1 MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING UNIVERSITY OF DANANG PHAN TH THU TH Y AN INVESTIGATION INTO ENGLISH - VIETNAMESE TRANSLATION OF EUPHEMISM Subject Area : The English Language Code : 60.22.15 M.A THESIS IN THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE Supervisor: TR N ĐÌNH NGUYÊN, M.A DANANG - 2011 i DECLARATION Except where reference is made in the text of the thesis, this thesis contains no material published elsewhere or extracted in whole or in part from a thesis by which I have qualified for or been awarded another degree or diploma No other person’s work has been used without due acknowledgement in the thesis This thesis has not been submitted for the award of any degree or diploma in any other tertiary institution Danang - 2011 Phan Th Thu Th y ii ABSTRACT This thesis has been done in an effort to investigate how euphemism is translated from English into Vietnamese in translated works as well as to find out what are the main approaches taken by translators in translating euphemism from English into Vietnamese A collection of samples taken from literary works written in English and their Vietnamese versions have been analyzed to explore ways in which euphemisms are transferred Besides, quantitative analyses have also been carried out to show distribution of ways of translating, on the basis of which to identify preferences The findings, it is hoped, will help to put forward some suggestions for the translation as a profession and for the teaching and learning of English to overcome the misunderstandings and barriers during the cross-cultural communication iii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page DECLARATION i ABSTRACT ii TABLE OF CONTENTS iii LIST OF FIGURES vi CHAPTER - INTRODUCTION 1.1 Rationale 1.2 Signification of the Study 1.3 Scope of the Study 1.4 Research Questions 1.5 Definition of Terms 1.6 Organisation of the Study CHAPTER - LITERATURE REVIEW AND THEORETICAL BACKGROUND 2.1 A Review of Previous Studies 2.2 Theoretical Background 2.2.1 Theory of Translation 2.2.1.1 Definitions of Translation 2.2.1.2 Language and Culture 2.2.1.3 Translation Equivalence 2.2.1.4 Translation Methods 11 2.2.1.5 Communicative Translation and Semantic Translation 14 2.2.2 Euphemisms 16 2.2.2.1 Concepts and Definitions of Euphemisms 16 2.2.2.2 Characteristic Features of Euphemisms 19 2.2.2.3 Euphemisms and Other Linguistic Units 21 iv 2.2.3 Semantic Characteristics of English Words 25 2.2.3.1 Word Meaning 25 2.2.3.2 Sense Relations 27 2.2.3.3 Componential Analysis in Translation 28 2.2.4 Classification of Euphemisms and Theorists’ Ways for Translation of Euphemisms 29 2.2.4.1 Classification of Euphemisms 29 2.2.4.2 Theorists’ Ways for Translations of Euphemisms 31 CHAPTER - METHOD AND PROCEDURE 34 3.1 Aims and Objectives 34 3.1.1 Aims 34 3.1.2 Objectives 34 3.2 Research Design 34 3.3 Method of Research 35 3.4 Data Collection and Description 35 3.5 Research Procedures 36 CHAPTER - DISCUSSIONS OF FINDINGS 37 4.1 The Ways of English-Vietnamese Translation of Euphemisms as Manifested in Translated Works 37 4.1.1 Translation of Euphemisms expressing Death 37 4.1.2 Translation of Euphemisms expressing Sex 49 4.1.3 Translation of Euphemisms expressing Pregnancy 63 4.1.4 Translation of Euphemisms expressing Childbirth 71 4.2 Three main Approaches to Translation of Euphemism 79 4.2.1 Translation of Euphemism into an Equivalent Euphemism by Finding the Exact Counterpart in the TL text 79 v 4.2.2 Translation of Euphemism into a Non-equivalent Euphemism by Translating the Euphemistic Meaning of the SL text or by Adding Footnotes and Explanatory Words in the TL text 81 4.2.3 Translation of Euphemism into a direct form in the TL text 82 CHAPTER – CONCLUSIONS 83 5.1 Summary of the Findings 83 5.2 Implications for Translation 85 5.3 Implications for Language Teaching and Learning 85 5.4 Some Limitations of the Study 86 5.5 Some Suggestions for Further Research 87 REFERENCES 88 QUY T Đ NH GIAO Đ TÀI vi LIST OF FIGURES Title Page Figure 4.1 Proportion of Distribution of Euphemism expressing Death in the SL Text Transferred into the TL Text 49 Figure 4.2 Proportion of Distribution of Euphemism expressing Sex in the SL Text Transferred into the TL Text 62 Figure 4.3 Proportion of Distribution of Euphemism expressing Pregnancy in the SL Text Transferred into the TL Text 70 Figure 4.4 Proportion of Distribution of Euphemism expressing Childbirth in the SL Text Transferred into the TL Text 78 CHAPTER INTRODUCTION 1.1 RATIONALE It is well known that human culture, social behavior and thinking cannot exist without languages Being a social and national identity and a means of human communication, languages cannot help bearing imprints of ethnic and cultural values as well as the norms of behavior of a given language community Obviously, ideas, notions and feelings are actually universal but the way we