LIVER TRANSPLANTATION – BASIC ISSUES Edited by Hesham Abdeldayem and Naglaa Allam Liver Transplantation – Basic Issues Edited by Hesham Abdeldayem and Naglaa Allam Published by InTech Janeza Trdine 9, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia Copyright © 2012 InTech All chapters are Open Access distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license, which allows users to download, copy and build upon published articles even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. After this work has been published by InTech, authors have the right to republish it, in whole or part, in any publication of which they are the author, and to make other personal use of the work. Any republication, referencing or personal use of the work must explicitly identify the original source. As for readers, this license allows users to download, copy and build upon published chapters even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. Notice Statements and opinions expressed in the chapters are these of the individual contributors and not necessarily those of the editors or publisher. No responsibility is accepted for the accuracy of information contained in the published chapters. The publisher assumes no responsibility for any damage or injury to persons or property arising out of the use of any materials, instructions, methods or ideas contained in the book. Publishing Process Manager Romana Vukelic Technical Editor Teodora Smiljanic Cover Designer InTech Design Team First published February, 2012 Printed in Croatia A free online edition of this book is available at www.intechopen.com Additional hard copies can be obtained from orders@intechweb.org Liver Transplantation – Basic Issues, Edited by Hesham Abdeldayem and Naglaa Allam p. cm. ISBN 978-953-51-0016-4 Contents Preface IX Part 1 History 1 Chapter 1 History and Evolution of Liver Transplantation 3 Ayman Azzam Part 2 Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury 19 Chapter 2 Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury Associated with Liver Transplantation in 2011: Past and Future 21 M. Elias-Miró, M.B. Jiménez-Castro and C. Peralta Chapter 3 The Influences of Nitric Oxide on Liver Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury 57 Erik Stoltenberg, Alexander A. Vitin, Bradley E. Hansen and John D. Lang, Jr. Part 3 Immunology and Liver Allograft Rejection 73 Chapter 4 Immunology of Liver Transplantation 75 Ling Lu, Jianhua Rao, Guoqiang Li, Xiaofeng Qian, Beicheng Sun and Xuehao Wang Chapter 5 Clinical Immunosuppression 95 Chunbao Guo Part 4 Prognostic Factors in Liver Transplantation 123 Chapter 6 Prognostic Factors for Survival in Patients with Liver Cirrhosis 125 Marcia Samada and Julio C. Hernández Chapter 7 The Rise of Glutaminase in End-Stage Liver Diseases 145 Maria Jover-Cobos, Nathan Davies, Rajiv Jalan and Manuel Romero-Gómez VI Contents Part 5 Quality of Life Before and After Liver Transplantation 157 Chapter 8 Disease Targeted Measures of Health Related Quality of Life (HRQOL) in Patients with Advanced Liver Disease Before and After Liver Transplantation 159 Teresa Casanovas Taltavull, Maria Carmen Peña-Cala and Eva Rodríguez Bruzos Part 6 Viral Hepatitis and Liver Transplantation 191 Chapter 9 Hepatitis C and Liver Transplantation 193 Miguel Jiménez Pérez, Ana Belen Sáez Gómez, Rocío González Grande and Juan Miguel Rodrigo López Chapter 10 HCV-Recurrence After Liver Transplantation 205 Dennis Eurich, Marcus Bahra and Peter Neuhaus Chapter 11 Management of Recurrent HCV and HBV Infections After Liver Transplantation 225 Marta Wawrzynowicz-Syczewska Part 7 Other Indications for Liver Transplantation 249 Chapter 12 Role of Liver Transplantation in Acute Liver Failure 251 Saleh A. Alqahtani and Anne M. Larson Chapter 13 Liver Transplantation for Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC) 277 Alejandro Mejia, Hector Nazario and Parvez Mantry Chapter 14 Liver Transplantation Due to Abdominal Trauma 303 Matthias Heuer, Sven Lendemans, Gernot M. Kaiser and Andreas Paul Part 8 Anesthesia and Periopertive Period 319 Chapter 15 Intensive Care Management of Patients Prior to Liver Transplantation 321 Kathy M. Nilles and Ram M. Subramanian Chapter 16 Anesthesia in Liver Transplantation 333 Meral Kanbak, Ayse Heves Karagoz and Filiz Üzümcügil Chapter 17 Cardiovascula r Monitoring and Substitution of the Blood Volume During Liver Transplantation 359 Peter Nissen, Hans J. Frederiksen and Niels H. Secher Contents VII Chapter 18 The Post-Reperfusion Syndrome (PRS): Diagnosis, Incidence and Management 385 Kyota Fukazawa and Ernesto A. Pretto, Jr. Chapter 19 Malignant Hyperthermia in Liver Transplantation 397 Cláudia Regina Fernandes, David Silveira Marinho and Fernanda Paula Cavalcante Preface Liver transplantation is one of the few truly life-saving and life-altering procedures in medicine, but at the same time it is a highly risky procedure. Thus, it is not to be considered as a cure but more as a swap, where the benefits and risks must be balanced against the risks and benefits of no-transplant. Although the basic principles of liver transplantation have not changed, the field of liver transplantation is still young, evolving and dynamic. This book covers a wide spectrum of topics including history of liver transplantation, ischemia-reperfusion injury, immunology of liver transplantation, viral hepatitis and liver transplantation, other indications for liver transplantation, prognostic factors and perioperative period. The authors of the chapters are experts in their respective fields. They are pioneer proponents in different aspects of liver transplantation and come from many centers across the world. The interdisciplinary approach and the authority of the contributors resulted in a valuable reference to