MOT SO THU DOAN TAC DONG TAM LY CUA OjCH NHAM CHI PHOI TINH TICH CUC CUA Y THUC QUAN NHAN HIEN NAY Bui Van Ca Hoc vien Chinh tri. Tfnh tfch cue cua y thiic la phdm chat rdt quan trgng ciia nhan cdch ndi len su nd luc cd lua chgn cua chii the nhdm thuc day, dinh hudng, dieu khidn, didu chinh, nang cao chat lugng, hieu qud boat ddng phii hgp vdi muc dfch, nhiem vu dat ra. Cd nhidu nhan td tao nen tfnh tfch cue ciia y thue quan nhan, nhung CO bdn vd quan trgng nhdt la he thd'ng nhu cdu, ddng co vd nidm tin. Day cung chinh Id nhirng tidu didm tdc dgng tam ly ciia chii nghia dd qud'c vd cdc the lire thii dich nhdm chi phdi, thay ddi nhan thiic ciia quan nhan, thuc hien am muu "phi chfnh tri hda" quan ddi. Di ngan chan, vd hieu hod nhirng tdc ddng tam ly ciia dich nham chi phdi tfnh tfch cue ciia y thiic quan nhan hien nay, edn phdi cdnh gidc vdi cdc thu doan chii yeu ciia chiing sau day: 1. Thu doan tac dgng den nhu cau cua quan nhan Nhu cdu Id ngudn gd'c tfnh tfch cue ciia y thiic vd boat ddng ciia quan nhan. Id nhirng ddi hdi khdch quan ciia quan nhan cdn dugc thod man dd tdn tai vd phdt trien. Cdc nhu cau cua quan nhan dugc hinh thanh trong qud trinh sdng va boat ddng quan su, trong he thd'ng cac quan he xa hgi, quan he quan nhan, dudi cac tdc ddng ciia mdi trudng, hodn cdnh, gido due ciia xii hdi, quan ddi vd don vi. Nhu cdu ciia quan nhan khdng phdi bdt bien md bidn ddi theo hoan cdnh sdng. Qud trinh quan nhiin boat dgng, tham gia cdc quan he xa hgi de thod man nhu cdu se ldm nay sinh nhu cau mdi. Tdc ddng vdo nhu cdu cua quan nhan, ke dich dirng phuong thiie tao ra cdc dieu kien vat chat, van hod, tinh thdn ldm ndy sinh nhirng nhu cau mdi theo muc tidu ciia chiing. Hien nay, vdi cdc phuong tien thdng tin truydn thdng eiia TAP CHi TAM LY HOC. Sd 3 (132), 3 - 2010 29 dich sir dung phd bien thu thuat "dinh hudng" nhan thuc bdng each trinh bay dac didm, tfnh dgc dao ciia ddi tugng ma ngudi sir dung quan tam nhat, cd the "bidn mdt ddi tugng xa la, khdng quen thdnh quen vd cdn thie't"(l) thi viec tao ra nhii'ng nhu cdu mdi trong tam thuc ciia con ngudi Id viec lam dd dang. Dc "tao didu kien tdi da" cho su thod man nhu cdu, Igi fch cua quan nhan hien nay, chil nghia dd qud'c vd cdc the luc tbii dich dang ra siic chia mQi nhgn tuyen truyen nhdm kheu ggi, khuye'n khfch loi sdng thuc dung, tuyet ddi hoa nhu cau, Igi fch cd nhan trudc mdt, coi cdi cd fch, cd Igi cho cd nhan la chan ly, dd cao tu do cd nhan, tach rdi vd ddi lap lgi fch ca nhan vdi lgi fch tap thd, lam lech lac cac dinh hudng gid tri ciia can bd, chien si, bien dang bd mat nhan each quan nhan, tdn hai de'n lgi fch ciia cdng ddng, xa hdi, quan ddi, don vi. 2. Thu doan tac dgng den dgng co cua quan nhan Trong thuc te cugc sdng va boat ddng, quan nhan cd rat nhidu nhu cau, nhidu ddi tugng cd thd thod man nhu cdu. Vl vay. ddng co thiic day quan nhan boat ddng cdng rat da dang, phiic tap ca ve ndi