2 ND EDITION k ❚ 3❚ How to Use This Book ❚ 2❚ ❚ ❚ Article Title ❚ ❚ Definition in italics with Latin translation provided ❚ ❚ First-level subhead ❚ 1❚ ❚ ❚ Timeline for subject of biography, including general historical events and life events ❚ 4❚ ❚ ❚ Sidebar expands upon an issue addressed briefly in the article ❚ ❚ Quotation from subject of biography ❚ ❚ Biography of contributor to American law ❚ ❚ Internal cross-reference to entry within WEAL ❚ ❚ In Focus article examines a controversial or complex aspect of the article topic ❚10 ❚ Cross-references at end of article ❚11❚ Full cite for case ❚ 5❚ ❚ 6❚ ❚ 7❚ ❚ 8❚ ❚ 9❚ ❚10 ❚ ❚11❚ ND EDITION Volume 12 Primary Documents Detroit • San Diego • San Francisco • New Haven, Conn • Waterville, Maine • London • Munich West’s Encyclopedia of American Law, 2nd Edition Project Editors Jeffrey Lehman Shirelle Phelps Editorial Support Services Ryan Cartmill, Mark Hefner, Sue Petrus Data Capture Katrina Coach, Nikita Greene, Beverly Jendrowski, Elizabeth Pilette, Beth Richardson Editorial Andrew C Claps, Pamela A Dear, Jason M Everett, Lynn U Koch, John F McCoy, Jeffrey Wilson, Jennifer M York, Ralph Zerbonia Imaging and Multimedia Dean Dauphinais, Leitha Etheridge-Sims, Mary Grimes, Lezlie Light, Dan Newell, David G Oblender, Chris O’Bryan Product Design Cynthia Baldwin, Kate Scheible Indexing Services Lynne Maday Permissions Margaret A Chamberlain © 2005 Thomson Gale, a part of The Thomson Corporation Thomson and Star Logo are trademarks and Gale is a registered trademark used herein under license For more information, contact The Gale Group, Inc 27500 Drake Rd Farmington Hills, MI 48331-3535 Or you can visit our Internet site at http://www.gale.com ALL RIGHTS RESERVED No part of this work covered by the copyright hereon may be reproduced or used in any form or by any means—graphic, electronic, or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, taping, Web distribution, or information storage retrieval systems— without the written permission of the publisher Manufacturing Rhonda Williams This publication is a creative work fully protected by all applicable copyright laws, as well as by misappropriation, trade secret, unfair condition, and other applicable laws The authors and editors of this work have added value to the underlying factual material herein through one or more of the following: coordination, expression, arrangement, and classification of the information Research Barbara McNeil Composition and Electronic Capture Evi Seoud, Mary Beth Trimper Inside cover photographs reproduced by permission of the Library of Congress (Thurgood Marshall) For permission to use material from this product, submit your request via Web at http://www.gale-edit.com/permission or you may download our Permissions Request form and submit your request by fax of mail to: Permissions Department The Gale Group, Inc 27500 Drake Rd Farmington Hills, MI 48331-3535 Permissions Hotline: 248-699-8006 or 800-877-4253, ext 8006 Fax: 248-699-8074 or 800-762-4058 Since this page cannot legibly accommodate all copyright notices, the acknowledgments constitute an extension of the copyright notice While every effort has been made to ensure the reliability of the information presented in this publication, The Gale Group, Inc does not guarantee the accuracy of the data contained herein The Gale Group, Inc accepts no payment for listing; and inclusion in the publication of any organization, agency, institution, publication service, or individual does not imply endorsement of the editors or publisher Errors brought to the attention of the publisher and verified to the satisfaction of the publisher will be corrected in future editions Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data West’s encyclopedia of American law / Jeffrey Lehman, editor, Shirelle Phelps, editor.— 2nd ed p cm Includes bibliographical references and index ISBN 0-7876-6367-0 (hardcover set : alk paper) Law—United States—Encyclopedias Law—United States—Popular works I Lehman, Jeffrey II Phelps, Shirelle KF154.W47 2004 349.73’03—dc22 2004004918 ISBN 0-7876-6367-0 (set), ISBN 0-7876-6368-9 (vol 1), ISBN 0-7876-6369-7 (vol 2), ISBN 0-7876-6370-0 (vol 3), ISBN 0-7876-6371-9 (vol 4), ISBN 0-7876-6372-7 (vol 5), ISBN 0-7876-6373-5 (vol 6), ISBN 07876-6374-3 (vol 7), ISBN 0-7876-6375-1 (vol 8), ISBN 0-7876-6376-X (vol 9), ISBN 0-7876-6377-8 (vol 10), ISBN 0-7876-6378-6 (vo1 11), ISBN 0-7876-6379-4 (vol 12), ISBN 0-7876-9420-7 (vol 13) This title is also available as an e-book ISBN 0-7876-9373-1 (set) Contact your Gale sales representative for ordering information Printed in the United States of America 10 DEDICATION West’s Encyclopedia of American Law (WEAL) is dedicated to librarians and library patrons throughout the United States and beyond Your interest in the American legal system helps to expand and fuel the framework of our Republic k Contents VOLUME VOLUME Preface iii Contributors vii A–Ba Abbreviations 507 Preface iii Contributors vii Mc–Pl Abbreviations 467 VOLUME VOLUME Preface iii Contributors vii Be–Col Abbreviations 511 Preface iii Contributors vii Po–San Abbreviations 461 VOLUME VOLUME Preface iii Contributors vii Com–Dor Abbreviations 511 Preface iii Contributors vii Sar–Ten Abbreviations 465 VOLUME VOLUME 10 Preface iii Contributors vii Dou–Fre Abbreviations 509 Preface iii Contributors vii Ter–Z Abbreviations 459 VOLUME Preface iii Contributors vii Fri–Jam Abbreviations 501 VOLUME 11 Milestones in the Law VOLUME 12 Primary Documents VOLUME VOLUME 13 Preface iii Contributors vii Jap–Ma Abbreviations 469 Dictionary of Legal Terms Cases Index General Index vii Preface Definitions Every entry on a legal term is followed by a definition, which appears at the beginning of the entry and is italicized The Dictionary and Indexes volume includes a glossary containing all the definitions from WEAL he U.S legal system is admired around the world for the freedoms it allows the individual and the fairness with which it attempts to treat all persons On the surface, it may seem simple, yet those who have delved into it know that this sytem of federal and state constitutions, statutes, regulations, and common-law decisions is elaborate and complex It derives from the English common law, but includes principles