anyone interested in developing a global view in liver transplantation including medical students, residents, fellows, nurses, and practicing physicians and surgeons as well as researchers in the field of liver transplantation. This book is dedicated to our Patients without whose goodwill and trust no progress in medicine would be possible. As the editor, I wish to thank all the authors for their co- operation and desire to share their precious experience with the medical community. On their behalf, I wish to express hope that our publication will facilitate access to the latest scientific achievements in the field of liver transplantation all across the world. To all my colleagues at the National Liver Institute in Egypt who supported me, and embraced me with their warm feelings: I love you all. To all my professors who so generously guided me by their example, wisdom and insights: thank you. Finally, to Ms. Romana Vukelic, the publishing process manager, with whom editing this book was a real pleasure. Thank you, Romana. Hesham Abdeldayem, MD. Professor of Surgery National Liver Institute Menoufeyia University Egypt [...]... development of surgical skills of liver resections based on the knowledge of segmental anatomy of the liver described by Couinaud,[43] opened the door for innovative methods of transplantation including auxiliary liver transplantation, reduced -liver transplantation (RLT), split liver transplantation (SLT) and living donor liver 6 Liver Transplantation – Basic Issues transplantation (LDLT).[44,45] Also,... donor liver transplantations using dual grafts Transplant Proc 2001 NovDec;33(7-8):3461-3 [128] Horslen SP, Fox IJ Hepatocyte transplantation Transplantation 2004 May 27;77(10):1481-6 [129] Strom SC, Chowdhury JR, Fox IJ Hepatocyte transplantation for the treatment of human disease Semin Liver Dis 1999;19(1):39-48 18 Liver Transplantation – Basic Issues [130] Shafritz DA, Dabeva MD Liver stem cells and. .. remaining portion of liver, it clearly had a negative impact on adult population awaiting liver transplantation, and for that reason, is rarely used today 3.3 Split liver transplantation (SLT) In 1988, Pichlmayer in Germany and Bismuth in France simultaneously performed split liver transplantation (SLT), an ex-vivo splitting of a cadaveric liver allowing transplantation to a pediatric recipient and one adult.[23,... clinical liver transplantation. [14] Between 1966 and 1973, Starzl and colleagues performed three chimpanzee-to-human xenotransplantation of liver as well.[15] There have been 12 cases of clinical xenotransplantation including four cases of champazee-to-human, seven cases of baboon-tohuman and one case of pig-to-human.[16] In 1978, Roy Calne opened liver transplantation unit in Cambridge, UK, and performed... (splitting transplantation) a new method in the further development of segmental liver transplantation] Langenbecks Arch Chir 1988;373(2):127-30 12 Liver Transplantation – Basic Issues [24] Tzakis A, Todo S, Starzl TE Orthotopic liver transplantation with preservation of the inferior vena cava Ann Surg 1989 Nov;210(5):649-52 [25] Strong RW, Lynch SV, Ong TH, Matsunami H, Koido Y, Balderson GA Successful liver. .. [94] Kalayouglu M, D' Alessandro AM, Sollinger HW, et al Experience with reduced-size liver transplantation Surgery, gynecology & obstetrics 1990;171:139-47 16 Liver Transplantation – Basic Issues [95] Emond JC, Whitington PF, Thistlethwaite JR, Cherqui D, Alonso EA, Woodle IS, et al Transplantation of two patients with one liver Analysis of a preliminary experience with 'split -liver' grafting Ann Surg... Jamieson N, et al Evolution of liver transplantation in Europe: report of the European Liver Transplant Registry Liver Transpl 2003 Dec;9(12):1231-43 [110] Data from US transplant organization Available at: http:// www.ustransplant.org/index.php Accessed on March 27 2004 [111] The Japanese Liver Transplantation Society Liver Transplantation in Japan Registery by the Japanese Liver Transplantation Society... hepatocyte and stem cells transplantation which will be the future in the liver transplantation 3.1 Auxiliary liver transplantation Auxiliary liver transplantation (ALTx) consists of either implanting a healthy liver graft placed heterotopically or orthotopically while leaving all or part of the native liver This concept was originated from an experimental work of Welch in 1955.[46, 47] The first auxiliary liver. .. commonly, both donors donate the left liver or left lateral segment The first left liver graft is orthotopically implanted in the original left position, the second left liver graft is rotated 180 10 Liver Transplantation – Basic Issues degrees and positioned heterotopically in the right upper quadrant fossa Because the bile duct is now located behind the portal vein and hepatic artery, bile duct reconstruction... lymphocytes.[10] The success of kidney transplantation paved the way to think and perform liver transplantation for end-stage liver disease In 1955, Welch reported on his efforts to transplant an auxiliary liver into the right paravertebral gutter of non-immunosuppressed mongrel dogs.[11] In 1958, Francis Moore described the standard technique of canine liver orthotopic liver transplantation. [12] In 1963, Starzl . LIVER TRANSPLANTATION – BASIC ISSUES Edited by Hesham Abdeldayem and Naglaa Allam Liver Transplantation – Basic Issues Edited by Hesham Abdeldayem and Naglaa Allam. hard copies can be obtained from orders@intechweb.org Liver Transplantation – Basic Issues, Edited by Hesham Abdeldayem and Naglaa Allam p. cm. ISBN 978-953-51-0016-4 Contents. (SLT) and living donor liver Liver Transplantation – Basic Issues 6 transplantation (LDLT).[44,45] Also, The donor shortage had led to the evolution of hepatocyte and stem cells transplantation