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HTML & CSS:
The Complete Reference,
Fifth Edition
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About the Author
Thomas A. Powell (tpowell@pint.com) is a long-time
industry veteran. After an early stint at CERFnet in the
early ‘90s, he founded Powell Internet Consulting (later
renamed PINT) in 1994, a Web design and consulting services
firm. Today, PINT (pint.com) provides Web development,
design, and consulting services to large and small corporations
all over the United States in a variety of industries.
Beyond his involvement at PINT, Thomas is heavily
involved in the academic community. He developed the
University of California, San Diego Extension Web Publishing
program in the late 1990s and continues to teach classes there
in Web development and design. He is also an instructor for
the UCSD Computer Science Department, where he teaches
classes in Web development and the theory of programming
languages.
Mr. Powell is well published, and his work has appeared
in numerous trade publications. He continues to publish
regularly in Network World. He also has published numerous
books on Web technology and design, including Ajax: The
Complete Reference, JavaScript: The Complete Reference, and
many others. His books have been translated into over
12 languages and are used around the world both in industry
and college settings.
About the Technical Editor
James H. (Jim) Pence is a full-time writer, editor, speaker,
singer, and performance chalk artist. Jim broke into book
publishing in 2001 with How to Do Everything with HTML,
a how-to book on Web authoring, written “by a nontechie for
nontechies,” and published by McGraw-Hill Professional. He
followed this book the same year with another book for
McGraw-Hill: Cascading Style Sheets: A Beginner’s Guide.
McGraw-Hill published a second edition of Jim’s HTML
book, re-titled How to Do Everything with HTML & XHTML,
in 2003.
Jim is also a published novelist. He is the author of Blind
Sight (Tyndale, 2003), a suspense/thriller novel set in the
mind-control cults, and The Angel (Kregel, 2006), set against
the backdrop of the euthanasia and physician-assisted suicide
movements. Jim moved into “true crime” writing with his
latest book, Terror by Night (Tyndale, 2009). Terror by Night is
the true story of the brutal 2008 murders of the Caffey family
in Emory, Texas. You can learn more about Jim’s books and
other creative projects at his Web site: www.jamespence.com.
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HTML & CSS:
The Complete Reference,
Fifth Edition
Thomas A. Powell
New York Chicago San Francisco
Lisbon London Madrid Mexico City
Milan New Delhi San Juan
Seoul Singapore Sydney Toronto
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Contents at a Glance
Part I Core Markup
1 Traditional HTML and XHTML . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2 Introducing HTML5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
3 HTML and XHTML Element Reference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
Part II Core Style
4 Introduction to CSS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 429
5 CSS Syntax and Property Reference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 521
6 CSS3 Proprietary and Emerging Features Reference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 613
Part III Appendixes
A Character Entities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 727
B Fonts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 751
C Colors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 765
D URLs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 783
E Reading a Document Type Definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 801
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 809
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Contents
Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxi
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxiii
Part I Core Markup
1 Traditional HTML and XHTML . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
First Look at HTML and XHTML . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Hello HTML and XHTML World . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Viewing Markup Locally . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Viewing Markup with a Web Server . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
HTML and XHTML: Version History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
HTML and XHTML DTDs: The Specifications Up Close . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Document Type Statements and Language Versions . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
(X)HTML Document Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
The Document Head . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
The Document Body . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
Browsers and (X)HTML . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Validation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
The Doctype Switch and Browser Rendering Modes . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
The Rules of (X)HTML . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
HTML Is Not Case Sensitive, XHTML Is . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
Attribute Values May Be Case Sensitive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
(X)HTML Is Sensitive to a Single Whitespace Character . . . . . . . . . . 42
(X)HTML Follows a Content Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
Elements Should Have Close Tags Unless Empty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
Unused Elements May Minimize . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
Elements Should Nest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
Attributes Should Be Quoted . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
Entities Should Be Used for Special Characters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
Browsers Ignore Unknown Attributes and Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
Major Themes of (X)HTML . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
Logical and Physical Markup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
Standards vs. Practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
Myths and Misconceptions About HTML and XHTML . . . . . . . . . . . 47
The Future of Markup—Two Paths? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
XHTML: Web Page Markup XML Style . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
HTML5: Back to the Future . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
2 Introducing HTML5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
Hello HTML5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
Loose Syntax Returns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
XHTML5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
vii
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viii
HTML & CSS: The Complete Reference
viii
HTML & CSS: The Complete Reference
HTML5: Embracing the Reality of Web Markup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
Presentational Markup Removed and Redefined . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
Out with the Old Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
In with the New Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
Sample of New Attributes for HTML5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
HTML5 Document Structure Changes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
Adding Semantics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
Marking Text . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
Indicating Dates and Time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
Inserting Figures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
Specifying Navigation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
HTML5’s Open Media Effort . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
<video> . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
<audio> . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
Media Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
Client-Side Graphics with <canvas> . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
Drawing and Styling Lines and Shapes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
Drawing Arcs and Curves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
Scaling, Rotating, and Translating Drawings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
Using Bitmaps in Drawings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
Text Support for canvas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
<canvas> Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
HTML5 Form Changes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
New Form Field Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
Validating Data Entry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
Autocomplete Lists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
Miscellaneous Usability Improvements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