describe them in different languages is very unique Therefore, translation plays a crucial role in enhancing better understanding each other, transmitting information, exchanging experiences and getting knowledge However, translating from one language into another is no easy task Translation must take into account a number of constraints, including the context, the rules of grammar of the two languages, their writing conventions, and their idioms The most important idea is that translators have to be honest in relaying the meaning, especially from one culture to another It can be said that one of the greatest difficulties that challenges translators are translating figures of speech in general and euphemism in particular Euphemism, a very important culture-loaded figure of speech, is often employed in communication and reflects the historical, political, economic and ideological situations of a nation with its own characteristics The translation of euphemism has become more and more important with the development of the inter-cultural communication This thesis attempts to study the figures of speech on the aspect of translation to give some considerations and propose methods in translating these figures of speech in general and euphemism in particular 1.2 SIGNIFICATION OF THE STUDY We hope this study will offer some help to the translators when doing the translation of euphemism and assist them to overcome the misunderstandings and barriers during the cross-cultural communication 1.3 SCOPE OF THE STUDY This study investigates the ways used in translating euphemism from English into Vietnamese The investigation will focus on works of English literature and their Vietnamese versions 1.4 RESEARCH QUESTIONS The research has attempted to answer the following questions: How euphemism is translated from English into Vietnamese as seen in examples taken from works of literature? What are the main approaches taken by translators in translating euphemism from English into Vietnamese? 1.5 DEFINITIONS OF TERMS - “Source language” is the language in which a text was originally written - “Target language” is the language in which a text is translated - “Euphemism” is a figure of speech It is used as an alternative to an expression, in order to avoid possible loss of face: either one’s own face or through giving offense, that of the audience, or of some third party - “Semantic approach” is an approach to translation which has these features: SL bias Keeping semantic and syntactic structures as closely as possible Author- centered - “Communicative approach” is an approach which has these features: TL bias Keeping effect as closely as possible Second reader-centered 1.6 ORGANIZATION OF THE STUDY This research paper consists of five chapters: Chapter one: Introduction In this chapter we would present the statements of the problem, the justification for the study, the scope of the study, the organization, as well as definitions of terms Chapter two: Literature Review The chapter covers a review of literature on translation of euphemism Prior studies on the problems are reviewed for the groundwork of the research This chapter also introduces some theoretical preliminaries on the translation theory, the definitions and classification of euphemism and the area of semantics Chapter three: Method and Procedures This chapter provides the aims and objectives of the study, the research methods used in order to achieve these aims Next comes the research procedures which include the research questions, the hypothesis, data collection and analysis Chapter four: Finding and Discussions This chapter presents the findings and discussion of ways used in translating euphemism from English into Vietnamese The discussion also covers the main approaches taken by translators in translating euphemism from English into Vietnamese Chapter five: Conclusions This chapter consists of the conclusion of the whole study, the implications for the translation and for the teaching and learning Limitations in doing the research and suggestions for further studies are also mentioned in this chapter 78 SUMMARY In general, for English speaking countries or Vietnam, the childbirth is really sacred and of great importance Hence, taboos around childbirth arose much and euphemisms for childbirth are used instead The chart below shows us the proportion of distribution of euphemisms expressing childbirth in the SL texts transferred into the TL texts Figure 4.4: Proportion of Distribution of Euphemism Expressing Childbirth in the SL Texts Transferred into the TL Texts The chart shows us that when mentioning childbirth, there is much difference in relations to the point of view between the two languages Unlike translating euphemisms for death, sex or pregnancy, here, most of the euphemisms for childbirth in the SL texts are transferred into the TL texts directly, accounting for 60% The