode, HOOKE’S LAW SPRING UREASE NICKEL-DEPENDENT ENZYMES KINETIC ISOTOPE EFFECT VIBRATIONAL COUPLING UV ENDONUCLEASES Volume change of charge neutralization, ELECTROSTRICTION Volume elasticity, MODULUS OF ELASTICITY Volume-exclusion effects of added solutes, MOLECULAR CROWDING Volume occupied by atoms in a macromolecule or solid, PACKING DENSITY VOLUME OF ACTIVATION VIBRATIONAL RELAXATION TRANSITION STATE THEORY EXPRESSED IN THERMODYNAMIC TERMS VIBRATIONAL SPECTROSCOPY GIBBS FREE ENERGY OF ACTIVATION VIBRONIC TRANSITION ENTHALPY OF ACTIVATION VIBRATIONAL REDISTRIBUTION V Vaccinia, ACTIN FILAMENT GROWTH (Polymerization Zone Model) VICINAL Vicinal hydroxyl groups, VALENCE-BOND METHOD PERIODATE CLEAVAGE Valence isomerism, MALAPRADE REACTION STEREOCHEMICAL TERMINOLOGY, IUPAC RECOMMENDATIONS Vinculin fragment as ActA homologue, ACTIN-BASED BACTERIAL MOTILITY VALINE DEHYDROGENASE VINYLACETYL-CoA ISOMERASE Valinomycin-like antibiotics, ENTROPY OF ACTIVATION VOLUME OF DISTRIBUTION COMPARTMENTAL ANALYSIS VOLUME STRAIN V SYSTEMS Vmax-TYPE (or V-Type Allosteric System) VINYL CATION (or Vinylic Cation) HOST-GUEST INTERACTIONS VIRTUAL TRANSITION STATE VISCOSITY VANADATE ION IONIC RADIUS VISCOSITY COEFFICIENT OXYGEN, OXIDES, & OXO ANIONS VITAMIN A GROUP VANADIUM-DEPENDENT ENZYMES VITAMIN D GROUP Vanadium oxide, VITAMIN D 25-HYDROXYLASE OXYGEN, OXIDES & OXO ANIONS Vancomycin-resistant enterococci, D-ALANYL-D-ALANINE LIGASE VAN DER WAALS FORCES VAN’T HOFF RELATIONSHIP COLLISION THEORY ARRHENIUS LAW TRANSITION-STATE THEORY TEMPERATURE DEPENDENCE VAN’T HOFF’S LAWS VARIANCE STATISTICS (A Primer) VARIANCE RATIO STATISTICS (A Primer) VASP, ACTIN-BASED BACTERIAL MOTILITY Vectorial movement of ions, ION PUMPS VELOCITY RATE OF REACTION RATE OF CONVERSION VELOCITY COEFFICIENT VELOCITY, MACROSCOPIC Handbook of Biochemical Kinetics ALLOSTERISM VITAMIN K-DEPENDENT Ͳ-GLUTAMYL CARBOXYLASE VITAMIN K EPOXIDASE VITAMIN K-2,3-EPOXIDE REDUCTASE VITAMIN K GROUP (V / K )H /(V / K ) D and (V / K )H /(V / K )T, KINETIC ISOTOPE EFFECTS Vmax ENZYME KINETIC EQUATIONS MICHAELIS-MENTEN EQUATION UNI UNI MECHANISM ENZYME RATE EQUATIONS The Basics Vmax / Km (As Measure of Substrate Capture and Product Release) SPECIFICITY CONSTANT Vmax-TYPE (or, V-TYPE) ALLOSTERIC SYSTEM vn,max VOLATILE BUFFERS VOLT VOLTAGE CLAMP MEMBRANE POTENTIAL PATCH CLAMP METHOD Voltammetric sensors, BIOCATALYTIC ELECTRODE W WALDEN INVERSION SN1 AND SN2 REACTIONS NUCLEOPHILIC SUBSTITUTION REACTIONS WALL EFFECT WASHING LABWARE WASH-OUT WATER Water, autoprotolysis constant, AUTOPROTOLYSIS WATER, BOUNDWATER EXCHANGE RATES OF AQUA METAL IONS Water ionization, AUTOPROTOLYSIS WATER PURITY SUBSTRATE PURITY WATER (Temperature Effect on Kw) WATT POWER RADIANT FLUX WEBER Wedge projection, STEREOCHEMICAL TERMINOLOGY, IUPAC RECOMMENDATIONS WEDLER-BOYER ISOTOPE EXCHANGE PROTOCOL ISOTOPE EXCHANGE AT EQUILIBRIUM 787 Wordfinder WEIGHT Yeast hexokinase, WEIGHTING OF DATA STATISTICS (A