TRIET HOC, SO 3 (226), THANG 3-2010 DAC SAC Tir DUY QUAN SIT VIET NAM TH6I PHONG KIEN NGUYEN TRONG TUAN'•' Bdi viei de cap de'n mdt so net dgc sdc cua tU duy qudn sU Viet Nam thdi phong kie'n. Tu duy qudn syC vdi tU cdch la hinh thUc cua tU duy ndi chung vd net dgc sdc cua nd dugc tdc gid khdi qudt thdnh bd'n phUOng dien, dd la: tU duy qudn sU • qud'c phong; tU duy ndng binh bdt phdn; tU duy qudn dun bdt biet; tU duy tdc chien bdt cUOng. Tren cd sd do, tdc gid tien hdnh khdo sdt tU duy qudn sU Viet Nam qua cdc thdi dgi phong kie'n. ich si dan tde Vidt Nam la lich si I ft dflng nfldc di ddi vdi gifl nfldc. Ngay <^3 tfl thdi phong kie'n, dan tde ta do tinh dae thu ve dieu kien sinh tdn da tfl hinh thdnh cho minh mdt cdch thdc tU duy qudn siC ddc ddo. Nhd dd, lieh si dan tdc Viet Nam tuy cd luc thdng trim, nhflng ve cd ban, chfla bao gid lu md tinh thin tfl lflc va tfl cfldng, bat khuat va dung cam, dam dau tranh va bie't dau tranh. Nghien cflu lich si gifl nfldc cia Viet Nam mgt each thflc sfl khoa hgc thi cin phai cd phfldng phap luan dflng dan trong tie'p can khoa hgc ve tU duy qudn sU. Theo chung tdi, dd Id cic nguyen tac sau: nguyen tic he thd'ng - ehinh the, nguyen tic ke't hdp phd bien - dae thfl - ddn nhit, nguyen tic ket hdp Idgie vd lich si, dam bao mdi lien he bien chflng gifla dong dai vd lieh dai. Nguyen tdc he thd'ng • chinh the nghia la phai luan giai sfl hinh thanh, phat trien tfl duy quan sfl theo trinh tfl Idgie nhat dinh de nhan thflc thflc chat cac gia tri trong cac nhan to ciu thanh cia nd. Nguyen tdc ke't hdp pho hien - dgc thu - ddn nhdt giup cho viec nghien cflu tinh dae sac tfl duy quan sfl Viet Nam thdi phong kien phan anh dfldc sfl thd'ng nhat vdi tinh phd bien cia tfl duy vd tinh dae thfl cia tfl duy quan sfl Viet Nam ndi chung. Nguyin tdc ket hdp Idgic vd lich sd nghia la cin phai bam sat cac tfl lieu lich si tflng thdi ky de due rut nhflng net dae sac cia tfl duy quan sfl Viet Nam xuyen sud't thdi dai phdng kie'n. Vd cudi cflng, viec dam bao md'i liin hi bien chdng giita ddng dgi vd lich dgi se khien cho viec tie'p can tfl duy quan sfl Viet Nam thdi phong kie'n vfla the hien theo tflng lat cit lieh si, vfla mang tinh he thd'ng xet theo ddng chay lich si dan tdc, lam ro tinb ke' thfla, lien tuc phat trien theo tie'n trinh lich si cia sfl khai quat. Cflng vdi viec tuan tbi nhflng nguyen tic phUdng phap luan tren, cin bdo ddm sU nhd't qudn trong quan niim khoa hgc vi tu duy qudn sU, tranh sii nhim lin gifla tfl duy quan sfl vdi tfl duy ndi chung xuat hien trong linh vflc td chflc va boat dgng quan sfl. Tfl nhflng tien de tren, cd the quan niem tU duy qudn sU Viit Nam thdi phong kie'n Id hi thao tdc nhdn thdc hgc (*) Dai ta, TrUcing khoa Mac - Lenin, Tu tiicing Ho Chi Minh, Hpc vien Ky thuat quan sU. 45 NGUYEN TRONG TUAN cao cua cdc chu the qudn sii nhdm phdn dnh d tdng ly lugn khoa hgc dd'i vdi todn bd thUc tien qudn sU trong lich siC diing nUdc di ddi vdi giU nUdc cua ddn tdc Viet Nam d thdi dgi phong kie'n, mang nhitng net dgc sdc cd ve muc dich ldn phUcfng thiic td chdc hogt ddng qudn siC, nghe thugt tdc chie'n cua liic lUdng vu trang, dUdc ket tinh thdnh tdng thetU tudng nghi thugt qudn sii vd dUdc hiin thiic hod trong thiic tien ocay diing, bdo ve ddt nUdc. Bdi canh lieh si cia dat nfldc qua cac thdi ky lich si ldn ludn Id diem tiia thiic tien quan trgng de lam nay sinh, hinh thanh va phat trien tfl duy quan sfl Viet