older than England, along with some principles from other lands The U.S legal system, like many others, has a language all its own, but too often it is an unfamiliar language: many concepts are still phrased in Latin The second edition of West’s Encyclopedia of American Law (WEAL) explains legal terms and concepts in everyday language, however It covers a wide variety of persons, entities, and events that have shaped the U.S legal system and influenced public perceptions of it T Further Readings To facilitate further research, a list of Further Readings is included at the end of a majority of the main entries Cross-References WEAL provides two types of cross-references, within and following entries Within the entries, terms are set in small capital letters—for example, LIEN—to indicate that they have their own entry in the encyclopedia At the end of the entries, related entries the reader may wish to explore are listed alphabetically by title Blind cross-reference entries are also included to direct the user to other entries throughout the set In Focus Essays MAIN FEATURES OF THIS SET In Focus essays accompany related entries and provide additional facts, details, and arguments on particularly interesting, important, or controversial issues raised by those entries The subjects covered include hotly contested issues, such as abortion, capital punishment, and gay rights; detailed processes, such as the Food and Drug Administration’s approval process for new drugs; and important historical or social issues, such as debates over the formation of the U.S Constitution Entries This encyclopedia contains nearly 5,000 entries devoted to terms, concepts, events, movements, cases, and persons significant to U.S law Entries on legal terms contain a definition of the term, followed by explanatory text if necessary Entries are arranged alphabetically in standard encyclopedia format for ease of use A wide variety of additional features, listed later in this preface, provide interesting background and supplemental information ix x PREFACE Sidebars Sidebars provide brief highlights of some interesting facet of accompanying entries They complement regular entries and In Focus essays by adding informative details Sidebar topics include the Million Man March and the branches of the U.S armed services Sidebars appear at the top of a text page and are set in a box Biographies WEAL profiles a wide variety of interesting and influential people—including lawyers, judges, government and civic leaders, and historical and modern figures—who have played a part in creating or shaping U.S law Each biography includes a timeline, which shows important moments in the subject’s life as well as important historical events of the period Biographies appear alphabetically by the subject’s last name ADDITIONAL FEATURES OF THIS SET Enhancements Throughout WEAL, readers will find a broad array of photographs, charts, graphs, manuscripts, legal forms, and other visual aids enhancing the ideas presented in the text Indexes WEAL features a cases index and a cumulative general index in a separate volume Appendixes Three appendix volumes are included with WEAL, containing hundreds of pages of docu- ments, laws, manuscripts, and forms fundamental to and characteristic of U.S law Milestone Cases in the Law A special Appendix volume entitled Milestones in the Law, allows readers to take a close look at landmark cases in U.S law Readers can explore the reasoning of the judges and the arguments of the attorneys that produced major decisions on important legal and social issues Included in each Milestone are the opinions of the lower courts; the briefs presented by the parties to the U.S Supreme Court; and the decision of the Supreme Court, including the majority opinion and all concurring and dissenting opinions for each case Primary Documents There is also an Appendix volume containing more than 60 primary documents, such as the English Bill of Rights, Martin Luther King Jr.’s Letter from Brimingham Jail, and several presidential speeches Citations Wherever possible, WEAL entries include citations for cases and statutes mentioned in the text These allow readers wishing to additional research to find the opinions and statutes cited Two sample citations, with explanations of common citation terms, can be seen below and opposite Miranda v Arizona, 384 U.S 436, 86 S.Ct 1602, 16 L.Ed 2d 694 (1966) Case title The title of the case is set in italics and indicates the names of the parties The suit in this sample citation was between Ernesto A Miranda and the state of Arizona Reporter volume number The number preceding the reporter name indicates the reporter volume containing the case (The volume number appears on the spine of the reporter, along with the reporter name.) Reporter name The reporter name is abbreviated The suit in the sample citation is from the reporter, or series of books, called U.S Reports, which contains cases from the U.S Supreme Court (Numerous reporters publish cases from the federal and state courts.) W E S T ’ S E N C Y C L O P E D I A O F Reporter page The number following the reporter name indicates the reporter page on which the case begins Additional reporter citation Many cases may be found in more than one reporter The suit in the sample citation also appears in volume 86 of the Supreme Court Reporter, beginning on page 1602 Additional reporter citation The suit in the sample citation is also reported in volume 16 of the Lawyer’s Edition, second series, beginning on page 694 Year of decision The year the court issued its decision in the case appears in parentheses at the end of the cite A M E R I C A N L A W , n d E d i t i o n PREFACE Brady Handgun Violence Prevention Act, Pub L No 103–159, 107 Stat 1536 (18 U.S.C.A §§ 921–925A) Statute title Public law number In the sample citation, the number 103 indicates that this law was passed by the 103d Congress, and the number 159 indicates that it was the 159th law passed by that Congress Reporter volume number The number preceding the reporter name indicates the reporter volume containing the statute Reporter name The reporter name is abbreviated The statute in the sample citation is from Statutes at Large Reporter page The number following the reporter name indicates the