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Vital Notes for Nurses:
Promoting Health
Vital Notes for Nurses are indispensable guides for student nurses taking
the pre-registration programme in all branches of nursing.
These concise, accessible books assume no prior knowledge. Each book
in the series clearly presents the essential facts in context in a user-
friendly format and provides students and qualifi ed nurses with a
thorough understanding of the core topics which inform professional
practice.
Published
Vital Notes for Nurses: Psychology
Sue Barker
ISBN: 978-1-405-1-5520-5
Vital Notes for Nurses: Accountability
Helen Caulfi eld
ISBN: 978-1-4051-2279-5
Vital Notes for Nurses: Health Assessment
Edited by Anna Crouch and Clency Meurier
ISBN: 978-1-4051-1458-5
Vital Notes for Nurses: Professional Development, Refl ection and
Decision-making
Melanie Jasper
ISBN: 978-1-4051-3261-9
Vital Notes for Nurses: Nursing Theory
Hugh McKenna and Oliver Slevin
ISBN: 978-1-4051-3702-7
Vital Notes for Nurses: Research for Evidence-Based Practice
Robert Newell and Philip Burnard
ISBN: 978-1-4051-2562-9
Vital Notes for Nurses: Principles of Care
Hilary Lloyd
ISBN: 978-1-4051-4598-5
Vital Notes for Nurses: Promoting Health
Jane Wills
ISBN: 978-1-4051-3999-1
Promoting Health
Edited by
Jane Wills
© 2007 by Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
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a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic,
mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, except as permitted by
the UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, without the prior
permission of the publisher.
First published 2007 by Blackwell Publishing Ltd
ISBN: 978-1-4051-3999-1
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Promoting health / edited by Jane Wills.
p. ; cm. – (Vital notes for nurses)
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN-13: 978-1-4051-3999-1 (pbk. : alk. paper)
ISBN-10: 1-4051-3999-4 (pbk. : alk. paper)
1. Public health nursing. 2. Health promotion.
I. Wills, Jane, MSc. II. Series.
[DNLM: 1. Health Promotion. 2. Public Health Nursing–
methods. 3. Nurse’s Role. 4. Nurse-Patient Relations. 5. Patient
Education. WY 108 P965 2007]
RT97.P76 2007
613–dc22
2006100266
A catalogue record for this title is available from the British Library
Set in 10/12 Palatino
by SNP Best-set Ty pesetter Ltd., Hong Kong
Printed and bound in Singapore
by COS Printers Pte Ltd
The publisher’s policy is to use permanent paper from mills that operate a
sustainable forestry policy, and which has been manufactured from pulp
processed using acid-free and elementary chlorine-free practices.
Furthermore, the publisher ensures that the text paper and cover board used
have met acceptable environmental accreditation standards.
For further information on Blackwell Publishing, visit our website:
www.blackwellnursing.com
Contents
Preface ix
About the Authors x
1 Introduction: The Role of the Nurse in Promoting
Health 1
(Jane Wills)
Introduction 1
What is health promotion and public health? 1
Chapter overviews 4
Conclusion 9
References 10
2 Health and Health Promotion 11
(Linda Jackson)
Introduction 11
Learning outcomes 11
Defi nitions of health and wellbeing 12
Infl uences of health 14
Health education and health promotion 16
Public health and the new public health 20
The nurse’s role in promoting health 22
Summary 25
Further reading and resources 25
References 26
v
vi Contents
3 Infl uences on Health 28
(Jenny Husbands)
Introduction 28
Learning outcomes 28
Inequalities in health 29
Explaining health inequalities 32
Tackling health inequalities 37
Global perspective on tackling health inequalities 40
The role of the nurse in tackling health inequalities 41
Summary 43
Further reading and resources 43
References 43
4 Approaches to Promoting Health 46
(Susie Sykes)
Introduction 46
Learning outcomes 46
Perspectives of health 47
Approaches to health promotion 48
Models of health promotion 53
The role of the nurse in health promotion 63
Summary 63
Further reading and resources 64
References 64
5 Priorities for Public Health 66
(Jenny Husbands)
Introduction 66
Learning outcomes 66
Public health priorities 66
Accidents 68
Cancer 70
Coronary Heart Disease (CHD) 75
Diabetes 78
Obesity 80
Summary 84
Further reading and resources 85
References 86
6 Health Information and Epidemiology 88
(Amanda Hesman)
Introduction 88
Learning outcomes 89
Health information 89
Defi nitions and uses of epidemiology 92
Contents vii
Measuring health and disease in populations 93
Surveillance of health and the collection of health information 103