Nam thdi phong kie'n. Nen tang kinh te - xa hdi nfldc ta trong lieh si phong kien Id sfl gan bd Idi ieh cia giai cap quy tde phong kie'n vdi van menh cia qud'c gia dan tde va nhu cau ddc lap dan tdc, nhat la d nhflng thdi ky dang len cia che do phong kie'n. Tinh thin ddc lap tfl chi la nhan to' xuyen sud't thdi ky ndy, la nen tang tinh thin cd ban de hinh thanh, phat trien tfl duy, tfl tfldng quan sfl ve gianh va gifl nen ddc lap dan tde. Cude dau tranh chd'ng ddng hoa chie'm vi tri quan trgng hang diu trong sfl nghiep gianh va gifl nen dgc lap tfl chi cia dan tde ta. Bdi canb thflc tiin iy da dUdc tich hdp trong nhiing diim tUa ly ludn cd bdn eho sfl binb thanh, phat trien nhflng net dae sac cia tfl duy quan sfl Viet Nam thdi phong kien, dd la tfl duy quan sfl - qud'c phdng, tfl duy ndng binh bat phan, tfl duy quan dan bat biet, tfl duy tac chie'n bat cfldng. Tu duy qudn sii - qud'c phong phan anh muc dich boat dgng quan sfl cia dan tde ta, ve ed ban, la hoat ddng quan sfl gifl nfldc. Cac cudc chie'n tranh ma dan tdc Viet Nam tie'n hanh trong lich si ehu ye'u la chie'n tranh bao ve hoae chie'n tranh giai phdng dat nfldc. Mue dich iy cia boat ddng quan sfl da ehi phdi each nghi va each lam cia dan tgc Viet Nam, tfl xay dflng the trdn, xay dflng Iflc Ifldng vu trang den chuan hi each danh. The tran cia ta la the tran giii nfldc, khdng phai the tran di xam Ifldc. Lflc Ifldng vu trang ta la lflc Ifldng vu trang toan dan va bing mgi hinh thflc, chfl khdng phai la nhflng dao quan chuyen nghiep thdng thao chuyen chinh phat. Cach danh cia dan tgc ta chu ye'u va trfldc he't la danh phdng, danh cdt dudi chfl khdng cdt diet, danh ld'y kheo chfl khdng lay manh. Tu duy ndng binh hdt phdn phan inh dieu kien xay dflng nen qud'c phdng cia mdt nfldc dat khdng rdng, ngfldi khdng ddng, can phai huy ddng tiem Iflc ca nfldc vfla san xuat, vfla danh giae. Viec dfla vao dan de cham lo viec binh khdng phai la ehinh sach nhat thdi, ma dfldc phfldng Ifldc hoa thanh ehinh sach "ngu binh fl ndng" - che' do binh dich vdi tat ea dinh trang va cbe' do quan Hnh chia phien vfla canh phdng, luyen tap, vfla san xuit, tao the tran rgng khap va thuan Idi trong dieu dgng Iflc Ifldng, b dau ed dan la d dd cd nhflng trai trang tiing dfldc luyen tap quan sfl, cd ten trong sd, thdi binh b nha san xuat, khi cd chinh bien dfldc huy dgng vao quan ddi. Tu duy qudn ddn hdt hiet la mgt diem tfla Iy luan quan trgng va mang net rat dae sic Viet Nam. Theo tU duy qudn sU ndy, khdng cd sii tdch hiet vai trb cua qudn hinh trieu dinh vdi ddn hinh, ma ehi ed sfl phan cdng tie chie'n cho phu hdp. Quan trieu dinh la Iflc Ifldng tic chie'n chie'n Iflde. Quan cac phi. Id va cia cae vfldng hau chie'n dd'u trong dgi hinh chung hoac dam nhiem nhflng hfldng va phfldng an tie chien sd trfldng. Dan binh la Iflc Ifldng chien diu tai chd. Td't ca cic lflc Ifldng vu trang dd deu chien da'u vdi 46 DAC SACTUDUY QUAN SUVIET NAM THCJl PHONG KIEN hieu qua eao nhit khi dfldc dan bet Idng chd che, nudi dfldng. Tu duy tdc chie'n hdt cUdng ciing Id net quan sfl dae sac khdng gid'ng vdi nhflng nguyen tic binh phap "ehinh quy". Do yeu cau git gao cia viec si dung bao lflc vu trang ma linh vflc quan sfl phai dat ra he thd'ng nhflng quy pham bet sflc nghiem khic, nhat la ddi vdi tac chie'n. Song, chinh dieu dd lai ddn de'n cdch tfl duy tac chien va nhflng nguyen tie tac chie'n cflng nhic. Tuy nhien, ddi vdi cac trieu dai phong