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UNDERSTANDING
TUBERCULOSIS –
ANALYZING THE ORIGIN
OF MYCOBACTERIUM
TUBERCULOSIS
PATHOGENICITY
Edited by Pere-Joan Cardona
Understanding Tuberculosis
–
Analyzing the Origin of Mycobacterium
Tuberculosis Pathogenicity
Edited by Pere-Joan Cardona
Published by InTech
Janeza Trdine 9, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
Copyright © 2012 InTech
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First published February, 2012
Printed in Croatia
A free online edition of this book is available at www.intechopen.com
Additional hard copies can be obtained from orders@intechweb.org
Understanding Tuberculosis – Analyzing the Origin of Mycobacterium Tuberculosis
Pathogenicity, Edited by Pere-Joan Cardona
p. cm.
ISBN 978-953-307-942-4
Contents
Preface IX
Part 1 Dissecting the Interphase Host-Pathogen 1
Chapter 1 Ten Questions to Challenge the
Natural History of Tuberculosis 3
Pere-Joan Cardona
Chapter 2 Inflammation and Immunopathogenesis
of Tuberculosis Progression 19
Irina Lyadova
Chapter 3 Host–Pathogen Interactions in Tuberculosis 43
Clara Espitia, Eden Rodríguez, Lucero Ramón-Luing,
Gabriela Echeverría-Valencia and Antonio J. Vallecillo
Chapter 4 Broadening Our View About the Role
of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Cell
Envelope Components During Infection:
A Battle for Survival 77
Jordi B. Torrelles
Chapter 5 For Host Factors Weddings
and a Koch’s Bacillus Funeral:
Actin, Lipids, Phagosome Maturation
and Inflammasome Activation 123
Elsa Anes
Chapter 6 The Role of Non-Phagocytic Cells
in Mycobacterial Infections 149
B.E. Garcia-Perez, N.S. Castrejon-Jimenez and J. Luna-Herrera
Chapter 7 Epithelioid Cell: A New Opinion on Its Nature,
Parentage, Histogenesis, Cytomorphogenesis,
Morphofunctional Potency, Role in Pathogenesis
and Morphogenesis of Tuberculous Process 179
Sergey Arkhipov
VI Contents
Chapter 8 How Mycobacterium tuberculosis Manipulates Innate
and Adaptive Immunity – New Views of an Old Topic 207
Susanna Brighenti and Maria Lerm
Chapter 9 Role of TNF in Host Resistance to Tuberculosis Infection:
Membrane TNF Is Sufficient to Control Acute Infection 235
Valerie Quesniaux, Irene Garcia,
Muazzam Jacobs and Bernhard Ryffel
Chapter 10 Immunoregulatory Role of GM-CSF
in Pulmonary Tuberculosis 253
Zissis C. Chroneos
and Chinnaswamy Jagannath
Chapter 11 Double Edge Sword:
The Role of Neutrophils in Tuberculosis 277
Patricia González-Cano, Rommel Chacón-Salinas,
Victoria Ramos-Kichik, Rogelio Hernández-Pando,
Jeanet Serafín-López, Georgina Filio-Rodríguez,
Sergio Estrada-Parra and Iris Estrada-García
Chapter 12 Role of NK Cells in Tuberculous Pleurisy
as Innate Promoters of Local Type 1 Immunity
with Potential Application on Differential Diagnosis 297
Pablo Schierloh, Silvia De La Barrera and Maria Sasiain
Chapter 13 Are Polyfunctional Cells Protective in
M. tuberculosis Infection? 313
Nadia Caccamo and Francesco Dieli
Chapter 14 MHC Polymorphism and Tuberculosis Disease 343
Khalid Sadki, Youssef Bakri, M'Hamed Tijane and Saaid Amzazi
Chapter 15 Partial Mapping of the IL-10 Promoter Region:
Identification of New SNPs and Association
with Tuberculosis Outcome in Brazilians 357
L.B. Spinassé, M.Q.P. Lopes, A.B. Miranda, R.L.F. Teixeira,
F.C.Q. Mello, J.R. Lapa e Silva, P.N. Suffys and A.R. Santos
Part 2 Manipulating the Immune Responses to Favor the Host 367
Chapter 16 Vaccines Against Mycobacterium tuberculosis:
An Overview from Preclinical Animal
Studies to the Clinic 369
Rhea N. Coler, Susan L. Baldwin, and Steven G. Reed
Chapter 17 Immune Responses Against
Mycobacterium tuberculosis and the Vaccine Strategies 391
Toshi Nagata and Yukio Koide
Contents VII
Chapter 18 Towards a New Challenge in TB Control:
Development of Antibody-Based Protection 415
Armando Acosta, Yamile Lopez,
Norazmi Mohd Nor, Rogelio Hernández Pando,
Nadine Alvarez and Maria Elena Sarmiento
Chapter 19 Identification of CD8
+
T Cell Epitopes
Against Mycobacterium tuberculosis 433
Fei Chen, Yanfeng Gao and Yuanming Qi
Chapter 20 The Hidden History of Tuberculin 445
Cristina Vilaplana and Pere-Joan Cardona
Chapter 21 Immunotherapy of Tuberculosis
with IgA and Cytokines 457
Rajko Reljic and Juraj Ivanyi
Chapter 22 Therapy for Tuberculosis: M. vaccae
Inclusion into Routine Treatment 473
Diana G. Dlugovitzky, Cynthia Stanford and John Stanford
Chapter 23 Adjuvant Interferon Gamma in
the Management of Multidrug - Resistant Tuberculosis 501
Idrian García-García, María T Milanés-Virelles,
Pedro A López-Saura, Roberto Suárez-Méndez,
Magalys Valdés-Quintana, Norma Fernández-Olivera,
Carmen M Valenzuela-Silva, Lidia González- Méndez,
Yamilet Santos-Herrera, Gladys Abreu-Suárez
and Isis Cayón-Escobar
Chapter 24 Biochemical and Immunological Characterization
of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis 28 kD Protein 525
Elinos-Báez Carmen Martha and Ramírez González
Chapter 25 P27-PPE36 (Rv2108) Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Antigen – Member of PPE Protein Family with
Surface Localization and Immunological Activities 539
Vincent Le Moigne and Wahib Mahana
Preface
The most intriguing property of Mycobacterium tuberculosis is its ability to remain for
years in the host tissue, in a discrete and non-replicative way, reactivating and causing
disease. This skill has stimulated multiple studies to try to discern why the host is not
able to effectively eradicate it, instead of “tolerating” its persistence in the tissues. In
this book, different specialists dissect the different factors and cells implied in the
natural and adaptive immune response against Mycobacterium tuberculosis in an
attempt to understand the extent to which the bacilli has adapted itself to the host and
to its final target. On the other hand, there is a section in which other specialists
discuss how to manipulate this immune response to obtain innovative prophylactic
and therapeutic approaches to truncate the intimal co-evolution between
Mycobacterium tuberculosis and the Homo sapiens.