reporter page on which the statute begins W E S T ’ S E N C Y C L O P E D I A O F Title number Federal laws are divided into major sections with specific titles The number preceding a reference to the U.S Code Annotated is the title number title 18 of the U.S Code is Crimes and Criminal Procedure Additional reporter The statute in the sample citation may also be found in the U.S Code Annotated Section number The section numbers following a reference to the U.S Code Annotated indicate where the statute appears in that reporter A M E R I C A N L A W , n d E d i t i o n xi 538 REFLECTIONS ON LAW AND SOCIETY LEGAL SCHOLARSHIP THE CAUSES OF POPULAR DISSATISFACTION WITH THE ADMINISTRATION OF JUSTICE client by that of employer and employee; and (6) public ignorance of the real workings of courts due to ignorant and sensational reports in the press Each of these deserves consideration, but a few points only may be noticed Law is the skeleton of social order It must be “clothed upon by the flesh and blood of morality.” The present is a time of transition in the very foundations of belief and of conduct Absolute theories of morals and supernatural sanctions have lost their hold Conscience and individual responsibility are relaxed In other words, the law is strained to double duty, and more is expected of it than in a time when morals as a regulating agency are more efficacious Another strain upon our judicial system results from the crude and unorganized character of American legislation in a period when the growing point of law has shifted to legislation When, in consequence, laws fail to produce the anticipated effects, judicial administration shares the blame Worse than this is the effect of laws not intended to be enforced These parodies, like the common law branding of felons, in which a piece of bacon used to be interposed between the branding iron and the criminal’s skin, breed disrespect for law Putting courts into politics and compelling judges to become politicians, in many jurisdictions has almost destroyed the traditional respect for the Bench Finally, the ignorant and sensational reports of judicial proceedings, from which alone a great part of the public may judge of the daily work of the courts, completes the impression that the administration of justice is but a game There are honorable exceptions, but the average press reports distract attention from the real proceeding to petty tilts of counsel, encounters with witnesses and sensational byincidents In Nebraska, not many years since, the federal court enjoined the execution of an act to regulate insurance companies In press accounts of the proceeding, the conspiracy clause of the bill was copied in extenso under the headline “Conspiracy Charged,” and it was made to appear that the ground of the injunction was a conspiracy between the state officers and some W E S T ’ S E N C Y C L O P E D I A O F PRIMARY DOCUMENTS persons unknown It cannot be expected that the public shall form any just estimate of our courts of justice from such data Reviewing the several causes for dissatisfaction with the administration of justice which have been touched upon, it will have been observed that some inhere in all law and are the penalty we pay for uniformity; that some inhere in our political institutions and are the penalty we pay for local self-government and independence from bureaucratic control; that some inhere in the circumstances of an age of transition and are the penalty we pay for individual freedom of thought and universal education These will take care of themselves But too much of the current dissatisfaction has a just origin in our judicial organization and procedure The causes that lie here must be heeded Our administration of justice is not decadent It is simply behind the times Political judges were known in England down to the last century Lord Kenyon, as Master of the Rolls, sat in Parliament and took as active a part in political squabbles in the House of Commons as our state judges today in party conventions Dodson and Fogg and Sergeant Buzzfuzz wrought in an atmosphere of contentious procedure Bentham tells us that in 1797, out of five hundred and fifty pending writs of error, five hundred and forty-three were shams or vexatious contrivances for delay Jarndyce and Jarndyce dragged out its weary course in chancery only half a century ago We are simply stationary in that period of legal history With law schools that are rivaling the achievements of Bologna and of Bourges to promote scientific study of the law; with active Bar Associations in every state to revive professional feeling and throw off the yoke of commercialism; with the passing of the doctrine that politics, too, is a mere game to be played for its own sake, we may look forward confidently to deliverance from the sporting theory of justice; we may look forward to a near future when our courts will be swift and certain agents of justice, whose decisions will be acquiesced in and respected by all A M E R I C A N L A W , n d E d i t i o n LEGAL MISCELLANY Presidents and Vice Presidents of the United States Presidential Nominations to the Supreme Court Time Chart of the Supreme Court Succession of Supreme Court Justices U.S Attorneys General Congressional Timeline: Nineteenth Century Congressional Timeline: Twentieth and Twenty-first Centuries British Regnal Years LEGAL MISCELLANY LEGAL MISCELLANY This section contains a diverse collection of legal, political, and historical information, most of which is organized in tabular form and in chronological order tions Wars, presidential eras, and developments in science, technology, and communications are included as well The tables provide readers with precise dates of the reigns of British monarchs and the terms of service of U.S Supreme Court justices, presidents, vice presidents, and attorneys general Readers may, for example, consult the succession of Supreme Court justices to determine which justices were on the Court when a major case was decided Using a chronological sequence, the congressional timeline links pertinent information about the House of Representatives and the Senate (size, political parties, procedural matters) with major court cases, laws, and investiga- 552 The following tables are included: • Presidents and Vice Presidents of the United States • Presidential Nominations to the Supreme Court • Time Chart of the Supreme Court • Succession of Supreme Court Justices • U.S Attorneys General • Congressional Timeline: Nineteenth Century • Congressional Timeline: Twentieth Century • British Regnal Years PRIMARY DOCUMENTS LEGAL MISCELLANY 553 Presidents and Vice Presidents of the United States President 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 Service George Washington, F John Adams, F Thomas Jefferson, D-R Thomas Jefferson, D-R James Madison, D-R James Madison, D-R James Monroe, D-R John Quincy Adams, D-R Andrew Jackson, D Andrew Jackson, D Martin Van Buren, D William Henry Harrisona, W John Tyler, W James K Polk, D Zachary Taylora, W Millard Fillmore, W Franklin Pierce, D James Buchanan, D Abraham Lincoln, R Abraham Lincolna, R Andrew Johnson, R Ulysses S Grant, R Ulysses S Grant, R Rutherford B Hayes, R James A Garfielda, R Chester A Arthur, R Grover Cleveland, D Benjamin Harrison, R Grover Cleveland, D William McKinley, R William McKinleya, R Theodore Roosevelt, R Theodore Roosevelt, R William H Taft, R Woodrow Wilson, D Warren G Hardinga, R Calvin Coolidge, R Calvin Coolidge, R Herbert C Hoover, R Franklin D Rooseveltb, D Franklin D Roosevelt, D Franklin D Roosevelta, D Harry S Truman, D Harry S Truman, D Dwight D Eisenhower, R John F Kennedya, D Lyndon B Johnson, D Lyndon B Johnson, D Richard M Nixon, R Richard M Nixonc, R Gerald R Forde, R Jimmy Carter, D Ronald Reagan, R George H W Bush, R Bill Clinton, D George W Bush, R Vice President April 30, 1789 March 4, 1797 March 4, 1801 March 4, 1805 March 4, 1809 March 4, 1813 March 4, 1817 March 4, 1825 March 4, 1829 March 4, 1833 March 4, 1837 March 4, 1841 April 6, 1841 March 4, 1845 March 5, 1849 July 10, 1850 March 4, 1853 March 4, 1857 March 4, 1861 March 4, 1865 April 15, 1865 March 4, 1869 March 4, 1873 March 4, 1877 March 4, 1881 September 20, 1881 March 4, 1885 March 4, 1889 March 4, 1893 March 4, 1897 March 4, 1901 September 14, 1901 March 4, 1905 March 4, 1909 March 4, 1913 March 4, 1921 August 3, 1923 March 4, 1925 March 4, 1929 March 4, 1933 January 20, 1941 January 20, 1945 April 12, 1945 January 20, 1949 January 20, 1953 January 20, 1961 November 22, 1963 January 20, 1965 January 20, 1969 January 20, 1973 August 9, 1974 January 20, 1977 January 20, 1981 January 20, 1989 January 20, 1993 January 20, 2001 to March 3, 1797 March 3, 1801 March 3, 1805 March 3, 1809 March 3, 1813 March 3, 1817 March 3, 1825 March 3, 1829 March 3, 1833 March 3, 1837 March 3, 1841 April 4, 1841 March 3, 1845 March 3, 1849 July 9, 1850 March 3, 1853 March 3, 1857 March 3, 1861 March 3, 1865 April 15, 1865 March 3, 1869 March 3, 1873 March 3, 1877 March 3, 1881 September 19, 1881 March 3, 1885 March 3, 1889 March 3, 1893 March 3, 1897 March 3, 1901 September 14, 1901 March 3, 1905 March 3, 1909 March 3, 1913 March 3, 1921 August 2, 1923 March 3, 1925 March 3, 1929 March 3, 1933 January 20, 1941 January 20, 1945 April 12, 1945 January 20, 1949 January 20, 1953 January 20, 1961 November 22, 1963 January 20, 1965 January 20, 1969 January 20, 1973 August 9, 1974 January 20, 1977 January 20, 1981 January 20, 1989 January 20, 1993 January 20, 2001 10 John Adams Thomas Jefferson Aaron Burr George Clinton George Clinton Elbridge Gerry Daniel D Tompkins John C Calhoun John C Calhoun Martin Van Buren Richard M Johnson John Tyler 11 12 George M Dallas Millard Fillmore 13 14 15 16 William R King John C Breckinridge Hannibal Hamlin Andrew Johnson 17 18 19 20 Schuyler Colfax Henry Wilson William A Wheeler Chester A Arthur 21 22 23 24 25 Thomas A Hendricks Levi P Morton Adlai E Stevenson Garret A Hobart Theodore Roosevelt 26 27 28 29 Charles W Fairbanks James S Sherman Thomas R Marshall Calvin Coolidge 30 31 32 33 34 Charles G Dawes Charles Curtis John N Garner Henry A Wallace Harry S Truman 35 36 37 Alben W Barkley Richard M Nixon Lyndon B Johnson 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 Hubert H Humphrey Spiro T Agnew Gerald R Fordd Nelson A Rockefeller Walter F Mondale George H W Bush Dan Quayle Al Gore Dick Cheney a Died in office First president to be inaugurated under 20th Amendment, Jan 20, 1937 c Resigned Aug 9, 1974 d First nonelected vice president, chosen under 25th Amendment procedure e First nonelected president Party affiliation follows each president's name F ϭ Federalist, D-R ϭ Democratic-Republican, D ϭ Democrat, W ϭ Whig, R ϭ Republican b SOURCE: The World Almanac 1997, White House web page, and U.S House of Representatives web page W E S T ’ S E N C Y C L O P E D I A O F A M E R I C A N L A W , n d E d i t i o n Congress 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 9, 10 11, 12 13, 14 15, 16, 17, 18 19, 20 21, 22 23, 24 25, 26 27 27, 28 29, 30 31 31, 32 33, 34 35, 36 37, 38 39 39, 40 41, 42 43, 44 45, 46 47 47, 48 49, 50 51, 52 53, 54 55, 56 57 57, 58 59, 60 61, 62 63, 64, 65, 66 67 68 69, 70 71, 72 73, 74, 75, 76 77, 78 79 79, 80 81, 82 83, 84, 85, 86 87, 88 88 89, 90 91, 92, 93 93 93, 94 95, 96 97, 98, 99, 100 101, 102 103, 104, 105, 106 107, 108 554 LEGAL MISCELLANY PRIMARY DOCUMENTS Presidential Nominations to the Supreme Court The following table shows the presidents who nominated the various Supreme Court justices and the states from which the justices were appointed The names of chief justices are followed by an asterisk President Nominee George Washington John Adams Thomas Jefferson James Madison James Monroe John Quincy Adams Andrew Jackson Martin Van Buren John Tyler James Polk Millard Fillmore Franklin Pierce James Buchanan Abraham Lincoln Ulysses S Grant Rutherford Hayes James Garfield Chester Arthur Grover Cleveland Benjamin Harrison Grover Cleveland William McKinley Year Nominated John Jay (N.Y.)* John Rutledge (S.C.) William Cushing (Mass.) James Wilson (Pa.) Robert H Harrison (Md.)a John Blair (Va.) James Iredell (N.C.) Thomas Johnson (Md.) William Paterson (N.J.) John Rutledge (S.C)*b Samuel Chase (Md.) Oliver Ellsworth (Conn.)* Bushrod Washington (Va.) Alfred Moore (N.C.) John Marshall (Va.)* William Johnson (S.C.) Henry Brockholst Livingston (N.Y.) Thomas Todd (Ky.) Joseph Story (Mass.) Gabriel Duvall (Md.) Smith Thomson (N.Y.) Robert Trimble (Ky.) John McLean (Ohio) Henry Baldwin (Pa.) James M Wayne (Ga.) Roger B Taney (Md.)