kien nfldc ta, do chien tranh toan dan la hinh thai ed ban nen cac hinh thflc tac chie'n dfldc tuy ed ma van dung, tham chi hdn hdp, lien ke't vdi nhau cung nhfl vdi eac hinh thflc phi vu trang (chinh tri, binh vdn, ngoai giao, ) nen tfl rit sdm, trong dan tde ta da hinh thdnh tfl duy tdc chie'n khdi. Cac nguyen tic tac chie'n vfla theo dung binh phap, vfla uyen chuyen, khdng cflng nhac. NhQng n6t dae sic trong sfl hinh thanh, phdt trien tfl duy quan sfl Viet Nam thdi phong kie'n dfldc hieu Men sinh dgng qua cdc thdi ky lich siC. Ndi den tfl duy quan sfl thdi phong kien h Viet Nam khdng the khdng ndi de'n Ngd Quyen, ngfldi tieu bieu cho sfl phdt trien mang tinh dot phd vi tU duy qudn sii. Vfla la vua, vfla la danh tfldng ed tfl duy quan sfl sieu viet, Ngd Quyen da kip thdi diet thfl trong de ranh tay ddnh giac ngoai; biet Idi dung dia hinh, thdi tiet bd' tri tran dia mai pbuc; ke't hdp quan thuy bg, quan ehi Iflc va quan dia phfldng trong chien dau tieu diet dich. Tfl duy quan sfl cia dng the hien ndi bat d ehi trfldng dap tan lUc lUdng chu lUc dich, de hep y chi xdm lUdc cua nhd Nam Hdn bang don qudn sU quye't dinh. Vdi quyd't tam chie'n Ifldc dd, dng ehi ddng chgn cia song Bach Ding ldm tran dia quye't chien chien Ifldc (bing eac bai cgc bd' tri sin), day dich vdo the hoan toan bat ngd, hi ddng vd tan ra. Tfl duy quan sfl Viet Nam tiep tuc cd nhflng bflde phat trien manh me, mang tinh dot pha va cich mang qua cac trieu dai phong kien tfl chi sau nay. Thdi nhd Ly, tfl duy quan sfl da dfldc chuyen hdn sang hinh thdi tU duy qudn sU cua mdt qud'c gia ddc lap cd chu quyin. Nhflng net quan sfl truyen thd'ng cd ban dfldc hinh thdnh, nhfl ngu binh fl ndng trong dflng binh, tien phdt che nhan bao ve tfl xa trong dung binh, xay dflng he thd'ng phdng tuye'n vflng chic trong tao lap the tran, Sfl ddng gdp cia tfl duy quan sfl cdn the hien trong nhieu linh vflc, nhfl bie't td chflc cdng tac tinh bao, si dung cac ddn chie'n tranh tam ly, thie't lap phdng tuye'n can dich ndi hiem ye'u, phdng thi nhieu ting Cdc nguyen tic cd ban ve xay dflng quan ddi cung da dUde dinh hinh. Thdi Ly cung Id thdi ky xuit hien nhflng bflde cdch tan ldn ve tfl duy quan sii - qud'c phdng gdn lien vdi cugc khang chie'n chd'ng quan xam Ifldc nha Td'ng. Khi trieu dinh nhd Td'ng gap rut chuan bi tich trfl Ifldng thad, bie'n Ung Chau, Kham Chau va Liem Chau thanh nhflng can cfl quan sfl - hau cin lam ban dap tie'n cdng Dai Viet, thi nha Ly, vdi tfl duy quan sfl - ehinh tri tdng hdp, da chi trfldng thflc hien rat tao bao chie'n lUdc "tiin phdt chi'nhdn" danh sang dat Td'ng nhim tieu diet cac can cfl xuat phat tien edng xam Ifldc cia ke thfl, rdi mdi rflt ve phdng thi dat nfldc. Khi thdi cd den, trieu dinh kien quye't chuyen tii phdng ngU sang phdn cdng, thiic hdnh trdn quyit chie'n chie'n lUdc dinh thang vao trai giac, khien chung khdng kip chd'ng dd. Sau chien thing, trieu dinh lo ngay de'n viec sda dinh hinh chi', ddi mdi bd mdy chi 47 NGUYEN TRONG TUAN huy qudn ddi, td chdc cdc dcfn vi trong Cdm qudn, cdi tie'n phUdng phdp luyen ren qudn si. Tie'p ndi nha Ly, tfl duy quan sfl nhd Trdn eung ed nhflng bflde dot pha quan trgng. Cung vdi viec ke' thfla vd phat trien manh me cac ehinh sach flu viet thdi Ly, cac nha ly luan quan sfl thdi Tran da dae biet quan tam phdt trien mgnh me tU duy mdi ve qudn sU - qud'c phdng. Dd Id, nha Trin da huy dgng vd td chflc toan dan danh giae, xay dflng lflc