Renewable and Efficient Electric Power Systems Gilbert M. Masters Stanford University A JOHN WILEY & SONS, INC., PUBLICATION Renewable and Efficient Electric Power Systems Renewable and Efficient Electric Power Systems Gilbert M. Masters Stanford University A JOHN WILEY & SONS, INC., PUBLICATION Copyright  2004 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey. All rights reserved. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey. Published simultaneously in Canada. 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Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print, however, may not be available in electronic format. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Masters, Gilbert M. Renewable and efficient electric power systems / Gilbert M. Masters. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-471-28060-7 (cloth) 1. Electric power systems–Energy conservation. 2. Electric power systems–Electric losses. I. Title TK1005.M33 2004 621.31–dc22 2003062035 Printed in the United States of America. 10987654321 To the memory of my father, Gilbert S. Masters 1910–2004 CONTENTS Preface xvii 1 Basic Electric and Magnetic Circuits 1 1.1 Introduction to Electric Circuits 1 1.2 Definitions of Key Electrical Quantities 2 1.2.1 Charge 2 1.2.2 Current 3 1.2.3 Kirchhoff’s Current Law 3 1.2.4 Voltage 5 1.2.5 Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law 7 1.2.6 Power 7 1.2.7 Energy 8 1.2.8 Summary of Principal Electrical Quantities 8 1.3 Idealized Voltage and Current Sources 9 1.3.1 Ideal Voltage Source 9 1.3.2 Ideal Current Source 10 1.4 Electrical Resistance 10 1.4.1 Ohm’s Law 10 1.4.2 Resistors in Series 12 1.4.3 Resistors in Parallel 13 1.4.4 The Voltage Divider 15 1.4.5 Wire Resistance 16 vii viii CONTENTS 1.5 Capacitance 21 1.6 Magnetic Circuits 24 1.6.1 Electromagnetism 24 1.6.2 Magnetic Circuits 26 1.7 Inductance 29 1.7.1 Physics of Inductors 29 1.7.2 Circuit Relationships for Inductors 33 1.8 Transformers 36 1.8.1 Ideal Transformers 37 1.8.2 Magnetization Losses 40 Problems 44 2 Fundamentals of Electric Power 51 2.1 Effective Values of Voltage and Current 51 2.2 Idealized Components Subjected to Sinusoidal Voltages 55 2.2.1 Ideal Resistors 55 2.2.2 Idealized Capacitors 57 2.2.3 Idealized Inductors 59 2.3 Power Factor 61 2.4 The Power Triangle and Power Factor Correction 63 2.5 Three-Wire, Single-Phase Residential Wiring 67 2.6 Three-Phase Systems 69 2.6.1 Balanced, Wye-Connected Systems 70 2.6.2 Delta-Connected, Three-Phase Systems 76 2.7 Power Supplies 77 2.7.1 Linear Power Supplies 78 2.7.2 Switching Power Supplies 82 2.8 Power Quality 86 2.8.1 Introduction to Harmonics 87 2.8.2 Total Harmonic Distortion 92 2.8.3 Harmonics and Voltage Notching 94 2.8.4 Harmonics and Overloaded Neutrals 95 2.8.5 Harmonics in Transformers 98 References 99 Problems 99 3 The Electric Power Industry 107 3.1 The Early Pioneers: Edison, Westinghouse, and Insull 108 3.2 The Electric Utility Industry Today 111 [...]... introduces the basic concepts of electricity and magnetism needed to understand electric circuits And, since most students, including many who have had a good first course in electrical engineering, have not been exposed to anything related to electric power, a practical orientation to such topics as power factor, transmission lines, three-phase power, power supplies, and power quality is given in the... microturbines, Stirling engines, concentrating solar power dish and trough systems, micro-hydropower, and biomass systems for electricity generation Special attention is given to understanding the physics of fuel cells and their potential to become major power conversion systems for the future The concept of distributed resources, on both sides of the electric meter, is introduced in Chapter 5 with a... the twenty-first century, and the need for more environmentally benign electric power systems is a critical part of this new thrust Renewable energy systems that take advantage of energy sources that won’t diminish over time and are independent of fluctuations in price and availability are playing an ever-increasing role in modern power systems Wind farms in the United States and Europe have become the... cost-effective renewable energy systems available today and are now completely competitive with essentially all conventional generation systems The chapter develops techniques for evaluating the power available in the wind and how efficiently it can be captured and converted to electricity in modern wind turbines Combining wind statistics with turbine characteristics makes it possible to estimate the energy and. .. the most cost-effective combination of these various types of power plants in an electric utility system is also presented PREFACE xix The transition from large, central power stations to smaller distributed generation systems is described in Chapter 4 The chapter emphasizes combined heat and power systems and introduces an array of small, efficient technologies, including reciprocating internal combustion... efficiency and economic advantages Moreover, distributed generation systems offer increased reliability and reduced threat of massive and widespread power failures of the sort that blacked out much of the northeastern United States in the summer of 2003 It is an exciting time in the electric power industry, worldwide New technologies on both sides of the meter leading to structural changes in the way that power. .. Power Systems 4.4 Biomass for Electricity 4.5 Micro-Hydropower Systems 4.5.1 Power From a Micro-Hydro Plant 4.5.2 Pipe Losses 4.5.3 Measuring Flow 4.5.4 Turbines 4.5.5 Electrical Aspects of Micro-Hydro 4.6 Fuel Cells 4.6.1 Historical Development 4.6.2 Basic Operation of Fuel Cells 4.6.3 Fuel Cell Thermodynamics: Enthalpy 4.6.4 Entropy and the Theoretical Efficiency of Fuel Cells 4.6.5 Gibbs Free Energy and. .. 3 gives an overview of the development of today’s electric power industry, including the regulatory and historical evolution of the industry as well as the technical side of power generation Included is enough thermodynamics to understand basic heat engines and how that all relates to modern steam-cycle, gasturbine, combined-cycle, and cogeneration power plants A first-cut at evaluating the most cost-effective... heavily design-oriented approach to PV systems, with an emphasis on grid-connected, rooftop designs, off-grid stand-alone systems, and PV water-pumping systems I think it is reasonable to say this book has been in the making for over three and one-half decades, beginning with the impact that Denis Hayes and Earth Day 1970 had in shifting my career from semiconductors and computer logic to environmental... ideal source that puts out a constant voltage, VB , no matter what amount of current, i, is drawn The wires are considered to be perfect Renewable and Efficient Electric Power Systems By Gilbert M Masters ISBN 0-471-28060-7  2004 John Wiley & Sons, Inc 1 2 BASIC ELECTRIC AND MAGNETIC CIRCUITS + i VB (a) R (b) Figure 1.1 (a) A simple circuit (b) An idealized representation of the circuit conductors that . Renewable and Efficient Electric Power Systems Gilbert M. Masters Stanford University A JOHN WILEY & SONS, INC., PUBLICATION Renewable and Efficient Electric Power Systems Renewable and Efficient Electric. Data Masters, Gilbert M. Renewable and efficient electric power systems / Gilbert M. Masters. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-471-28060-7 (cloth) 1. Electric power systems Energy. exposed to anything related to electric power, a practical orientation to such topics as power factor, transmission lines, three-phase power, power supplies, and power quality is given in the