ones in SL texts that transferred into the TL texts non-equivalently account for 30% The percentage of childbirth euphemisms in the SL texts that are transferred equivalently into the TL texts makes up 10% 79 4.2 THREE MAIN APPROACHES TO TRANSLATION OF EUPHEMISM From the translation of euphemisms in relations to death, sex, pregnancy and childbirth, as presented above, we can see that there are three main approaches employed by translators In the previous chapter, we have mentioned the communicative functions of euphemism We cannot fail to realize that with the development of society, more and more euphemisms will be widely shown up in movies, books, newspapers, etc Consequently, we English learners will undoubtedly encounter the questions of translating euphemisms, which involve both trans-linguistic and trans-cultural aspects When it comes to translation, there are three types of language: “non-literary, literary and poetic” as Peter Newmark claims in “Textbook of Translation” [49] It can be seen from the preceding discussions that euphemism obviously belongs to the second type because it is culture-bound Therefore, translation of euphemisms focuses on faithfully interpreting and conveying cultural connotations underlying euphemisms for readers or listeners There are sociocultural factors affecting the choice of a particular way in the translation of euphemisms as manifested in literary works: 4.2.1 Translation of Euphemism into an Equivalent Euphemism by Finding the Exact Counterpart in the TL Texts Thanks to the common sphere of taboos and device of euphemizing, there exists an abundance of equivalent euphemisms both in Vietnamese and English In other words, some euphemisms have not only the same connotation and denotation contained both in Vietnamese and English but the similar forms Under these circumstances, literal translation is employed For example: yet, as it sometimes happens that a person departs this life who is really deserving of all the praises the stone cutter carves over his bones [60, p.6] 80 Song th nh tho ng có nh ng ngư i t giã cõi ñ i mà l i th c s x ng ñáng v i nh ng l i xưng t ng bác th ñá kh c vào bia d ng n m xương tàn c a h [17, p.15] It can be seen that “departs this life” is a euphemism for “die” in English and every reader familiar with Vietnamese cannot fail to understand that “t giã cõi ñ i” is a euphemism for “ch t ” In a similar way, we can find the Vietnamese counterpart for the English euphemism “gone to sleep-but forever” and use it in translating process This rendering not only conveys the content and structure but also succeeds in bringing out the originally rhetorical flavor Here are some more examples to illustrate the point: English Language Vietnamese Equivalents At peace [27, p.87] Yên ngh [16, p.92] Gone to God [27, p.87] V v i chúa [16, p.92] Out of his pain [27, p.87] Khơng cịn đau kh [16, p.92] The day of my demisse [27, p.44] Cái ngày c a s m nh [16, p.53] Going [27, p.392] Ra ñi [16, p.345] Lying [27, p.391] N m xu ng [16, p.344] Sleep on [27, p.396] Yên gi c [16, p.352] Went out of the world [60, p.111] Giã t cõi tr n [17, p.139] Had slept her last [60, p.53] Ng gi c ng cu i [17, p.78] Sleeping peacefully and eternally Đang ng gi c yên bình vĩnh c u [19, p.49] Sleep with him [27, p.2502] [19, p.49] Ng v i anh y [16, p.151] The birds and the bees [27, p.333]… Chim bư m [16, p.186]… 81 4.2.2 Translation of Euphemism into a Non-equivalent Euphemism by Translating the Euphemistic Meaning of the SL Texts or by Adding Footnotes and Explanatory Words in the TL Texts Sometimes we not succeed in finding a complete equivalent because there are still many lexical and cultural gaps between the two languages Certain words and cultural phenomena in the source language text are unique and have their exotic ways of expression peculiar to their own backgrounds and can hardly be transferred In many cases, English and Vietnamese euphemisms are quite different in form and meaning, so to translate the euphemistic meaning is the way to go flexible Let us examine following example: "Poor, poor dear Cat And this was the price you paid for sleeping together” [33, p.297] T i nghi p Catherine yêu quý, t i nghi p! Đó giá ph i tr cho nh ng bu i ân [8, p.322] The original meaning of “sleeping toghether” which means “ng v i nhau” is a euphemism for “having sexual congress” If the translators go straight to the direct meaning it may reduce the effectiveness, emotiveness and uniqueness of the message sent to TL readers As a result, the euphemistic meaning “nh ng bu i ân ái” is applied instead The above is by no means a rare coincidence and similar cases are as follows: English Language Vietnamese Equivalents Came into a man’s arms [27, p.123] Âu y m [16, p.77] Is Gone [27, p.409] N m xu ng [16, p 363] Rest [27, p.392] N m xu ng [16, p.345] Expecting babies [27, p.98] Đang mang ngư i m t m m s ng m i [16, p.56] 82 Sometimes it is far enough to only reveal the euphemistic meaning or original meaning, so further explanation is needed as in these examples: That’s how women tell they’re expecting babies.” Chính t t kinh, ngư i ph n [27, p 98] bi t r ng mang ngư i m t m m s ng m i [16, p 56] It’s only in the most private part of our life together that she ever displays any feeling, and even then she never speaks [27, p 79] Ch nh ng lúc h t s c riêng tư, tình v ch ng, y m i ñ l nh ng xúc ñ ng c a mình, lúc y khơng nói l i [16, p 46] O that his left hand were under my head, and that his right hand embraced me [19, p 165] Ôi bàn tay trái c a chàng đ l y đ u tơi Và bàn tay âu y m, vu t ve [19, p 165] 4.2.3 Translation of Euphemism into a Direct Form in the TL Texts Interestingly, sometimes we can find out that in English language, the authors use euphemistic expressions to denote something respectably or euphemisticality However, due to the different points of view and context, plain expressions are used to translate the euphemisms Let us consider the following examples: English Language Vietnamese Equivalents His loss [60, p.6] Ch t ñi [17, p.15] Her ladyship’s demise [60, p.49] Ch t [17, p 64] Limited [27, p.144] Quan h [16, p.90] The Flesh [27, p.42] Khoái l c xác th t [16, p.24] With child [33, p.227]… Có mang [8, p.252]… 83 CHAPTER CONCLUSIONS 5.1 SUMMARY OF THE FINDINGS Euphemism, as a variation of language, is applied everywhere in all human societies and used in all human interactions The main function of euphemism is to replace taboos, which are common social–cultural phenomena actually extending people’s self–protection psychology In speech interaction, out of politeness or tact, one may use a pleasant, less direct word instead of something unpleasant Euphemism is one of the ways people use to realize this purpose Therefore, resorting to euphemism is speakers’ active pragmatic strategy at a certain time and in a certain situations More importantly, euphemism embodies the civilization and morality of human beings As people live in different times and societies, and the language they use belong to different categories, accordingly this kind of language variation created by them are varied and reflect various social cultures and values Language is dynamic and in constant change The most obvious change shows itselfs in vocabulary New words and expressions appear as a result of social and economic development and old words acquire new meanings on account of certain new social needs Euphemism, as a language form, also follows this trend As a result, it can be said that English or Vietnamese euphemisms share something in common in this respect, i.e the metabolic feature of euphemism With the constant cultural exchange between east and west, there seems a trend showing that some euphemistic expressions are on the track of unification This tendency embodies that different cultures can influence and infiltrate each other After studying some theorists’ ways of translating euphemisms, we carried out investigating the English - Vietnamese translation of euphemism 84 basing on three ways as follows: • a euphemism in the SL is transferred into a direct form in the TL • a euphemism in the SL is transferred into an equivalent euphemism in the TL • a euphemism in the SL is transferred into a non-equivalent one in the TL Employing these ways as the framework, we have investigated the reality and practice of translating euphemism from English into Vietnamese as manifested in published translated works We have found that most of the euphemisms in the SL are transferred equivalently into the TL texts, some in SL texts are translated by non-equivalently euphemisms in the TL texts and finally, a small number are translated directly in the TL texts, which are listed as follows: (1) a euphemism in the SL is replaced with an equivalent euphemism in the TL: 45% (2) a euphemism in the SL is replaced with a non-equivalent one in the TL: 30% (3) a euphemism in the SL is replaced with a direct form in the TL: 25% Moreover, the research also identifies the main approaches taken by translators in translating euphemism from English into Vietnamese, namely: (1) Translation of euphemism into an equivalent euphemism by finding the exact counterpart in the TL texts (2) Translation of euphemism into a non-equivalent euphemism by translating the euphemistic meaning of the SL texts or by adding footnotes and explanatory words in the TL texts (3) Translation of euphemism into a direct form in the TL texts 85 Among them the method of translating a euphemism the SL into an equivalent euphemism by finding the exact counterpart in the TL texts is the most common one in the translating process 5.2 IMPLICATIONS FOR TRANSLATION In translation theory, there are two different main approaches: authorcentered and second reader-centered, of which the second approach is more