* Philip B Barbour (Va.) John Catron (Tenn.) John McKinley (Ala.) Peter V Daniel (Va.) Samuel Nelson (N.Y.) Levi Woodbury (N.H.) Robert C Grier (Pa.) Benjamin R Curtis (Mass.) John A Campbell (Ala.) Nathan Clifford (Me.) Noah H Swayne (Ohio) Samuel F Miller (Iowa) David Davis (Ill.) Stephen J Field (Calif.) Salmon P Chase (Ohio)* William Strong (Pa.) Joseph P Bradley (N.J.) Ward Hunt (N.Y.) Morrison R Waite (Ohio)* John M Harlan (Ky.) William B Woods (Ga.) Stanley Matthews (Ohio) Horace Gray (Mass.) Samuel Blatchford (N.Y.) Lucius Q C Lamar (Miss.) Melville W Fuller (Ill.)* David J Brewer (Kan.) Henry B Brown (Mich.) George Shiras Jr (Pa.) Howell E Jackson (Tenn.) Edward D White (La.) Rufus W Peckham (N.Y.) Joseph McKenna (Calif.) 1789 1789 1789 1789 1789 1789 1790 1791 1793 1795 1796 1796 1798 1799 1801 1804 1806 1807 1811 1811 1823 1826 1829 1830 1835 1836 1836 1837 1837 1841 1845 1845 1846 1851 1853 1858 1862 1862 1862 1863 1864 1870 1870 1873 1874 1877 1881 1881 1882 1882 1888 1888 1889 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1898 [continued] a Declined appointment Accepted appointment but delayed taking his seat and later resigned b W E S T ’ S E N C Y C L O P E D I A O F A M E R I C A N L A W , n d E d i t i o n PRIMARY DOCUMENTS LEGAL MISCELLANY Presidential Nominations to the Supreme Court The following table shows the presidents who nominated the various Supreme Court justices and the states from which the justices were appointed The names of chief justices are followed by an asterisk President Nominee Theodore Roosevelt Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr (Mass.) William R Day (Ohio) William H Moody (Mass.) Horace H Lurton (Tenn.) Edward D White (La.)* Charles E Hughes (N.Y.) Willis Van Devanter (Wyo.) Joseph R Lamar (Ga.) Mahlon Pitney (N.J.) James C McReynolds (Tenn.) Louis D Brandeis (Mass.) John H Clarke (Ohio) William H Taft (Conn.)* George Sutherland (Utah) Pierce Butler (Minn.) Edward T Sanford (Tenn.) Harlan F Stone (N.Y.) Charles E Hughes (N.Y.)* Owen J Roberts (Pa.) Benjamin N Cardozo (N.Y.) Hugo L Black (Ala.) Stanley F Reed (Ky.) Felix Frankfurter (Mass.) William O Douglas (Conn.) Frank Murphy (Mich.) Harlan F Stone (N.Y.)* James F Byrnes (S.C.) Robert H Jackson (N.Y.) Wiley B Rutledge (Iowa) Harold H Burton (Ohio) Fred M Vinson (Ky.)* Tom C Clark (Tex.) Sherman Minton (Ind.) Earl Warren (Calif.)* John M Harlan (N.Y.) William J Brennan Jr (Ind.) Charles E Whittaker (Mo.) Potter Stewart (Ohio) Byron R White (Colo.) Arthur J Goldberg (Ill.) Abe Fortas (Tenn.) Thurgood Marshall (N.Y.) Warren Earl Burger (Minn.)* Harry A Blackmun (Minn.) Lewis F Powell (Va.) William H Rehnquist (Ariz.) John Paul Stevens (Ill.) Sandra Day O'Conner (Ariz.) William H Rehnquist (Ariz.)* Antonin Scalia (Va.) Anthony M Kennedy (Calif.) David H Souter (N.H.) Clarence Thomas (Va.) Ruth Bader Ginsburg (D.C.) Stephen Breyer (Mass.) William Taft Woodrow Wilson Warren Harding Calvin Coolidge Herbert Hoover Franklin D Roosevelt Harry S Truman Dwight D Eisenhower John F Kennedy Lyndon B Johnson Richard M Nixon Gerald Ford Ronald Reagan George H W Bush Bill Clinton W E S T ’ S E N C Y C L O P E D I A Year Nominated O F A M E R I C A N L A W , 1902 1903 1906 1910 1910 1910 1911 1911 1912 1914 1916 1916 1921 1922 1922 1923 1925 1930 1930 1932 1937 1938 1939 1939 1940 1941 1941 1941 1943 1945 1946 1946 1949 1953 1955 1956 1957 1958 1962 1962 1965 1967 1969 1970 1971 1971 1976 1981 1986 1986 1988 1990 1991 1993 1994 n d E d i t i o n 555 556 LEGAL MISCELLANY PRIMARY DOCUMENTS Time Chart of the Supreme Court This table is designed to aid the user in identifying the composition of the Supreme Court at any given time in U.S history Each listing is headed by the chief justice, whose name is italicized Associate justices are listed following the chief justice in order of seniority The name of each justice is followed by a symbol representing his or her party affiliation at the time of appointment F = Federalist DR = Democratic-Republican (Jeffersonian) D = Democrat W = Whig R = Republican I = Independent 1789 1790 –91 1792 1793–94 1795 1796–97 1798–99 Jay (F) J Rutledge (F) Cushing (F) Wilson (F) Blair (F) Jay (F) J Rutledge (F) Cushing (F) Wilson (F) Blair (F) Iredell (F) Jay (F) Cushing (F) Wilson (F) Blair (F) Iredell (F) T Johnson (F) Jay (F) Cushing (F) Wilson (F) Blair (F) Iredell (F) Paterson (F) J Rutledge (F)a Cushing (F) Wilson (F) Blair (F) Iredell (F) Paterson (F) Ellsworth (F) Cushing (F) Wilson (F) Iredell (F) Paterson (F) S Chase (F) Ellsworth (F) Cushing (F) Iredell (F) Paterson (F) S Chase (F) Washington (F) 1823–25 1811–22 1807–10 1806 1804–05 1801–03 1800 J Marshall (F) Washington (F) W Johnson (DR) Todd (DR) Duval (DR) Story (DR) Thompson (DR) J Marshall (F) Washington (F) W Johnson (DR) Livingston (DR) Todd (DR) Duval (DR) Story (DR) J Marshall (F) Cushing (F) S Chase (F) Washington (F) W Johnson (DR) Livingston (DR) Todd (DR) J Marshall (F) Cushing (F) S Chase (F) Washington (F) W Johnson (DR) Livingston (DR) J Marshall (F) Cushing (F) Paterson (F) S Chase (F) Washington (F) W Johnson (DR) J Marshall (F) Cushing (F) Paterson (F) S Chase (F) Washington (F) Moore (F) Ellsworth (F) Cushing (F) Paterson (F) S Chase (F) Washington (F) Moore (F) 1826–28 1829 1830–34 1835 1836 1837–40 1841–43 J Marshall (F) Washington (F) W Johnson (DR) Duval (DR) Story (DR) Thompson (DR) Trimble (DR) J Marshall (F) Washington (F) W Johnson (DR) Duval (DR) Story (DR) Thompson (DR) McLean (D) J Marshall (F) W Johnson (DR) Duval (DR) Story (DR) Thompson (DR) McLean (D) Baldwin (D) J Marshall (F) Duval (DR) Story (DR) Thompson (DR) McLean (D) Baldwin (D) Wayne (D) Taney (D) Story (DR) Thompson (DR) McLean (D) Baldwin (D) Wayne (D) Barbour (D) Taney (D) Story (DR) Thompson (DR) McLean (D) Baldwin (D) Wayne (D) Barbour (D) Catron (D) McKinley (D) Taney (D) Story (DR) Thompson (DR) McLean (D) Baldwin (D) Wayne (D) Catron (D) McKinley (D) Daniel (D) 1861 1858–60 1853–57 1851–52 1846–50 1845 1844 Taney (D) McLean (D) Wayne (D) Catron (D) Nelson (D) Grier (D) Campbell (D) Clifford (D) Taney (D) McLean (D) Wayne (D) Catron (D) Daniel (D) Nelson (D) Grier (D) Campbell (D) Clifford (D) Taney (D) McLean (D) Wayne (D) Catron (D) Daniel (D) Nelson (D) Grier (D) Curtis (W) Campbell (D) Taney (D) McLean (D) Wayne (D) Catron (D) McKinley (D) Daniel (D) Nelson (D) Grier (D) Curtis (W) Taney (D) McLean (D) Wayne (D) Catron (D) McKinley (D) Daniel (D) Nelson (D) Woodbury (D) Grier (D) Taney (D) McLean (D) Wayne (D) Catron (D) McKinley (D) Daniel (D) Nelson (D) Woodbury (D) Taney (D) Story (DR) McLean (D) Baldwin (D) Wayne (D) Catron (D) McKinley (D) Daniel (D) 1862 1863 1864–65 1866 1867–69 1870–71 1872–73 Taney (D) Wayne (D) Catron (D) Nelson (D) Grier (D) Clifford (D) Swayne (R) Miller (R) Davis (R) Taney (D) Wayne (D) Catron (D) Nelson (D) Grier (D) Clifford (D) Swayne (R) Miller (R) Davis (R) Field (D) S P Chase (R) Wayne (D) Catron (D)b Nelson (D) Grier (D) Clifford (D) Swayne (R) Miller (R) Davis (R) Field (D) S P Chase (R) Wayne (D)b Nelson (D) Grier (D) Clifford (D) Swayne (R) Miller (R) Davis (R) Field (D) S P Chase (R) Nelson (D) Grier (D) Clifford (D) Swayne (R) Miller (R) Davis (R) Field (D) S P Chase (R) Nelson (D) Clifford (D) Swayne (R) Miller (R) Davis (R) Field (D) Strong (R) Bradley (R) S P Chase (R) Clifford (D) Swayne (R) Miller (R) Davis (R) Field (D) Strong (R) Bradley (R) Hunt (R) [continued] a Rutledge was a recess appointment whose confirmation was rejected by the Senate after the 1795 term Upon the death of Catron in 1865 and Wayne in 1867, their positions were abolished according to a congressional act of 1866 The Court's membership was reduced to eight until a new position was created by Congress in 1869 The new seat has generally been regarded as a re-creation of Wayne's set b W E S T ’ S E N C Y C L O P E D I A O F A M E R I C A N L A W , n d E d i t i o n PRIMARY DOCUMENTS LEGAL MISCELLANY 557 Time Chart of the Supreme Court This table is designed to aid the user in identifying the composition of the Supreme Court at any given time in U.S history Each listing is headed by the chief justice, whose name is italicized Associate justices are listed following the chief justice in order of seniority The name of each justice is followed by a symbol representing his or her party affiliation at the time of appointment F = Federalist DR = Democratic-Republican (Jeffersonian) D = Democrat W = Whig R = Republican I = Independent 1889 1888 1882–87 1881 1880 1877–79 1874–76 Fuller (D) Miller (R) Field (D) Bradley (R) Harlan (Ky.) (R) Gray (R) Blatchford (R) L Lamar (D) Brewer (R) Fuller (D) Miller (R) Field (D) Bradley (R) Harlan (Ky.) (R) Matthews (R) Gray (R) Blatchford (R) L Lamar (D) Waite (R) Miller (R) Field (D) Bradley (R) Harlan (Ky.) (R) Woods (R) Matthews (R) Gray (R) Blatchford (R) Waite (R) Miller (R) Field (D) Bradley (R) Hunt (R) Harlan (Ky.) (R) Woods (R) Matthews (R) Gray (R) Waite (R) Clifford (D) Swayne (R) Miller (R) Field (D) Bradley (R) Hunt (R) Harlan (Ky.) (R) Woods (R) Waite (R) Clifford (D) Swayne (R) Miller (R) Field (D) Strong (R) Bradley (R) Hunt (R) Harlan (Ky.) (R) Waite (R) Clifford (D) Swayne (R) Miller (R) Davis (R) Field (D) Strong (R) Bradley (R) Hunt (R) 1890–91 1892 1893 1894 1895–97 1898–1901 1902 Fuller (D) Field (D) Bradley (R) Harlan (Ky.) (R) Gray (R) Blatchford (R) L Lamar (D) Brewer (R) Brown (R) Fuller (D) Field (D) Harlan (Ky.) (R) Gray (R) Blatchford (R) L Lamar (D) Brewer (R) Brown (R) Shiras (R) Fuller (D) Field (D) Harlan (Ky.) (R) Gray (R) Blatchford (R) Brewer (R) Brown (R) Shiras (R) H Jackson (D) Fuller (D) Field (D) Harlan (Ky.) (R) Gray (R) Brewer (R) Brown (R) Shiras (R) H Jackson (D) E White (D) Fuller (D) Field (D) Harlan (Ky.) (R) Gray (R) Brewer (R) Brown (R) Shiras (R) E White (D) Peckham (D) Fuller (D) Harlan (Ky.) (R) Gray (R) Brewer (R) Brown (R) Shiras (R) E White (D) Peckham (D) McKenna (R) Fuller (D) Harlan (Ky.) (R) Brewer (R) Brown (R) Shiras (R) E White (D) Peckham (D) McKenna (R) Holmes (R) 1916–20 1914–15 1912–13 1910–11 1909 1906–08 1903–05 E White (D) McKenna (R) Holmes (R) Day (R) Van Devanter (R) Pitney (R) McReynolds (D) Brandeis (R)c Clarke (D) E White (D) McKenna (R) Holmes (R) Day (R) Hughes (R) Van Devanter (R) J Lamar (D) Pitney (R) McReynolds (D) E White (D) McKenna (R) Holmes (R) Day (R) Lurton (D) Hughes (R) Van Devanter (R) J Lamar (D) Pitney (R) E White (D) Harlan (Ky.) (R) McKenna (R) Holmes (R) Day (R) Lurton (D) Hughes (R) Van Devanter (R) J Lamar (D) Fuller (D) Harlan (Ky.) (R) Brewer (R) E White (D) McKenna (R) Holmes (R) Day (R) Moody (R) Lurton (D) Fuller (D) Harlan (Ky.) (R) Brewer (R) E White (D) Peckham (D) McKenna (R) Holmes (R) Day (R) Moody (R) Fuller (D) Harlan (Ky.) (R) Brewer (R) Brown (R) E White (D) Peckham (D) McKenna (R) Holmes (R) Day (R) 1921 1922 1923–24 1925–29 1930–31 1932–36 1937 Taft (R) McKenna (R) Holmes (R) Day (R) Van Devanter (R) Pitney (R) McReynolds (D) Brandeis (R) Clarke (D) Taft (R) McKenna (R) Holmes (R) Van Devanter (R) Pitney (R) McReynolds (D) Brandeis (R) Sutherland (R) Butler (D) Taft (R) McKenna (R) Holmes (R) Van Devanter (R) McReynolds (D) Brandeis (R) Sutherland (R) Butler (D) Sanford (R) Taft (R) Holmes (R) Van Devanter (R) McReynolds (D) Brandeis (R) Sutherland (R) Butler (D) Sanford (R) Stone (R) Hughes (R) Holmes (R) Van Devanter (R) McReynolds (D) Brandeis (R) Sutherland (R) Butler (D) Stone (R) Roberts (R) Hughes (R) Van Devanter (R) McReynolds (D) Brandeis (R) Sutherland (R) Butler (D) Stone (R) Roberts (R) Cardozo (D) Hughes (R) McReynolds (D) Brandeis (R) Sutherland (R) Butler (D) Stone (R) Roberts (R) Cardozo (D) Black (D) 1946–48 1945 1943–44 1941–42 1940 1939 1938 Vinson (D) Black (D) Reed (D) Frankfurter (I) Douglas (D) Murphy (D) R Jackson (D) W Rutledge (D) Burton (R) Stone (R) Black (D) Reed (D) Frankfurter (I) Douglas (D) Murphy (D) R Jackson (D) W Rutledge (D) Burton (R) Stone (R) Roberts (R) Black (D) Reed (D) Frankfurter (I) Douglas (D) Murphy (D) R Jackson (D) W Rutledge (D) Stone (R) Roberts (R) Black (D) Reed (D) Frankfurter (I) Douglas (D) Murphy (D) Byrnes (D) R Jackson (D) Hughes (R) McReynolds (D) Stone (R) Roberts (R) Black (D) Reed (D) Frankfurter (I) Douglas (D) Murphy (D) Hughes (R) McReynolds (D) Butler (D) Stone (R) Roberts (R) Black (D) Reed (D) Frankfurter (I) Douglas (D) Hughes (R) McReynolds (D) Brandeis (R) Butler (D) Stone (R) Roberts (R) Cardozo (D) Black (D) Reed (D) [continued] c According to Professor Henry Abraham, “Many—and with some justice—consider