Ifldng vu trang nhieu thfl quan, xay dflng can cfl dia chie'n Ifldc va hau phfldng chien Ifldc cia cude khang chie'n. Vd de thflc thi nhflng van de dd, chit ddn ludn dUdc nhd Trdn dgt len hdng ddu trong ca ba cudc khang chie'n. Day la bflde danh dau sfl dinh hinh hodn todn vi tU duy qudn sii chien lUdc mang tinh he thdng, chinh the cia chien tranh nhan dan bao ve dit nfldc trong khudn khd y thflc he phong kien. Dae biet, sfl phat trien tfl duy quan sfl dfldi thdi Trin cdn dfldc bieu hien b sii hinh thdnh, phdt trien chu trUdng tgm lui qudn trUdc the giac mgnh de hao todn liic lUdng, ki't hdp vdi ke thanh da vd chien tranh du kich tieu hao sinh liic giac, chuyen hod ddn so sdnh liic lUdng cd ldi de tiin tdi tdng phdn cdng. Trfldc mgt ddi thi rat manh la de qud'c Nguyen - Mdng gdm nhflng ky binh dan day ehinh chie'n, nha Tran khdng the ip dung chie'n Ifldc "tien phat che nhan" theo kieu danh trfldc sang dat dich nhfl nha Ly, cung khdng the thflc hien phfldng cham bao ve tfl xa bing mdt he thd'ng chie'n luy phdng thi nhfl phdng tuye'n sdng Ciu, ma budc phai ed tinh toan chie'n Ifldc mdi dfla tren sfl doi mdi tU duy quan sU. Dd ehinh la cd sd thflc tiin hinh thanh nghe thugt chi dgo rut lui chie'n lUdc hdo todn lUc lUdng, xoay chuyen tinh the de phdn kich cua quan dgi nhd Tran. Sd di ed the coi day la mgt bflde phat trien mang tinh each mang trong tfl duy quan sfl Viet Nam vi, vdi cac nha nfldc phong kie'n dfldng thdi, mat kinh dd gin nhfl ddng nghia vdi mat nfldc; song vdi ngfldi Viet, kinh dd tam mat vao tay giae nhflng cugc khang chie'n mdi chl bat dau. Chi trfldng tam rut khdi kinh thanh de bao toan lflc Ifldng gin lien vdi chi trfldng ddnh du kich nho le rdng khdp tieu hao sinh Iflc dich va dae biet, gin vdi ke thanh da - td chflc eho dan chung lam "vUdn khdng nhd trdn^\ cung nhfl ke sach tao mdt mat trgn lien thdng de ca nfldc eung danh giae. NhiJng dgi ky binh Mdng Co bach chie'n bach thing khi sang de'n chien trfldng Dai Viet tuy chiem thanh Thang Long khdng may khd khan, nhflng lap tie rdi vao mgt cudc chien tranh hoan toan khac la, lam vao tinh the danh chang dfldc danh, yen chang dfldc yen, mud'n cfldp hoc Ifldng an eung khdng ed, nen mau chdng md't het nhue khi va sflc Iflc. Ke't cue tham bai de'n vdi chung la ta't yeu. Tfl duy quan sfl Viet Nam thdi ky khdi nghia Lam Scfn chd'ng dch do hg cua nhd Minh cd hudc phdt trien nhay vgt, tnidc bet the hien b nhflng gia tri van hoa quan sfl ed ban trong eac chu trUdng chie'n lUdc, nhfl chien tranh chinh nghia, lay dan lam gdc, tfldng si ddng long, tdp trung Iflc Ifldng vdo dia ban ed't ti, each danh da dang. Vdi tu duy qudn sii tdng hdp, trgng tam la tu duy chien lUdc ve cugc khdng chie'n todn ddn, todn dien vd trUcfng ky, Bg ehi huy Lam Sdn ehu trfldng phat dgng va lanh dao toan the dan chung vung day lat nhao ach dd hd cua quan Minh, gianh lai dgc lap va ehi quyen eho dat nfldc. De huy dgng sflc dan, nghia 48 DAC SAC TUDUY QUAN SUVIET NAM THC)I PHONG KIEN quan chi trUdng ke't hdp chat che gifla nhiem vu cflu nfldc vdi nhiem vu cflu dan; lflc Ifldng khdi nghia dfldc xay dflng dfla vao ddng dao cac ting ldp nhan dan, ddng thdi chieu tap dan chung cflng ndi day danh giac cflu nfldc. Day chinh la sfl manh nha cia tU duy qudn sU ket hdp gida tiin cong bdng lUc lUdng vu trang chu lUc vdi not day cua nhdn ddn. Trong dieu kien cugc khdi nghia phdt trien tbanb cude chien tranh giai phdng ed quy md todn