dung vd chidu hudng, tham chi cdn trdi ngugc nhau lam ndy sinh su dau tranh ddng co. Thuc chat qud trinh dau tranh ddng co Id qud trinh gidi quyet cac mau thudn dien ra trong tirng chii thd, gidi quydt cdc mdi quan he cd nhan vdi hodn cdnh ben ngoai. Qua trinh nay lam cho cac dgng co ciia quan nhan dugc sdp xep lai, cd thii bac, trong dd thudng cd mgt nhdm ddng co giir vai trd chu dao. Nhdm Idm xdo trdn vd thay ddi thii bac cua ddng co, theo dd la su thay ddi hudng va tfnh chat ciia hdnh vi, boat ddng ciia quan nhan, ke dich lgi dung dac didm vd nhan thiie, dac biet la nhirng ban che vd nhan thiic chfnh tri cua cac quan nhan tre dd chi phdi cdc ddng co chfnh tri - xa hdi, lam lech lac, bien dang, hoac ddy cdc dgng co chinh tri - xa hdi xudng hang thii yeu. De chi phdi ddng eo chinh tri - xa hdi, ke dich tdc ddng vdo quan nhan theo hai hudng co bdn: hudng thii nhdt, tap trung tuyen truydn phu nhan chu nghia Mac - Lenin, tu tudng Hd Chf Minh, dudng Idi chfnh tri ciia Dang Cdng sdn Viet Nam, co che lanh dao eiia Ddng ddi vdi quan dgi, chiic nang, nhiem vu ciia quan ddi; hudng thu bai, nhdn manh tfnh hgp ly ciia chii nghia da nguyen, thuyet hdi tu, chil nghia cd nhan, chii nghia thuc dung, quan niem vd "Tu do", "Dan chu", "Nhan quydn", "Chu nghia tu bdn uu viet" theo kidu phuong Tay. Su ket hgp ddng thdi giua cdc hudng tdc dgng tren ddu nhdm muc dfch lam cho ddi tugng tuyen truydn xdo trdn be gid tri, ddng eo chii dao, xdi mdn vice bdo vd chinh quyen vd kiem sodt cde gid tri eiia Nha nudc. Vdi nhirng pham vi quan he xa hgi. giao km vd cdc kenh truydn thdng ma quan nhan tidp xuc trong thdi ky hgi nhap qude td, biing nd thdng tin hien nay thi can bd, chicn sT cdn phdi canh giac vdi cdc thu doan dd. Dieu ddng lu'u y hien nay, vdi su nd luc rat Idn cua cdc chuydn gia tam ly. phuong Tiiy dang "tao ra hlnh tugng ngu'di hiing" vung ndm dam, vu khf va 30 TAP CHi TAM LY HOC. Sd 3 (132). 3 - 2010 cdc hdnh vi bao ngugc tren phim, anh, video, truyen hinh, van hod phdm. sach bdo, van hgc Su "bdp ddn" ciia nd ddn tdi "thdm hoa ngheo di vd mat tinh thdn vd sir tan nhdn ciia ddi sdng xa hgi"(2), gay ra su dnh hudng sau sdc ve nhan thirc, khiing hodng cdc tieu chudn gid tri xa hgi va dgng luc hdnh vi cua nhan dan va quan ddi, dac biet nd cdn Id ddng lue kfch thfch rat manh me ban nang phd hoai va tu phd hoai ciia cdc binh si ddi phuong. Quan nhan tre d cdc don vi CO sd hien nay edn phdi cdnh gidc vdi sir tham nhap ciia nhting sdn phdm van hod ay. Can thiep thd bao vdo ddng lire hdnh vi ciia ngudi linh, ke dich cdn thdng qua cdc phuong tien thdng tin, truyen thdng hien dai, cdc trd cboi Game Online, cdc trang Web tinh due, cdc dang van hod phdm khdc "phii hgp" vdi dac diem tam ly liia tudi, tfnh chat boat dgng vd gidi trf ciia ldp tre dd kfch thfch tinh trang dam d, bao luc, thiic ddy "cai tdi dam me", "cdi tdi vd thiic", "thd gidi hudng lac" nhdm ldm cho quan nhan