likely to create an equivalent effect and is more favored by translators However, how the second approach works, in fact, brings translators many big difficulties because it relates to factors such as linguistic context, situational context and cultural context The quality of a translation sometimes has nothing to with the original work or with the original writer; rather, it depends on the theoretical knowledge and practical skills of the translator Translators have to carefully choose the most suitable ways of transferring for each context to make translation more meaningful and colorful 5.3 IMPLICATIONS FOR LANGUAGE TEACHING AND LEARNING Translation in general and the translation of English euphemism in particular is not an easy task so it requires both teachers and learners to learn and research carefully with their best efforts to grasp the texts in the SL and produce a TL text that bears a close resemblance to the SL texts Thanks to this thesis, both teachers and students will have a chance in enriching their knowledge of euphemism Moreover, they also discover polysemy of words which may facilitate vocabulary learning as well as develop their English vocabulary Simultaneously, they can know more about the cultures of English and Vietnamese and also find the importance of culture in translating euphemism so that they can recognize it is necessary to teach and learn not only linguistics but also non-linguistics or socio-cultural factors 86 5.4 SOME LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY Though there have been many books on English- Vietnamese translation so far, few of the authors have mentioned or done really thorough research on euphemism translation as we have done in our thesis This is also a big challenge for our work during the process of collecting data and writing up this paper Besides, due to the limitation of time and knowledge of the writer in the translational perspective, and the shortage of material sources, this study has only limited itself to three mainly ways: 1) a euphemism in the SL is translated by a direct form in the TL; 2) a euphemism in the SL is translated by an equivalent euphemism in the TL and 3) a euphemism in the SL is translated by a non-equivalent one in the TL and identifies the main approaches taken by translators in translating euphemism from English into Vietnamese namely: Translation of euphemism into an equivalent euphemism by finding the exact counterpart in the TL texts; Translation of euphemism into a non-equivalent euphemism by translating the euphemistic meaning of the SL text or by adding footnotes and explanatory words in the TL texts; Translation of euphemism into a direct form in the TL texts and the data is mainly collected from some famous English novels of literature and their Vietnamese versions As a result, the research has failed to address all linguistic aspects and mention all translation ways, and some of the conclusions drawn from the findings are rather subjective and the issues mentioned are still somewhat general Therefore, to some extent, Chapter Four of the thesis has not accomplished a satisfactory depth as it should However, with the samples clearly classified into distinguished parts and fully analyzed, the author believes that this chapter contains some useful findings and this, we hope, will add additional value and make contribution to the teaching and learning of translation 87 5.5 SOME SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER RESEARCH Whatever effort has been made in conducting the research, there is still room for our study Some notions of these occurred in the course of doing this research However, due to the lack of time we cannot present them all From the practical point of view, we suggest further research should be focused on: - Idiomatic euphemism or other kinds of euphemism - Cultural overlap as well as cultural distance between English and Vietnamese which influence euphemism translations Besides another source of data for research should also be investigated such as newspapers, magazines, and other mass media publications to make the research more reliable and persuasive 88 REFERENCES In Vietnamese [1] B ng Giang (1997), Ti ng Vi t phong phú, NXB Văn Hóa, Hà N i [2] Di p Quang Ban (2004), Ng pháp ti ng Vi t, NXB Giáo d c, Hà N i [3] Đinh Tr ng L c (1998), 99 Phương ti n bi n pháp tu t ti ng Vi t, NXB Giáo D c, Hà N i [4] Đinh Tr ng L c 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Pregnancy 63 4.1.4 Translation of Euphemisms expressing Childbirth 71 4.2 Three main Approaches to Translation of Euphemism 79 4.2.1 Translation of Euphemism into an Equivalent Euphemism. .. translation of euphemisms and for teaching and learning this figure of speech 37 CHAPTER FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION 4.1 THE WAYS OF ENGLISH- VIETNAMESE TRANSLATION OF EUPHEMISMS AS MANIFESTED IN TRANSLATED