qud'c, sfl ket hdp cia cac cudc ndi day cia dan chflng eac dia phfldng vdi ddn tien cong cia nghia qudn da dfldc phat trien rgng khip va ngay cang trd thanh mdt van de cd y nghia chien Ifldc trong phat trien tfl duy quan sfl thdi ky nay. Dd cdn la tU duy qudn sU vi xdy dUng can cii dia khdng chii'n, ddnh vdo ndi hiem ye'u, chudn hi cho trdn quyet chii'n chie'n lUdc. Trong chuan hi phat dgng khdi nghia, viec chgn vung rflng nfli phia Tay Thanh Hoa tren thfldng lflu sdng Chu, sdng Ma, ndi cd dia hinh hiem trd, dia the hiem yeu, lai cd nhan Iflc, vat lflc bo sung, cung cap eho nghia quan, lam dia ban tac chie'n va cd ddng lflc Ifldng de tie'n hdnh cugc chie'n tranh du kich lau dai da the hien mdt tfl duy quan sfl sing sudt. Khi xay dflng lflc Ifldng chuan hi khdi nghia, Bg chi huy Lam Sdn da sdm tha'y dfldc tim quan trgng cia van de cung cip Ifldng thflc cho nghia quan, nen rat coi trgng ea hai mat td chflc ddi ngu va cham lo rugng ddng. Dae biet, Le Ldi cho rang, can phai xay dflng mdt ddi quan tren dfldi nhfl cha con mdt nhd va trfldc het, phai la ddi quan nhan nghia. Nhd dd, tfl cho si dung lflc Ifldng nhd nhflng tinh nhue ludn sdu, ddnh manh vao vung chie'm ddng cia dich, nghia quan da tie'n tdi si dung ehu lflc danh thang ra Ddng Quan, trien khai the tran tie'n cdng vd vay ham tat ea eac thanh tri giae, rdi ehuyen len "vay thanh diet vien". Dd cdn la tU duy qudn sU vi ki't hdp ddu tranh vu trang vdi ngogi giao chii'n lUdc. Vao giai doan gidnh thing ldi quyet dinh cia cudc chien tranh chd'ng quan Minh, Bd chi huy Lam Sdn nhan thiy ring, mud'n danh thing hoan toan quan dich thi phai ke't hdp tii'n cdng trin nhiiu mat trgn khdc nhau, nhU qudn sU, chinh tri, hinh van vd ddc biit Id ngogi giao. Qudn trung tii minh tap la tac pham gdm nhflng van kien quan trgng the bien boat ddng vfla phong phfl, vfla sang tao dd cia nghia quan Lam Sdn. Tren cd sd gidnh dfldc thing ldi ve quan sfl, Bd ehi huy nghia quan cbi trfldng ddm phdn de ket thuc chii'n tranh, md ldi thodt cho dich qua cic thfl du hang quan Minh do Nguyen Trai vie't va Hdi the Ddng Quan. Hang loat bflc thfl ggi hang danh thep, diy sflc thuyet pbuc ed tac dung nhfl cudc chien dau cia nghin van quan, huge dich phai md cac tbanb, lin Ifldt ra hang. Quan giac hung manh cudi cflng da bi tieu diet ca ve lflc Ifldng, tinh thin vd y chl, phai xin the rflt quan ve nUdc. Diem ndi bat cia tfl duy qudn sfl thdi Tdy Sdn la sfl chuyin hod tii tU duy chii'n lUdc vi dudng ldi khdi nghla vu trang cua ndng ddn chd'ng dp hdc din tU duy chien lUdc vi thiic hien chii'n tranh todn ddn gidi phdng chd'ng xdm lUdc trong khudn khd y thdc he phong kie'n. Tfl khau hieu diu tranh ban diu la "liy cia cai bgn quan lai va nha giau phan phat cho dan ngheo", "tfldi mfla dim khi ban, keo cung dan xa chdn lim than", de'n cudi nam 1784, nghia quan Tay Sdn cbi trfldng ket hdp ddnh cd thu trong ldn gidc ngodi. Dieu dd eho thay, phong trao Tay Sdn da bie't ke't hdp chat che gifla nhiem vu cflu nfldc vdi nhiem vu cflu dan, dung cam 49 NGUYEN TRONG TUAN dinh giae ngoai xam Xiem, Thanh. Bdi vay, phong trao nay da ldi cud'n dfldc ddng dao dan chung tham gia. Tu duy viphUdng thiic chi huy tdc chien cia quan Tay Sdn dfldc the hien dien hinh trong cudc khang chie'n chd'ng quan Thanh. Ngay sau cudc rut lui chie'n Ifldc cia lflc Ifldng Tay Sdn dang tran gifl Thang Long vd Bic Ha ve Tam Diep - Bien Sdn, tao nen sfl chuyen boa the chie'n Ifldc