Primer) Wheland intermediate, PHYSICAL ORGANIC CHEMISTRY NOMENCLATURE Whole body turnover kinetics, PROTEIN TURNOVER KINETICS WIGNER SPIN-CONSERVATION RULE CARBONIC ANHYDRASE INDUCED FIT MODEL YIELD COEFFICIENT (or, Coefficient of Yield) Yield, quantum, DIHYDROOROTATE DEHYDROGENASE YLIDES DIPEPTIDASES CARBANION YONETANI-THEORELL TREATMENT XANTHINE DEHYDROGENASE XANTHINE OXIDASE ZEATIN CIS-TRANS ISOMERASE XANTHINE DEHYDROGENASE XI (␰) MITOCHONDRIAL INTERMEDIATE PEPTIDASE ZEATIN REDUCTASE MUCROLYSIN ZEOLITE NEPRILYSIN ZERO ORDER NUCLEASE S1 CHEMICAL KINETICS PHOSPHOLIPASE C RATE SATURATION PYRUVATE CARBOXYLASE SUPEROXIDE DISMUTASES EXTENT OF REACTION ZERO-ORDER REACTIONS TIME & CHRONOMALS ORDER OF REACTION MOLECULARITY XYLOGLUCAN SYNTHASE MICHAELIS-MENTEN EQUATION D-XYLONATE FIRST-ORDER REACTION DEHYDRATASE XYLOSE ISOMERASE 5-phosphate, RIBULOSE-5-PHOSPHATE 4-EPIMERASE Ͱ-XYLOSIDASE ͱ-XYLOSIDASE D-XYLULOKINASE L-XYLULOKINASE X-Pro dipeptidase PROLINE DIPEPTIDASE X-ray crystallographic analysis of enzyme intermediates, SOLVENT-TRAPPED INTERMEDIATES Zinc ion, ZERO POINT ENERGY HOOKE’S LAW SPRING KINETIC ISOTOPE EFFECTS Zeroth law of thermodynamics, THERMODYNAMICS, LAWS OF ZETA (␨) Zinc carbonate (ZnCO3), SOLUBILITY PRODUCT Zucker-Hammett hypothesis, PHYSICAL ORGANIC CHEMISTRY NOMENCLATURE ZWITTERGENTS DETERGENTS Zinc-dependent enzymes, PEPTIDASE ALCOHOL DEHYDROGENASE Y 5-AMINOLEVULINATE DEHYDRATASE YAGA-OZAWA TREATMENT ASTACIN ANGIOTENSIN CONVERTING ENZYME ATROXASE DNA UNWINDING: Kinetic Model For Small DNA SOLVENT EFFECTS Zinc carbonate monohydrate (ZnCO3иH2O), ALKALINE PHOSPHATASE YONETANI-THEORELL TREATMENT IONIC RADIUS ZIPPER MECHANISMS FOR DNA UNFOLDING Z VALUE SOLUBILITY PRODUCT D-ALANYL-D-ALANINE THERMOLYSIN TRANSCARBOXYLASE XYLANASE 788 MEPRIN MICHAELIS-MENTEN EQUATION XANTHINE OXIDASE D-Xylose INSULYSIN MANNOSE-6-PHOSPHATE ISOMERASE PHYSICAL ORGANIC CHEMISTRY NOMENCLATURE PROLINE DIPEPTIDASE ACID DEHYDROGENASE LEUCOLYSIN Zaitsev rule, Xaa-Pro dipeptidase, D-2-HYDROXY LEISHMANOLYSIN Z X CARBOXYPEPTIDASES CARNOSINASE QUANTUM YIELD WOMACK-COLOWICK DIALYSIS METHOD WORK CARBON MONOXIDE DEHYDROGENASE MICELLE ZWITTERION ZYMOGEN Zymogen activation, AUTOCATALYSIS Zyxin, ACTIN-BASED MOTILITY Handbook of Biochemical Kinetics ... BPTI Bovine pancreatic trypsin inhibitor 10 10 Biochemical Abbreviations A Adenine Alanine or alanyl aa Amino acid aaRS Aminoacyl-tRNA ACAT Acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase ACES N-(2-Acetamido)-2aminoethanesulfonic... biochemical kinetics What also became clear was that, before and during any detailed consideration of a molecular process, teachers must always take pains to explain the associated terminology adequately... N-(2-Acetamido)-2aminoethanesulfonic acid ACh xvi Acetylcholine ATCase Aspartate transcarbamoylase ATP Adenosine 5Ј-triphosphate B Aspartate ϩ asparagine (or aspartyl ϩ asparaginyl) BES N, N-Bis(2-hydroxyethyl)-2aminoethanesulfonic