Brandeis a Democrat, however, he was in fact a registered Republican when nominated” (Henry Abraham, Freedom and the Court, 3d ed 455 [1977]) W E S T ’ S E N C Y C L O P E D I A O F A M E R I C A N L A W , n d E d i t i o n 558 LEGAL MISCELLANY PRIMARY DOCUMENTS Time Chart of the Supreme Court This table is designed to aid the user in identifying the composition of the Supreme Court at any given time in U.S history Each listing is headed by the chief justice, whose name is italicized Associate justices are listed following the chief justice in order of seniority The name of each justice is followed by a symbol representing his or her party affiliation at the time of appointment F = Federalist DR = Democratic-Republican (Jeffersonian) D = Democrat W = Whig R = Republican I = Independent 1949–52 1953–54 1955 1956 1957 1958–61 1962–65 Vinson (D) Black (D) Reed (D) Frankfurter (I) Douglas (D) R Jackson (D) Burton (R) Clark (D) Minton (D) Warren (R) Black (D) Reed (D) Frankfurter (I) Douglas (D) R Jackson (D) Burton (R) Clark (D) Minton (D) Warren (R) Black (D) Reed (D) Frankfurter (I) Douglas (D) Burton (R) Clark (D) Minton (D) Harlan (N.Y.) (R) Warren (R) Black (D) Reed (D) Frankfurter (I) Douglas (D) Burton (R) Clark (D) Harlan (N.Y.) (R) Brennan (D) Warren (R) Black (D) Frankfurter (I) Douglas (D) Burton (R) Clark (D) Harlan (N.Y.) (R) Brennan (D) Whittaker (R) Warren (R) Black (D) Frankfurter (I) Douglas (D) Clark (D) Harlan (N.Y.) (R) Brennan (D) Whittaker (R) Stewart (R) Warren (R) Black (D) Douglas (D) Clark (D) Harlan (N.Y.) (R) Brennan (D) Stewart (R) B White (D) Goldberg (D) 1972–75 1971 1970 1969–70 1969 1967–69 1965–67 Burger (R) Douglas (D) Brennan (D) Stewart (R) B White (D) T Marshall (D) Blackmun (R) Powell (D) Rehnquist (R) Burger (R) Douglas (D) Brennan (D) Stewart (R) B White (D) T Marshall (D) Blackmun (R) Burger (R) Black (D) Douglas (D) Harlan (N.Y.) (R) Brennan (D) Stewart (R) B White (D) T Marshall (D) Blackmun (R) Burger (R) Black (D) Douglas (D) Harlan (N.Y.) (R) Brennan (D) Stewart (R) B White (D) T Marshall (D) Burger (R) Black (D) Douglas (D) Harlan (N.Y.) (R) Brennan (D) Stewart (R) B White (D) Fortas (D) T Marshall (D) Warren (R) Black (D) Douglas (D) Harlan (N.Y.) (R) Brennan (D) Stewart (R) B White (D) Fortas (D) T Marshall (D) Warren (R) Black (D) Douglas (D) Clark (D) Harlan (N.Y.) (R) Brennan (D) Stewart (R) B White (D) Fortas (D) 1975–81 1981–85 1986–87 1988–89 1990 1991–92 1993 Burger (R) Brennan (D) Stewart (R) B White (D) T Marshall (D) Blackmun (R) Powell (D) Rehnquist (R) Stevens (R) Burger (R) Brennan (D) B White (D) T Marshall (D) Blackmun (R) Powell (D) Rehnquist (R) Stevens (R) O'Connor (R) Rehnquist (R) Brennan (D) B White (D) T Marshall (D) Blackmun (R) Powell (D) Stevens (R) O'Connor (R) Scalia (R) Rehnquist (R) Brennan (D) B White (D) T Marshall (D) Blackmun (R) Stevens (R) O'Connor (R) Scalia (R) Kennedy (R) Rehnquist (R) B White (D) T Marshall (D) Blackmun (R) Stevens (R) O'Connor (R) Scalia (R) Kennedy (R) Souter (R) Rehnquist (R) B White (D) Blackmun (R) Stevens (R) O'Connor (R) Scalia (R) Kennedy (R) Souter (R) Thomas (R) Rehnquist (R) Blackmun (R) Stevens (R) O'Connor (R) Scalia (R) Kennedy (R) Souter (R) Thomas (R) Ginsburg (D) 1994–2003 Rehnquist (R) Stevens (R) O'Connor (R) Scalia (R) Kennedy (R) Souter (R) Thomas (R) Ginsburg (D) Breyer (D) W E S T ’ S E N C Y C L O P E D I A O F A M E R I C A N L A W , n d E d i t i o n PRIMARY DOCUMENTS LEGAL MISCELLANY 559 Succession of Supreme Court Justices This table is designed to aid the user in identifying the succession of justices on the Supreme Court Read vertically, the table lists the succession of justices in each position of the Court and the years served by each The number of justices constituting the Supreme Court has varied Initially, the Court comprised six justices, but Congress increased the number to seven in 1807, to nine in 1837, and then to ten in 1863 In 1866, Congress reduced the number of justices to eight in an effort to prevent President Andrew Johnson from making any appointments to the Court As a result, the positions of John Catron, who died in 1865, and James M Wayne, who died in 1867, were abolished In 1869, Congress raised the number of justices to nine, where it has remained William Strong, the first justice appointed under the new statute, has generally been considered to have succeeded Wayne Thus, Catron is the only person who has held the tenth seat on the Court Chief Justices Associate Justices Jay 1789–1795 J Rutledge 1789–1791 Cushing 1789–1810 Wilson 1789–1798 Harrisonf 1789 Iredell 1790–1798 Todd 1807–1826 Field 1863–1897 McKinley 1837–1852 J Rutledgea 1795 T Johnson 1791–1793 Story 1811–1845 Washington 1798–1829 Blair 1789–1796 Moore 1799–1804 Trimble 1826–1828 McKenna 1898–1925 Campbell 1853–1861 Ellsworth 1796–1799 Paterson 1793–1806 Woodbury 1845–1851 Baldwin 1830–1844 S Chase 1796–1811 W Johnson 1804–1834 McLean 1829–1861 Stoneh 1925–1941 Davis 1862–1877 J Marshall 1801–1835 Livingston 1806–1823 Curtis 1851–1857 Grier 1846–1870 Duvall 1812–1835 Swayne 1862–1881 R Jackson 1941–1954 Harlan 1877–1911 Taney 1836–1864 Thomson 1823–1843 Clifford 1858–1881 Bradley 1870–1892 Barbour 1836–1841 Wayne 1835–1867 Strong 1870–1880 Matthews 1881–1889 Harlan 1955–1971 Pitney 1912–1922 S P Chase 1864–1873 Nelson 1845–1872 Gray 1882–1902 Woods 1881–1887 Shiras 1892–1903 Brewer 1889–1910 Rehnquisti 1971–1986 Sanford 1923–1930 Waite 1874–1888 Hunt 1873–1882 Holmes 1902–1932 L Lamar 1888–1893 Day 1903–1922 Hughes 1910–1916 Scalia 1986– Fuller 1888–1910 Blatchford 1882–1893 Cardozo 1932–1938 H Jackson 1893–1895 Daniel 1841–1860 Miller 1862–1890 Brown 1891–1906 Butler 1922–1939 Clarke 1916–1922 Roberts 1930–1945 Burton 1945–1958 E Whiteb 1910–1921 E Whited 1894–1910 Frankfurter 1939–1962 Peckham 1895–1909 Moody 1906–1910 Murphy 1940–1949 Sutherland 1922–1938 Taft 1921–1930 Van Devanter 1911–1937 Goldberg 1962–1965 Lurton 1910–1914 J Lamar 1911–1916 Clark 1949–1967 Reed 1938–1957 Hughes 1930–1941 Black 1937–1971 Fortase 1965–1969 McReynolds 1914–1941 Brandeis 1916–1939 T Marshall 1967–1991 Whittaker 1957–1962 Stonec 1941–1946 Powell 1971–1988 Blackmun 1970–1994 Byrnes 1941–1942 Douglas 1939–1975 Thomas 1991– B White 1962–1993 Vinson 1946–1953 Kennedy 1988– Breyer 1994– W