theo chieu hfldng dich tfl chd cd ldi sang bat ldi, ta tfl chd bat Idi sang cd ldi, Bg chi huy Tay Sdn d Phu Xuan da gap rut tien quan ra Bic Ha, md cude phan cdng chien Ifldc, td chflc binh lflc thdnh nam dao quan thuy bd de tieu diet quan Thanh. Tu duy ve nghe thugt tdc chie'n phat trien manh me trong thdi ky ndy. Cung vdi viec chgn Thang Long, ndi tap trung tuyet dai bg phan quan Thanh xam Ifldc, lam muc tieu chu ye'u cua cudc phdn cdng chie'n lUdc ra Bic Ha, nghia quan cung chgn true dfldng thien ly phia Nam Thang Long, ndi dich bd' tri he thd'ng phdng thi ehi ye'u trong the lam thdi phdng ngfl, lam hUdng tii'n cdng chu yeu, ddng thdi kheo ke't hdp cac hfldng khac tad nen the' tran tdc chii'n khdi hiem hdc va the danh manh liet ve cd chie'n lUdc vd chie'n dich. Nhd do, nghia quan Tay Sdn chl vdi Iflc Ifldng mfldi may van ngfldi da nhanh ehdng dai pha hai mfldi chin van giac Thanh xam Ifldc cung hdng van quan cia Le Chieu Thd'ng. Sfl phdt trien tU duy vi nghe thugt qudn sii cdn dfldc the hien trong nhieu hnh vflc, nhfl nghe thuat xay dflng va ddng vien lflc Ifldng vu trang tai chd, nghe thuat si dung tap trung lflc Ifldng vad thdi diem quye't dinh, nghe thuat giai quye't hai hoa gifla thdi, the' va lflc, nghe • thuat tien cdng than td'c, tao bao, quye't thing, nghe thuat khai thic diem yeu, sd hd, ehi quan cia dich Trong cugc khang chie'n chd'ng Xiem, sflc manh dd da the hien d viec ap dung phfldng thflc tdc chie'n van ddng tien cdng tieu diet thuy binh vd bg binh dich. Tflu trung, nhflng net dae sac cia tfl duy quan sfl Viet Nam thdi phong kien ed the khai quit thanh nam gia tri ed ban sau: Mot Id, tu duy qudn sii Viet Nam thdi phong kie'n ludn gdn vdi viec thdu sudt tU tudng cdt ldi "dl ddn vi hdn" vd phdt huy tinh chdt chinh nghla, nhdn dgo, nhdn vdn cua chien tranh todn ddn. Do ke xam Ifldc ludn la nhiing dao quan Idn manh, nen ngfldi Viet ehi ed the dfla vao sflc manh toan dan de danh giac. Den cae ddi Ly, Tran, Le, ngfldi Viet mdi xay dflng quan ddi ehuyen biet, song yeu to' todn dan dinh giae vin la trflc tiep, d ea ba cap do: ddn nudi qudn, ddn ldm hgu thudn cho qudn vd ddn triic tiep ldm qudn. De dfla dfldc vao dan, cae trieu dai phong kie'n tie'n bd coi trgng giao due va ddng vien dan chung hang hai chie'n dau. Dae biet, tfl duy "di dan" da ed sfl gan ket nhat dinh vdi tfl duy "vi dan" va dfldc hien thflc hoa thanh mdt so' chinh sach kha nhat quan, nhfl chu trfldng "khoan thfl sflc dan de lam ke sa"u ri ben gdc" cua nha Tran; tfl tfldng "viec nhan nghia ed't b an dan" cia nghia quan Lam Sdn; v.v Gdn sU phdt trien tU duy qudn sU vdi nen tdng nhdn ddn vfla la kinh nghiem ldn cia cae trieu dai phong kie'n, vfla la bai hoc quy bau eho thdi hien dai. Thflc tien hai cugc khang chien ehdng thflc dan, de qud'c cia nhan dan ta dfldi sfl lanh dao cua Dang Cdng san Viet Nam eung eho thay, do dfla chdc vao dan va phit huy tinh cha't chinh nghia, nhan 50 DAC SAC TUDUY QUAN SUVIET NAM THC)I PHONG KIEN dao, nhan van cia chien tranh nhan dan nen dan tdc ta da lin Ifldt danh bai nhflng ten thflc dan, de qud'c diu sd. Sfl nghiep bao ve To qud'c Viet Nam xa hdi chi nghia ngdy nay, du la chie'n tranh chd'ng xam Ifldc edng nghe eao, vdn la chien tranh nhan dan. Tfl duy quan sfl Viet Nam hien dai van phai la tfl duy dfla vao dan, phdt huy cao do tinh chat chinh nghia, nhan dao, nhan van cia chien tranh nhan dan. Hai Id, tu duy qudn sii Viet Nam thdi phong