The role of the nurse in using health information 105
Summary 107
Further reading and resources 107
References 108
7 Protecting the Health of the Population 110
(Amanda Hesman)
Introduction 110
Learning outcomes 110
The changing pattern of disease and ill-health 111
Protecting populations: the ‘bigger picture’ 112
Vacci nation 113
Screening 114
Surveillance, prevention and control of communicable diseases 120
Surveillance, prevention and control of non-communicable
diseases 124
The role of the nurse in health protection 124
Summary 127
Further reading and resources 127
References 128
8 Promoting Healthy Lifestyles 129
(Jenny Husbands)
Introduction 129
Learning outcomes 129
Healthy lifestyles 130
Health decision making 132
Approaches to changing lifestyles 136
The role of the nurse in promoting health behaviour
and lifestyle change 149
Summary 151
Further reading and resources 151
References 152
9 Promoting Health for Communities 154
(Linda Jackson)
Introduction 154
Learning outcomes 154
Working in communities 155
Defi ning ‘community’ 156
Needs assessment 157
Promoting health in communities 162
viii Contents
Community involvement and participation 163
Developing local communities 164
Community development 165
The role of the nurse in promoting health for communities 170
Summary 172
Further reading and resources 172
References 173
10 Creating Supportive Environments for Health 175
(Amanda Hesman)
Introduction 175
Learning outcomes 175
Creating supportive environments 176
The settings approach 180
A health promoting health service 181
The hospital setting 182
The pharmacy setting 185
The school setting 187
The prison setting 188
The role of the nurse in creating supportive environments
for health 190
Summary 191
Further reading and resources 191
References 192
Index 194
Preface
Health is everybody’s business. We have a population that is living
longer and is likely to carry a burden of chronic disease. An increasing
number of products, treatments and information are available to an
informed health consumer and ‘health’ is discussed by those as diverse
as Kylie Minogue in relation to breast cancer, Jamie Oliver in relation
to healthy food for children and Bill Gates in relation to human immu-
nodefi ciency virus/acquired immune defi ciency syndrome (HIV/
AIDS) treatments. Globalisation means the worldwide spread and
movement not only of products but also people (including health sector
workers) and diseases. Better population health depends on making
health everybody’s business but nurses have a vital role to play. As key
health professionals, you are in a unique position to act as powerful
advocates for a future healthy planet; to ensure equity particularly in
access to health care and services; and to make the healthy choice the
easier choice. Nurses make a major difference across the life cycle and
in their commitment to vulnerable or marginalised groups, such as the
poor, the elderly, refugees and asylum seekers, and the homeless. This
book is about protecting the health of the public by preventing disease
and illness particularly through identifying risk and promoting health
by supporting and maintaining a healthier lifestyle and the building
of healthier communities. These are probably the most important parts
of your nursing role. Health matters – it is a human right and it is sound
economic investment.
Jane Wills
ix
About the Authors
Amanda Hesman is Senior Lecturer Adult Nursing at London South
Bank University where she teaches Public Health. She is a registered
nurse with a particular interest in sexual and reproductive health and
has worked as a health advisor in genitourinary medicine (GUM) in
Brighton and as a GUM researcher in London. She has an MA in
Women’s Studies and is a member of the UK Public Health Association
and British Association of Sexual Health and HIV.
Jenny Husbands is Senior Lecturer Adult Nursing at London South
Bank University where she teaches Public Health. She has worked as
a health visitor and has also worked in a Health Promotion department
with responsibility for working with primary care organisations and
practitioners. She is also a keep fi t teacher.
Linda Jackson is currently Health Development Manager for Green-
wich Primary Care Trust. Prior to this she was Senior Lecturer in the
MSC Public Health/Health Promotion degree programme at London
South Bank University. She has also taught in the School of Public
Health at Curtin University in Western Australia and worked in a
variety of posts in Australia and the USA. Her primary interests are in
nutrition, health promotion practice and workforce development.