Rutledge 1943–1949 Warren 1953–1969 Ginsburg 1993– Brennan 1956–1990 Rehnquistg 1986– O'Connor 1981– Minton 1949–1956 Burger 1969–1986 Stevens 1976– Stewart 1958–1981 Souter 1990– a Appointment not confirmed Associate justice, 1894–1910 Associate justice, 1925–1941 d Later chief justice, 1910–1921 e Appointment as chief justice but not confirmed; resigned f Declined appointment g Associate justice, 1971–1986 h Later chief justice, 1941–1946 i Later chief justice, 1986– b c W E S T ’ S E N C Y C L O P E D I A O F A M E R I C A N L A W , n d E d i t i o n Catron 1837–1865 560 LEGAL MISCELLANY PRIMARY DOCUMENTS U.S Attorneys General Name Term President Edmund Randolph William Bradford Charles Lee Levi Lincoln John Breckenridge 1789-1794 1794-1795 1795-1801 1801-1805 1805-1806 Washington Washington Washington & John Adams Jefferson Jefferson Caesar A Rodney William Pinkney Richard Rush William Wirt John M Berrien 1807-1811 1811-1814 1814-1817 1817-1829 1829-1831 Jefferson & Madison Madison Madison Monroe & John Q Adams Jackson Roger B Taney Benjamin F Butler Felix Grundy Henry D Gilpin John J Crittenden 1831-1833 1833-1838 1838-1839 1840-1841 1841 Jackson Jackson & Van Buren Van Buren Van Buren Harrison & Tyler Hugh S Legare John Nelson John Y Mason Nathan Clifford Issac Toucey 1841-1843 1843-1845 1845-1846 1846-1848 1848-1849 Tyler Tyler Polk Polk Polk Reverdy Johnson John J Crittenden Caleb Cushing Jeremiah S Black Edwin M Stanton 1849-1850 1850-1853 1853-1857 1857-1860 1860-1861 Taylor Fillmore Pierce Buchanan Buchanan Edward Bates James Speed Henry Stanberry William M Evarts Ebenezer R Hoar 1861-1864 1864-1866 1866-1868 1868-1869 1869-1870 Lincoln Lincoln & Johnson Johnson Johnson Grant Amos T Akerman George H Williams Edwards Pierrepont Alphonso Taft Charles Devens 1870-1872 1871-1875 1875-1876 1876-1877 1877-1881 Grant Grant Grant Grant Hayes Wayne MacVeagh Benjamin H Brewster Augustus H Garland William H.H Miller Richard Olney 1881 1881-1885 1885-1889 1889-1893 1893-1895 Garfield Arthur Cleveland Harrison Cleveland Judson Harmon Joseph McKenna John W Griggs Philander C Knox William H Moody 1895-1897 1897-1898 1898-1901 1901-1904 1904-1906 Cleveland McKinley McKinley McKinley Roosevelt Charles J Bonaparte George W Wickersham James C McReynolds Thomas Watt Gregory A Mitchell Palmer 1906-1909 1909-1913 1913-1914 1914-1919 1919-1921 Roosevelt Taft Wilson Wilson Wilson Harry M Daugherty Harlan Fiske Stone John G Sargent William D Mitchell Homer S Cummings 1921-1924 1924-1925 1925-1929 1929-1933 1933-1939 Harding Coolidge Coolidge Hoover Roosevelt Frank Murphy Robert H Jackson Francis Biddle Tom C Clark J Howard McGrath 1939-1940 1940-1941 1941-1945 1945-1949 1949-1952 Roosevelt Roosevelt Roosevelt Truman Truman James P McGranery Herbert Brownell Jr William P Rogers 1952-1953 1953-1957 1957-1961 Truman Eisenhower Eisenhower [CONTINUED] W E S T ’ S E N C Y C L O P E D I A O F A M E R I C A N L A W , n d E d i t i o n PRIMARY DOCUMENTS LEGAL MISCELLANY U.S Attorneys General Name Term President Robert F Kennedy Nicholas deB Katzenbach 1961-1964 1965-1966 Kennedy Johnson Ramsey Clark John N Mitchell Richard G Kleindienst Elliot L Richardson William B Saxbe 1967-1969 1969-1972 1972-1973 1973 1974-1975 Johnson Nixon Nixon Nixon Nixon Edward H Levi Griffin B Bell Benjamin R Civiletti William French Smith Edwin Meese III 1975-1977 1977-1979 1979-1981 1981-1985 1985-1988 Ford Carter Carter Reagan Reagan Richard Thornburgh William Barr Janet Reno John Ashcroft 1988-1991 1991-1993 1993-2001 2001- Reagan & George Bush George Bush Clinton George W Bush SOURCE: U.S Department of Justice W E S T ’ S E N C Y C L O P E D I A O F A M E R I C A N L A W , n d E d i t i o n 561 562 LEGAL MISCELLANY W E S T ’ S E N C Y C L O P E D I A PRIMARY DOCUMENTS O F A M E R I C A N L A W , n d E d i t i o n PRIMARY DOCUMENTS LEGAL MISCELLANY Image Not Available W E S T ’ S E N C Y C L O P E D I A O F A M E R I C A N L A W , n d E d i t i o n 563 564 LEGAL MISCELLANY PRIMARY DOCUMENTS British Regnal Years Regnal years run from the date of the monarch's accession to the throne until the same date in the next calendar year Thus an event occurring on March 24, 1626, would be the first regnal year of King Charles I who acceded to the throne on March 27, 1625 British statutes are usually cited by regnal years Sovereign William I William II Henry I Stephen Henry II Richard I John Henry III Edward I Edward II Edward III Richard II Henry IV Henry V Henry VI Edward IV Edward V Richard III Henry VII Henry VIII Edward VI Mary Elizabeth James I Charles I The Commonwealtha Charles II James II William III and Mary II Anne George I George II George III George IV William IV Victoria Edward VII George V Edward VIII George VI Elizabeth II Accession Length of reign Oct 14, 1066 Sept 26, 1087 Aug 5, 1100 Dec 26, 1135 Dec 19, 1154 Sept 23, 1189 May 27, 1199 Oct 28, 1216 Nov 20, 1272 July 8, 1307 Jan 25, 1326 June 22, 1377 Sept 30, 1399 March 21, 1413 Sept 1, 1422 March 4, 1461 April 9, 1483 June 26, 1483 Aug 22, 1485 April 22, 1509 Jan 28, 1547 July 6, 1553 Nov 17, 1558 March 24, 1603 March 27, 1625 Jan 30, 1649 May 29, 1660 Feb 6, 1685 Feb 13, 1689 March 8, 1702 Aug 1, 1714 June 11, 1727 Oct 25, 1760 Jan 29, 1820 June 26, 1830 June 20, 1837 Jan 22, 1901 May 6, 1910 Jan 20, 1936 Dec 11, 1936 Feb 6, 1952 21 13 36 19 35 10 18 57 35 20 51 23 14 10 39 23 — 24 38 45 23 24 11 37 14 13 13 34 60 11 64 25 15 — a The government established by Parliament after the abolition of the monarchy The government of Oliver Cromwell and his son (1653–1658) is also known as the Protectorate W E S T ’ S E N C Y C L O P E D I A O F A M E R I C A N L A W , n d E d i t i o n ... pretended power of suspending of laws or the execution of laws by regal authority without consent of Parliament is illegal; That the pretended power of dispensing with laws or the execution of laws by... archbishop of Canterbury, primate of all England and cardinal of the holy Roman Church; Henry, archbishop of Dublin; William of London, Peter of Winchester, Joscelin of Bath and Glastonbury, Hugh of. .. o n FOUNDATIONS OF U.S LAW English Law The Colonial Period Conflict and Resolution Origins of U.S Government FOUNDATIONS OF U.S LAW ENGLISH LAW • MAGNA CHARTA • ENGLISH BILL OF RIGHTS • SECOND