Dr. Pere-Joan Cardona
Institut Germans Trias i Pujol (IGTP)
Catalunya,
Spain
[...]... presence of intralobar septae to support the inflated structure 6 Understanding Tuberculosis – Analyzing the Origin of Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Pathogenicity Fig 2 Map of the previous situation of Barcelona on 1714 before the siege settled by the Borbon Army (Picture A) Picture B shows the works of the neighbors of the East wall that were forced to fall down their houses in order to clean the space at the. .. release of TNF-a from AMs, as well as an enhancement of phagosome–lysosome fusion 4 Understanding Tuberculosis – Analyzing the Origin of Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Pathogenicity 2 Do the bacilli reside in the cytosol of the AM? Classically, intracellular Mtb growth has been related to its growth inside the phagosome [Armstrong 1971], and this was the base for understanding the immune response based in the. .. 2003] One of the main factors is the tropism Again, as in other pathogens, Mtb has a special site that favors their growth This is the upper lobe 10 Understanding Tuberculosis – Analyzing the Origin of Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Pathogenicity Cavity formation has traditionally been considered to occur from solid caseum, and a lot of controversies were raised to understand who is the responsible of inducing... pathways, compared with the treatment of other bacteria Of course the discover of a drug able to reduce even more this administration time would be desirable, but taking into account the global experience in quicker germens, it appears that we are reaching a kind of “glass roof” in this respect 14 Understanding Tuberculosis – Analyzing the Origin of Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Pathogenicity One growing... liquefaction: the reactivation of the bacilli trapped in the caseum of old lesions? the macrophage through the extracellular release of hydrolytic enzymes? We understand liquefaction as one of the three possible outcomes (the other two being control and dissemination) of the constant endogenous reinfection process which would maintain LTBI [Cardona 2011] The induction of a higher number of new lesions... also contributes to the reinfection process Symbols: black = necrotic tissue; yellow = mineralized tissue Obtained from Cardona & Ivanyi 2011 8 Understanding Tuberculosis – Analyzing the Origin of Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Pathogenicity Fig 4 Latent TB infection (LTBI) and generation of active TB (TB) Comparison between the traditional ‘static’ theory and the dynamic hypothesis Once the initial lesion... red), and the thickness of the arrow is proportional to the intensity of this induction The upper lobe appears to be the sine qua non condition for the process to take place Macrophage (MФ) activation and the presence of CD4 is linked to the appearance of different cytokines with time: TNF initially, followed by IFN-γ and IL-4, and TGF-β from the Ten Questions to Challenge the Natural History of Tuberculosis. .. macrophages (due to the high concentration of free fatty acids) and fibroblasts, thereby preventing the structuration of the site It could be said that liquefaction appears to be a stochastic effect due to disturbance in the organization of the intragranulomatous necrosis The immune response and its magnitude, the bacillary load, the speed of the bacillary growth and the amount of extracellular bacilli,... allow the persistence of the bacilli inside the body Early data strongly support a defensive role in the case of TB, as after building the granuloma, there is enough chemokine production to attract specific lymphocytes, a fact that would not be possible in the case of isolate infected macrophages [Bru 2010] On the other hand, the special structure of the lung parenchyma of bigger mammals requires the. .. of the spread of a Mycobacterium tuberculosis strain of the Beijing genotype on Gran Canaria Island Am J Respir Crit Care Med 164, 1165-1170 [10] Canetti G (1955) The tubercle bacillus in the pulmonary lesion of man Histobacteriology and its bearing on the therapy of pulmonary tuberculosis New York: Springer Publishing Company, Inc [11] Cardona, P J & Ivanyi, J (2011) The secret trumps, impelling the . UNDERSTANDING TUBERCULOSIS – ANALYZING THE ORIGIN OF MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS PATHOGENICITY Edited by Pere-Joan Cardona Understanding Tuberculosis – Analyzing the. enhancement of phagosome–lysosome fusion. Understanding Tuberculosis – Analyzing the Origin of Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Pathogenicity 4 2. Do the bacilli reside in the cytosol of the AM?. On the other hand, the special structure of the lung parenchyma of bigger mammals requires the presence of intralobar septae to support the inflated structure Understanding Tuberculosis – Analyzing
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