kien ludn dgt lin hdng ddu vdn di thudng xuyen cdnh gidc, ndm vdng tinh hinh vd so sdnh liic lUdng, xdc dinh quyet tdm chie'n lUdc dung ddn. Vdi vi tri dia ly cua nfldc ta nhfl "chiee chia khoa" md xudng phfldng Nam, thi mdt kinh nghiem de ddi da an sau vao tfl duy quan sfl cia ngfldi Viet Id khdng de hi bat ngd chie'n Ifldc. Ke thu thfldng manh, nhflng bao gid cung cd diem yeu. Tuy nhien, phat huy cai manh cia ta, khodt sau diem ye'u cia dich lai la vin de thudc ban linh tfl duy cua bg thd'ng soai vd cac danh tai quan sfl. Chang ban, trong chie'n tranh chd'ng quan Minh xam Ifldc, lie diu tfl duy quan sfl phu hdp la cd' gang bao toan va phat trien lflc Ifldng, tie'n hanh chien tranh du kich giai phdng tflng phan va md rgng din can cfl dia; den khi ta phat trien di manh va the giae nung dan thi m6i md rgng cudc chie'n tranh giai phdng ra quy md ca nfldc. Mgt tfl duy quan sfl Idnh manh ludn cho phep cac ehi the quan sfl tim ra nhflng gdc canb kha bien de ddnh gia, so sanh lflc Ifldng mdt each khdng cflng nhac, tfl dd xac dinh quye't tam chie'n dau diing din, khdng bac nhflde, nan ehi nhflng eung khdng mao hiem, phieu lflu. Chinh vi vdy, viec dat Ien hang diu van de thfldng xuyen canb giac, nim vflng tinh hinh va so sanh lflc Ifldng, xac dinh quye't tam chien Ifldc dflng din khdng chi cd gia tri trong thdi phong kien, md cdn cd nhflng kha nang phat trien mdi de phat trien thanh tfl duy quan sfl Viet Nam hien dai, dap flng td't yeu ciu cia sii nghiep bao ve Td qud'c hien nay. Ba Id, tu duy vi nghe thugt qudn siC phdt trien mgnh me theo hUdng lien tuc tgo the, tranh thdi vd chuyen lUc, chu ddng tie'n cdng dich. Trong lich si dan tdc ta, eac trieu dai phong kie'n dgc lap da van dung sang tao nhflng van de ve lien tuc tao the, tranh thdi va chuyen lUc, chi ddng tie'n edng dich, de'n khi cd di thdi ed, dieu kien thi ddc todn lflc giii phdng dit nfldc. Chang ban, nhd Trdn nhd phdi bdp uyen chuyen the' - thdi - lflc nen da cd giai toan dgc dio de khdc phuc sfl so sanh lflc Ifldng thua xa nhflng ddi ky binh Mdng Cd ndi tieng thien chie'n dfldng thdi, ldm cho dich tfl the' ap dao da hi sa vao the tran chie'n tranh toan dan rdng khdp cia ta. Vin de lien tuc tao the', tranh thdi va chuyen boa lflc Ifldng, chi ddng tien cdng dich cho de'n nay vdn la bai hgc sd'ng dgng ve phat trien tfl duy quan sfl. Trong tie chien hien dai, mac dfl cac dieu kien tac chie'n da ed nhflng khac biet cdn ban, nhflng mdi quan he thdi - the - Iflc vin ddi hdi cae ehi the quan sfl phai xi ly rat bien chflng va nhuan nhuyen. Dieu dd ddi hdi hg phai cd mgt tfl duy quan sfl bet sflc nang ddng, nhay ben vdi cai thdi mdi, the mdi va lflc mdi, ddng thdi bie't ke thfla kinh nghiem truyen thd'ng de xi ly thdi - the - lflc a'y mdt each phu hdp vdi to chat va dieu kien boat ddng cia con ngUdi quan sfl Viet Nam. Bdn Id, tu duy vi cdch ddnh ludn thi hien tinh thdn khdng ngiing sdng tgo cua 51 NGUYEN TRONG TUAN ddn tdc ta, ke cd trong viec van dung cdch ddnh truyin thd'ng. Nghe thuat quan sfl cia dan tdc dfldc hun dfle qua cac thdi dai vd each thflc tac chie'n thfldng dfldc phat trien, sang tao, phong phu, dae sac. TrUdc het, ta dung phfldng each phu hdp vdi dieu kien eu the, eung nhfl van dung sic manh td'ng hdp budc dich phai danh theo each danh cia ta. Thii hai, trfldc the' giae manh, ta khdng y lai thdnh cao hao sau de cd' gifl tran tuye'n, ma thien ve "rut the nao, gianh lai ra sao". Thii ha, ldi