bidn dang dgng co chii dao, dgng CO cd y thiic, ddn dan sao nhang vd chfnh tri. Nhu vay. ddng thdi vdi su tac ddng true dien vdo dgng eo chfnh tri, ke dich cdn sir dung nhidu tdc ddng vdi cdc quy md, cudng do va each td chirc da dang tren nhidu linh vuc, vdi nhieu kdnb khdc nhau nhdm kich thfch, khoi day nhirng bdn nang, kbdt vgng ddi thudng ciia con ngudi. Su tdc ddng da dang dy lam cho cdn bg, chien .si de Idn Idn, khd phan biet dugc phdi trdi, dung sai, tich cue, tieu cue , rdi nhidu trong sir dau tranh hinh thdnh ddng co. 3. Thu doan tac dgng vao niem tin cua quan nhan Ciing vdi nhirng tdc ddng de'n he thd'ng nhu cdu, dgng co, ke dich cdn danh vdo nidm tin ciia quan nhan, thdnh phdn quan trgng nhdt ciia the gidi quan, mdt co sd, ngudn gdc rat quan trgng cbi phdi tfnh tfch cue ciia y thiic. Hieu rd nhiing quy luat hlnh thdnh, phdt tridn nidm tin, ke dich dang tang cudng sir dung nhidu phuong tien thdng tin tuyen truydn dd thdm thdu nhan thiic, nidm tin cua quan nhan. Hien nay, su dung phuong phdp mem hod, trong tuyen truydn dich ne trdnh viec true tidp ddi ddu vdi cdc quan diem mang tfnh chfnh tri tu tudng rd ret, it dua ra cdc thdng tin, quan diem ddi lap vdi nhirng quan diem, nidm tin da dugc dinh hlnh trong eon ngudi, cdc nhdm ngudi, quan nhan vd tap thd quan nhan. Cdc thdng tin ciia dich thudng khdi ddu bdng nhiing van de, su kien "khdch quan", "luong thien" gid tao, nhirng "quan diem chung", "mdi quan tam chung", "Igi fch chung" nhdm tao nen sir tuong hgp, thu hep khodng each giiia quan didm tuyen truyen ciia chung vdi quan diem da dugc dinh hlnh ciia ddi tugng tuyen truydn, tidp dd hg tirng budc cdi dat cdc thdng tin mang tfnh phd hoai ehfnh tri, tu tudng, nidm tin, dao due va loi sdng ciia con ngudi. Cdc thdng tin chfnh tri dugc long ghep, dan xen vdi cdc thu muc nhu: "Nghe si vd ddi sdng". "Tho nhac", "Thdn tuong thd thao" Su TAP CHi TAM LY HOC. Sd 3 (132). 3 - 2010 31 trd trdn thdng tin nhu vay rat nguy hidm ddi vdi su hlnh thanh nidm tin ciia con ngudi ndi chung vd quan nhan ndi ridng. De thao tung y thirc, nidm tin cua quan nhan, ke djch cdn dung rat nhidu thu doan tuyen truyen cd tfnh den sU phu hgp vdi nhiing ddi tugng khac nhau. Phuong thiic phd bien ma phuong Tay sir dung dd thay ddi niem tin la cung cap lap di lap lai nhirng thdng tin, hlnh dnh cho con ngudi va cac nhdm xa hdi tao thdnh nhirng dinh hlnh tu tudng. Vdi nhiing ddi tugng la can bd, chien si cd sir lanh dao, chi huy, qudn ly tap trung, thd'ng nhat, chat che ca ve tu tudng va boat ddng, cd nhu'ng hieu biet ve dau tranh tu tudng, khd thao tiing y thiic, nidm tin thi tuydn truyen ciia dich lai tim mgi cdch lam nhidu loan thdng tin hoac cung cdp cho quan nhan nhirng thdng tin da bi cdt xen, bdp meo, xuyen tac cd chii dinh. Khi ay van de xac dinh thdng tin dung, sai la rat khd khan ddi vdi cdc can bd, chien si. Tiep dd Id nhirng thdng tin ggi y, ddn ddt cho hg each nhan