Emerging Elements and Attributes to Support Web Applications . . . . . . . . 106
menu Element Repurposed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
command Element . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
meter and progress Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
details Element . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
output Element . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
The Uncertain Future of Frames . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
The draggable Attribute and the Drag and Drop API . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
contenteditable Attribute . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
spellcheck Attribute . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
Internationalization Improvements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
HTML5 Metadata Changes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
data-X Attributes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
Microdata . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
HTML5: Beyond Markup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
defer Attribute . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
HTML, JavaScript, and the DOM Renewed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
Standardizing and Extending Ad Hoc JavaScript Conventions . . . . 125
Major HTML5 Themes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
HTML5 Today or Tomorrow? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
HTML5 as a Catch-All . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
HTML5: Web Politics as Usual . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
HTML5: Imperfect Improvement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
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3 HTML and XHTML Element Reference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
Flavors of HTML and XHTML . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
Core Attributes Reference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
class . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
id . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
style . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
title . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138
Language Attributes Reference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138
dir . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138
lang . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
Other Common Attributes Reference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
accesskey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
align . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
contenteditable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
datafld . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
dataformatas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
datasrc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
disabled . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
height . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
hidefocus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
hspace . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
language . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
tabindex . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142
unselectable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142
vspace . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142
width . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142
Common HTML5 Attributes Reference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142
accesskey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142
contenteditable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
contextmenu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
data-X (Custom Data Attributes) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
draggable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
hidden . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
144
itemid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
itemprop . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
itemref . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
itemscope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
itemtype . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
spellcheck . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
tabindex . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
Event Attributes Reference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
HTML5 Events . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
Internet Explorer’s Extended Event Attributes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
HTML Element Reference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154
<! > (Comment) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
<! .[ ] > (Conditional Comment) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
<!DOCTYPE> (Document Type Definition) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
<a> (Anchor) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
<abbr> (Abbreviation) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164
<acronym> (Acronym) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166
C o n t e n t s
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[...]... indicates the particular version of HTML or XHTML being used in the document The first example uses the strict 4.01 specification, the second uses a reduced form for HTML5 the meaning of which will be explained a bit later on, and the final example uses the XHTML 1.0 strict specification • The , , and tag pairs are used to specify the general structure of the document The required... inclusion of the xmlns attribute in the tag is a small difference required by XHTML • The tag used in the examples indicates the MIME type of the document and the character set in use Notice that in the XHTML example, the element has a trailing slash to indicate that it is an empty element • The and tag pair specifies the title of the document, which generally appears in the title... and standards issues There just isn’t a step-by-step cookbook for each element or property Given the maturity of the Web industry, we aimed not for the complete tutorial, but instead for the complete reference It should go without saying that more markup changes to HTML and CSS are inevitable HTML5 , in particular, is a complete moving target, and rather than punting on it, we took the best shot at its... get back to the book. < /html> O NLINE http://htmlref.com/ch1 /html4 helloworld .html A simple modification of the initial line is really all that is necessary to make this an HTML5 example, the comment and text is changed so you can keep the examples straight: Hello HTML5 World... really isn't so hard either! Soon you will ♥ using XHTML too. There are some differences between XHTML and HTML but with some precise markup you'll see such differences are easily addressed. < /html> O NLINE http://htmlref.com/ch1/xhtmlhelloworld .html The preceding examples use some of the most common elements used in (X )HTML documents, including: • The statement,... example: Hello XHTML World Welcome to the World of XHTML XHTML really... HTML5 World HTML5 example > Welcome to the Future World of HTML5 HTML5 really isn't so hard! www.it-ebooks.info Chapter 1: Tr a d i t i o n a l H T M L a n d X H T M L O NLINE http://htmlref.com/ch1 /html5 helloworld .html In the case of XHTML, which is a form of HTML that is based upon the syntax rules of XML, we really don’t... the content; otherwise, it is an all-new effort Most obviously, as compared to the previous editions, which focused mainly on XHTML and HTML 4, this edition focuses on HTML5 , which represents both a return to the markup past and the unveiling of an exciting future of Web applications However, we do retain some information from previous editions because in order for this work to be truly complete, we... behind the scenes However, in the case of Web documents, markup in the form of traditional Hypertext Markup Language (HTML) and its Extensible Markup Language (XML)-focused variant, XHTML, is a little more obvious These not-so-behind -the- scenes markup languages are used to inform Web browsers about page structure and, some might argue, presentation as well First Look at HTML and XHTML In the case of HTML, ... Hello HTML 4 World HTML 4.01 strict example > Welcome to the World of HTML HTML really isn't so hard! Soon you will ♥ using HTML. . . . . . . 166 C o n t e n t s ix www.it-ebooks.info x HTML & CSS: The Complete Reference x HTML & CSS: The Complete Reference <address> (Address) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 371 C o n t e n t s xi www.it-ebooks.info xii HTML & CSS: The Complete Reference xii HTML & CSS: The Complete Reference <spacer> (Extra Space) . . . . . . . . . . . . 545 C o n t e n t s xiii www.it-ebooks.info xiv HTML & CSS: The Complete Reference xiv HTML & CSS: The Complete Reference background-repeat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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