Susie Sykes is Senior Lecturer in Public Health and Health Promotion
at London South Bank University. She has worked in public health for
ten years having worked in the voluntary sector prior to that. Her
professional practice interests are work with young people, community
development and in recent years public health evaluation. Susie com-
bines an academic career with freelance work in strategy development
and project evaluation mostly for public sector organisations.
x
[...]... of health and are registered on Part 3 of the Nursing and Midwifery Council (NMC) register, many other nurses have an interest in and responsibility for enabling people to achieve optimum health What is health promotion and public health? Health promotion and public health have assumed increasing importance in nursing In part this is a consequence of changing 1 2 Vital Notes for Nurses: Promoting Health. .. role in promoting health Learning outcomes By the end of this chapter you will be able to: • • • analyse the difference between a medical and social model of health discuss health promotion and apply it to nursing practice define and discuss the concepts of public health and ‘new public health and how they apply to nursing practice 11 12 Vital Notes for Nurses: Promoting Health Definitions of health. .. reorient health services strengthen community action (WHO, 1986; Nutbeam, 1998) These five areas suggest that for the health of the population to be improved, it is important not only to help individuals to lead healthier lives but to make it easier for them to do so, e.g encouraging healthy 18 Vital Notes for Nurses: Promoting Health Table 2.1 Ottawa Charter Ottawa Charter Action Areas Examples Build healthy... responsibility for their own health Collaboration and partnership between professionals, private, public and voluntary sectors and across agencies Information, research and evidence to provide a sound base for practice 10 Vital Notes for Nurses: Promoting Health References Acheson D (1988) Public Health in England: report of the committee of inquiry into the future development of the public health function... in health promotion: a test case for social policy and social theory In Gabe J Calnan M and Bury M (Eds.) The Sociology of the Health Service London, Routledge Department of Health (1998) Saving Lives: Our Healthier Nation The Stationery Office, London Department of Health (2000) The NHS Plan: a plan for investment, a plan for reform DoH, London Department of Health (2004) Choosing Health: making healthier... of a functional view of the patient’s health and may focus on his ability to perform selected duties of everyday life, e.g., dressing, cooking, climbing stairs and moving about unaided The patient’s mental health may or may not be assessed, however, this may be the most important issue for this patient 14 Vital Notes for Nurses: Promoting Health Influences on health As previously mentioned, there are... of health and the wider influences on health Health education and health promotion Health education and health promotion are often thought to mean the same thing, however, they are not Simply put, health education is part of, but not the sum of, health promotion’ (Gott and O’Brien, 1990) Education is one of the means of improving health and is often the main one that is used by health professionals Health. .. progress of health promotion in nursing In Scriven A (Ed.) Health Promoting Practice: the contribution of nurses and allied health professionals (p 19) Basingstoke, Palgrave Macmillan World Health Organization (2002) World Health Report 2002–reducing risks, promoting healthy life WHO, Geneva 2 Health and Health Promotion Linda Jackson Introduction This chapter considers the concept of health and why... health promoting setting As the hospital is part of the community, so creating supportive environments for health means integrating the hospital with wider health concerns such as sustainable development and environmental management Within the hospital itself, promoting health would mean closer relationships of different The Role of the Nurse in Promoting Health 9 disciplines such as occupational health, ... people in good health and therefore a concern for community nurses alone Chapter 2 sets the scene by unpacking The Role of the Nurse in Promoting Health 5 the concepts of health promotion and public health and exploring how these strategies have come to be at the centre of health care practice Chapter 3 summarises some of the evidence showing how social factors affect health Inequalities in health status . Vital Notes for Nurses: Promoting Health Vital Notes for Nurses are indispensable guides for student nurses taking the pre-registration programme. 978-1-405-1-5520-5 Vital Notes for Nurses: Accountability Helen Caulfi eld ISBN: 978-1-4051-2279-5 Vital Notes for Nurses: Health Assessment Edited by Anna Crouch and Clency Meurier ISBN: 978-1-4051-1458-5 Vital. Slevin ISBN: 978-1-4051-3702-7 Vital Notes for Nurses: Research for Evidence-Based Practice Robert Newell and Philip Burnard ISBN: 978-1-4051-2562-9 Vital Notes for Nurses: Principles of Care Hilary
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