This PDF document was made available from www.rand.org as a public service of the RAND Corporation. 6 Jump down to document This document and trademark(s) contained herein are protected by law as indicated in a notice appearing later in this work. This electronic representation of RAND intellectual property is provided for non-commercial use only. Permission is required from RAND to reproduce, or reuse in another form, any of our research documents for commercial use. Limited Electronic Distribution Rights CHILD POLICY CIVIL JUSTICE EDUCATION ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENT HEALTH AND HEALTH CARE INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS NATIONAL SECURITY POPULATION AND AGING PUBLIC SAFETY SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY SUBSTANCE ABUSE TERRORISM AND HOMELAND SECURITY TRANSPORTATION AND INFRASTRUCTURE The RAND Corporation is a nonprofit research organization providing objective analysis and effective solutions that address the challenges facing the public and private sectors around the world. Visit RAND at www.rand.org Explore RAND Arroyo Center View document details For More Information Purchase this document Browse Books & Publications Make a charitable contribution Support RAND This product is part of the RAND Corporation technical report series. Reports may include research findings on a specific topic that is limited in scope; present discus- sions of the methodology employed in research; provide literature reviews, survey instruments, modeling exercises, guidelines for practitioners and research profes- sionals, and supporting documentation; or deliver preliminary findings. All RAND reports undergo rigorous peer review to ensure that they meet high standards for re- search quality and objectivity. The Weapons Mix Problem A Math Model to Quantify the Effects of Internetting of Fires to the Future Force Christopher G. Pernin, Louis R. Moore Prepared for the United States Army Approved for public release; distribution unlimited The RAND Corporation is a nonprofit research organization providing objective analysis and effective solutions that address the challenges facing the public and private sectors around the world. RAND’s publications do not necessarily reflect the opinions of its research clients and sponsors. R ® is a registered trademark. © Copyright 2005 RAND Corporation All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form by any electronic or mechanical means (including photocopying, recording, or information storage and retrieval) without permission in writing from RAND. Published 2005 by the RAND Corporation 1776 Main Street, P.O. Box 2138, Santa Monica, CA 90407-2138 1200 South Hayes Street, Arlington, VA 22202-5050 201 North Craig Street, Suite 202, Pittsburgh, PA 15213-1516 RAND URL: http://www.rand.org/ To order RAND documents or to obtain additional information, contact Distribution Services: Telephone: (310) 451-7002; Fax: (310) 451-6915; Email: order@rand.org ISBN: 0-8330-3781-1 The research described in this report was sponsored by the United States Army under Contract No. DASW01-01-C-0003. iii Preface Network Centric Warfare, the new paradigm of future warfighting, will produce increased amounts of information, and new tools will be needed to better utilize that information. With the increase in the flows of information, decisionmaking tools and processes from the strategic to the tactical level will allow force elements to be used more effectively during a campaign. Understanding the appropriate mixes of effects-generating capabilities necessary to provide a given measure of outcome—and how these capabilities might be employed in the network-centric future—is the driver for the work on internetting of fires (IOF). Simply put, IOF is “the ability to engage a particular target using any number of potential firers who are able to engage due to being on the network which provides targeting information.”[1] The goal of this report is to describe a method for answering the question, How might internetted weapons be best employed? Additionally, this study provided a better un- derstanding of the IOF process and a means to quantify its relationship to combat outcome. An important aspect of implementing the IOF concept will be to discover how best to allocate fire missions from a collection of shooters on a network. This report describes the design and use of an analytical tool to assist in determining the allocation of weapons to tar- gets. Proof-of-principle examples that demonstrate the model’s utility are given, along with observations and a discussion on the way ahead for this methodology. The tool was designed to be simple, unencumbered, and transparent, enabling the customer to use it quickly to develop insights into weapon allocation and other aspects of future battle command systems. This work should be of interest to those involved in C4ISR design, development, and system acquisition planning for the Army’s Future Force. This research was sponsored by the Director of TRADOC Analysis Center (TRAC) and was conducted in RAND Arroyo Center’s Force Development and Technology Pro- gram. RAND Arroyo Center, part of the RAND Corporation, is a federally funded research and development center sponsored by the United States Army. iv The Weapons Mix Problem: A Math Model to Quantify the Effects of Internetting of Fires to the Future Force For more information on RAND Arroyo Center, contact the Director of Operations (tele- phone 310-393-0411, extension 6419; FAX 310-451-6952; e-mail Marcy_Agmon@ rand.org), or visit Arroyo’s web site at http://www.rand.org/ard/. v Contents Preface iii Figures vii Tables ix Summary xi Acknowledgments xv Acronyms xvii CHAPTER ONE Introduction 1 Networked Fires 2 Structure of the Report 4 CHAPTER TWO Description of Methodology 5 Problem Formulation 6 Data Input 6 Constraints 8 Origin of the Input Data 8 Calculating Expected Kills 9 Limitations of the Model 10 CHAPTER THREE Example Analysis 11 CHAPTER FOUR Insights and Future 17 Future Improvements 17 APPENDIX A. Mathematical Formulation of the Problem 19 B. Run-Time Analysis 25 References 27 vii Figures S.1. The IOF Allocator as Part of a Suite of Analytical Tools xii 1. Internetting of Fires Is the Dynamic Pooling of Resources Enabled by C4ISR 3 2. The IOF Allocator as Part of the WMT Suite of Analytical Tools 5 3. Allocation of Fires 11 4. Allocation of Fires If the Penalty for Collateral Targets Is Increased 13 5. Allocation of Fires If the Overkill Factor Is Decreased 14 6. Allocation of Fires If the Value of the Close Targets Is Increased 15 B.1. Flow Chart of Model Process 25 . Distribution Rights CHILD POLICY CIVIL JUSTICE EDUCATION ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENT HEALTH AND HEALTH CARE INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS NATIONAL SECURITY POPULATION AND AGING PUBLIC. AGING PUBLIC SAFETY SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY SUBSTANCE ABUSE TERRORISM AND HOMELAND SECURITY TRANSPORTATION AND INFRASTRUCTURE The RAND Corporation is a nonprofit