dung dia hinh, trien khai nhieu mui tien cdng tfl nhieu hfldng, ke't hdp ndi cdng, ngoai kich. Thii tu, khi da di tien de, ta md tran quye't chie'n chie'n Ifldc vdi tinh than quyet thang. Tfl duy quan sfl trong cac each danh da dang ma dae sic a'y can dfldc van dung sang tao trong huan luyen chie'n dau ddi vdi cic lflc Ifldng vu trang nhan dan hien nay. Dae biet, trong dieu kien rat ed the phai ddi diu vdi cugc chie'n tranh cdng nghe cao, chung ta cin cd td chflc quan sfl hien dai, cd vu khi vd trang hi quan sfl hien dai, phfldng thflc tac chie'n mdi, each danh mdi, nhflng ne'u nhfl khdng ke't ndi dflge vdi cac each danh truyen thd'ng ndi tren thi vdn khd cd the phat huy eao nhat nhflng to' cha't cia can bd, chien si, nhat la tfl duy quan sfl thdng minh, sang tao vdi nhflng net dae sic de tao ra sfl khic biet. Nam Id, tU duy qudn sii gdn kit chat che vdi tU duy chinh tri nhdm phdt huy nhdn td chinh tri - tinh thdn de nhdn hdi siic mgnh tdng hdp cua qudn vd ddn. Cac cugc chien tranh cia ta deu la ehinh nghia, vi sfl sd'ng cdn cia nen ddc lap, sfl trfldng tdn va ben vflng cia dit nfldc. Tfl rat sdm, dan ta da ed y thflc tfl dam dfldng sfl nghiep gifl ldng, gifl nfldc, vi quyen sd'ng cia gid'ng ndi, cia gia dinh va ban than, nen tinh than sin sang hy sinh chie'n dau da tham sau vao mgi cdng ddng dan cfl tfl kinh ky de'n lang xa. Nhan thflc dfldc gia tri dd, cac nha lanh dao da bie't khai thac nd lam vu khi va sflc manh danh thing ke thu. Ly ThUdng Kiet khi tie'n sang dat Td'ng da eho phan phat "Phat Td'ng Id bd' van" ndi rd mue dich chien dau, nen dfldc dan vung Hoa Nam ing hd; trfldc phdng tuye'n sdng Cau, dng da bie't khdi ddng tinh than quan si bing bdi thd Thdn. Trdn Qudc Tudn ludn quan tam giao due truyen thd'ng, cd vu tinh than quan va dan qua Hich tUdng si; Nguyin Trdi ehi trfldng "mflu phat tam edng", thao thfl du hang tfldng gi^c. Trong dai phi quan Thanh, Nguyen Hue coi trgng cd vii tinh thin yeu nfldc cia quan va dan: "Danh cho si tri Nam qud'c anh hung chi hflu ehu". Lieh si eung eho thay, ne'u nha lanh dao nao khdng phat huy dfldc tU duy qudn sU - chinh tri ay thi ludn tba't bai. Do cd tfl duy quan sfl nang ddng nen ve ed ban, dan ta ludn tham dfldm tinh than thfldng vd, khi thai binh thi cham lo luyen binh, ren tfldng, khi ed chie'n tranh thi anh dung chie'n dd'u. Cd the ndi, vdi ngfldi Viet, tfl duy quan sfl khdng mang y nghia thuan tuy, ma ludn gin chat vdi viec tra ldi cau hoi: danh vi ai, danh de lam gi, danh nhim mue dieh gi Gia tri dae sic nay cin phai dfldc phat huy manh me trong dieu kien hien nay, nhat la ddi vdi sfl nghiep giao due qud'c phdng, lam eho y thflc bao ve To qud'c xa hdi ehi nghia tham sau vao mdi can bd, chien si quan ddi vd mdi ngfldi dan. Dae bidt, trong xay dflng Iflc Ifldng vu trang, van de xay dflng Iflc Ifldng vu trang each mang vflng vang ve chinh tri phai ludn la van de then chd't. G 52 . cia tfl duy quan sfl Viet Nam thdi phong kien, dd la tfl duy quan sfl - qud'c phdng, tfl duy ndng binh bat phan, tfl duy quan dan bat biet, tfl duy tac chie'n bat cfldng. Tu duy qudn . Tir DUY QUAN SIT VIET NAM TH6I PHONG KIEN NGUYEN TRONG TUAN'•' Bdi viei de cap de'n mdt so net dgc sdc cua tU duy qudn sU Viet Nam thdi phong kie'n. Tu duy. trung, nhflng net dae sac cia tfl duy quan sfl Viet Nam thdi phong kien ed the khai quit thanh nam gia tri ed ban sau: Mot Id, tu duy qudn sii Viet Nam thdi phong kie'n ludn gdn vdi