dinh, ddnh gid, hoai nghi vd xdc dinh nidm tin. Hien nay, dd thuc hien muc tieu chinh ciia cugc tan cdng tam ly va tu tudng nhdm Idm xdi mdn nidm tin, suy yeu the gidi quan chit nghia Mac - Lenin, tu tudng Hd Chi Minh, ndn tang tinh thdn ciia xa hdi, quan ddi, chii nghia dd qud'c va cdc the luc thii dich triet dd khai thdc cac thu doan lam lu md, dao ign va tie'n tdi thay the cdc gid tri tinh thdn nhu tfnh cdng ddng, tap thd, tinh ddng chf, ddng dgi bdng nhirng gia tri lech lac theo kidu tu san, tidu tu san, dan tdc chii nghia, tam ly tieu diing, dao diic cd nhan chii nghia, thdi bang quan ddi vdi xa hdi, quan ddi, don vi va ddn ddn phai nhat. mat di sir tin tudng. Ndm vung cdc thu doan tdc ddng tam ly ciia dich nhdm chi phdi tfnh tfch cue cua y thiic quan nhan hien nay, cdn bd lanh dao, chi huy, qudn ly bd ddi, nhat Id can bd d cde don vi co sd can tang cudng gido due, xay dung he thd'ng nhu cdu, ddng co dung ddn, ciing cd va phdt tridn niem tin cho bd ddi. coi trong gido due gia tri vd dinh hudng gid tri. thudng xuyen ndm virng tu tudng bd ddi, kip thdi phe phdn, udn ndn, didu chinh su lech lac nhu cdu, dgng co, nidm tin ciia cdn bd, chien si. Tai lieu tham khao 1. A.Tiranov, ".My dieu khien nhan thuc xa bdi bdng thdng tin tam ly". Tap chi Tlidn^ tin Khoa hgc qudn sif, Thang 6 - 2003, tr.35. 2. Sdd, tr.37. 3. B.Raman, "Chien tranh tam ly trong thien nien ky mdi". Tap chi Thorn; dn Khoa hgc Qudn sif (chuyen san). T'hang 6 - 2003, tr.9-12. 4. Hoang Dinh Chau (chu bien). Nguydn Dinh Gam. Ngd Minh 'Tuan, Chieh tranh lam /v va chong chien tranh tdm ly. Nxb QDND. Ha Noi. 2002. 32 TAP CHi TAM LY HOC. Sd 3 (132). 3 - 2010 5. Vu Dung (chil bien). Tif dien Tdm ly hgc, Nxb Tir dien Bach khoa. Ha Npi, 2008. 6. Nguyen TTii Phuong Hoa. "Mot sd thu doan tam ly trong cuoc chien tranh thong tin - tam ly chdng CNXH", Nliciii dgng cdc quan diem .sai trdi. thii dich. Ban Tu tudng - Van boa Trung uong. Ha Ngi, 2005, tr.366-391. 7. Dao Duy Quat (chii bien), Hdng Vinh, Hd Van Chieu, Le Vu. Phe phdn cdc quan diem sai trdn. Tap chf Thong tin Cdng tac tu tudng. Ha Noi, 2002. 8. Ta Ngoc Tan. "Nhan dang cac quan diem sai trai, thii dich chdng pha Viet Nam qua mang Internet", Nhdn dgng cdc quan diem sai trdi, thu dich. Ban Tu tudng - Van hoa Trung uong. Ha Ngi. 2005, u.317-325. TAP CHi TAM LY HOC, Sd 3 (132), 3-2010 33 . cac quan nhan tre dd chi phdi cdc ddng co chfnh tri - xa hdi, lam lech lac, bien dang, hoac ddy cdc dgng co chinh tri - xa hdi xudng hang thii yeu. De chi phdi ddng eo chinh tri - xa hdi,. Ddng ddi vdi quan dgi, chiic nang, nhiem vu ciia quan ddi; hudng thu bai, nhdn manh tfnh hgp ly ciia chii nghia da nguyen, thuyet hdi tu, chil nghia cd nhan, chii nghia thuc dung, quan. tieu chinh ciia cugc tan cdng tam ly va tu tudng nhdm Idm xdi mdn nidm tin, suy yeu the gidi quan chit nghia Mac - Lenin, tu tudng Hd Chi Minh, ndn tang tinh thdn ciia xa hdi, quan ddi, chii