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Adolescent Romantic
Relationships as Precursors
of Healthy Adult Marriages
A Review of Theory, Research,
and Programs
Benjamin R. Karney, Megan K. Beckett,
Rebecca L. Collins, Rebecca Shaw
Prepared for the Department of Health and Human Services
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© Copyright 2007 RAND Corporation
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Published 2007 by the RAND Corporation
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Adolescent romantic relationships as precursors of healthy adult marriages : a review of theory, research, and
programs / Benjamin R. Karney [et al.].
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references.
ISBN 978-0-8330-4178-4 (pbk. : alk. paper)
1. Interpersonal relations in adolescence—United States. 2. Interpersonal relations in adolesence—Research.
3. Teenagers—United States—Attitudes. 4. Teenagers with social disabilities—United States—Attitudes.
5. Marriage—United States. 6. Interpersonal relations—Study and teaching—United States. 7. Family life
education—United States. 8. Developmental psychology. I. Karney, Benjamin R.
BF724.3.I58A36 2007
155.5'18—dc22
2007021574
The research described in this report was conducted by RAND Labor and Population. The
views expressed herein are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the official
position of the Department of Health and Human Services.
iii
Preface
Policymakers are interested in promoting healthy marriages in adulthood by providing ser-
vices to strengthen the adolescent precursors of healthy marriage, especially within low-income
populations. e broad goal of this report is to inform these efforts by evaluating the current
landscape of theory, research, and interventions addressing the role of adolescent romantic rela-
tionships in the development of healthy adult marriages. To this end, the analyses presented
here draw upon a thorough review of the existing theoretical and empirical literature in this
area, as well as interviews with practitioners directly involved with developing or administering
relationship education to adolescents. By bringing together relevant research and theory from
a wide range of disciplines that have examined these issues, the analyses presented here may be
of use to several different audiences, including program developers and those working directly
with adolescents, policymakers charged with developing polices to support healthy marriages,
and researchers seeking to build upon the existing research and theory in this area.
is work was supported by a contract with the Administration for Children and
Families within the Department of Health and Human Services, and conducted within the
RAND Corporation Labor and Population program. RAND Labor and Population has built
an international reputation for conducting objective, high-quality, empirical research to sup-
port and improve policies and organizations around the world. Its work focuses on labor mar-
kets, social welfare policy, demographic behavior, immigration, international development,
and issues related to aging and retirement with a common aim of understanding how policy
and social and economic forces affect individual decisionmaking and the well-being of chil-
dren, adults, and families.
e views expressed in the report are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect
the official positions of the Administration for Children and Families or the Department of
Health and Human Services.
For more information on RAND Labor and Population, contact Arie Kapteyn, Direc-
tor, RAND Labor and Population, RAND Corporation, 1776 Main Street, P.O. Box 2138,
Santa Monica, CA 90407-2138, (310) 393-0411 x7973, email: Arie_Kapteyn@rand.org.
v
Contents
Preface iii
Figures
ix
Tables
xi
Executive Summary
xiii
Acknowledgments
xxvii
Abbreviations
xxix
CHAPTER ONE
Introduction 1
Trends in Marriage, Cohabitation, and Child-Bearing
1
Supporting Healthy Marriages: Where to Intervene?
2
Are the Seeds of Healthy Marriages Sown in Adolescence?
3
Adolescent Romantic Relationships: e State of the Field
5
Objectives and Scope of is Report
5
Organization of the Report
6
Defining Terms
7
CHAPTER TWO
Describing Adolescents’ Beliefs, Attitudes, and Behaviors with Respect to Romantic
Relationships
9
Data Sources
9
National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health)
10
Youth Risk Behavior Survey (YRBS)
10
National Survey of Family Growth (NSFG)
11
National Survey of Adolescent Males (NSAM)
11
National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY)
11
Limitations of the Available Data
12
Adolescents’ Attitudes and Beliefs Regarding Dating and Romance
13
Adolescents’ Expectations and Attitudes About Marriage, Cohabitation, and Divorce
15
Correlates of Adolescents’ Attitudes and Beliefs Regarding Romantic Relationships
17
Sexual Experience
17
Parents and Peers
18
Media
18
Adolescents’ Behaviors in Romantic Relationships 19
Duration of Adolescent Romantic Relationships
20
Degree of Involvement Between Partners
21
Number of Romantic and Sexual Relationships in Adolescence
22
Characteristics of Romantic Partners in Adolescence
24
Intimate Partner Violence in Adolescence
25
Summary and Conclusions
26
CHAPTER THREE
eoretical Perspectives on Adolescent Relationships and Adult Development 29
Attachment eory
30
Summary of the eory
30
Evaluating the eory
31
Implications for Intervention
32
e Lifespan Development Perspective
33
Summary of the eory
33
Evaluating the eory
34
Implications for Intervention
34
e Development of Early Adult Romantic Relationships (DEARR) Model
35
Summary of the eory
35
Evaluating the eory
36
Implications for Intervention
37
Integration: Assembling a Model of the Precursors of Adult Romantic Relationships
38
Antecedent Conditions
40
Adolescence
40
Adulthood
41
Evaluating the Model
42
Implications for Intervention
43
Summary
44
CHAPTER FOUR
Review of Research on the Causes, Correlates, and Consequences of Romantic
Relationships in Adolescence
47
e Scope and Procedures of is Review
47
Comments on Methodological Issues
49
Lack of Agreement on Definitions of Key Terms
49
Lack of Data from Representative Samples
50
Lack of Longitudinal Data
50
Failure to Acknowledge Age Differences Within Adolescence
50
Reliance on Data from Individuals Rather an Couples
51
Reliance on Self-Report Data
51
Inadequate Controls for Exogenous Variables
52
Conclusions
52
vi Adolescent Romantic Relationships as Precursors of Healthy Adult Marriages
Antecedents of Adolescent Romantic Relationships 53
Family of Origin
53
Individual Characteristics
56
Correlates of Adolescent Romantic Relationships
58
Peer Groups
59
Qualities of the Relationship
61
Partner Characteristics
62
Beliefs and Attitudes
63
Immediate Consequences of Adolescent Romantic Relationships for Adolescents
64
Psychological Well-Being
64
Sexual Behavior and Contraception
65
Intimate Partner Violence
67
Substance Abuse and Academic Achievement
68
Consequences of Adolescent Romantic Relationships for Outcomes in Adulthood
69
Summary and Conclusions
70
CHAPTER FIVE
Review of Relationship Education Programs for Adolescents 73
e Goals of Relationship Education for Adolescents and Youth
74
e Formats of Relationship Education
75
Relationship and Marital Education (RME) Curricula
76
Family and Consumer Sciences (FACS) Textbooks
76
Character Education (CE) Curricula
78
Abstinence Education (AE) Curricula
79
National Organization Initiatives
79
Are Relationship Education Curricula Effective?
80
Are Major Relationship Education Curricula Aligned with the Research Base?
82
Immediate Context
82
Individual Differences
84
Attitudes and Beliefs
84
Relationship Behavior
84
Practical Concerns in Delivering Relationship Education Curricula to Low-Income Youth
85
e Need for More Culturally Appropriate Curricula
85
Problem with Curricula Overlooking Young Parents
86
Insufficient Implementation Tools
86
Questions About the Age-Appropriateness of Some Curricula Components
87
Need for Training in the Logistics of Serving At-Risk Youth
88
Marketing Relationship Education to Adult Decisionmakers
88
Summary and Conclusions
89
CHAPTER SIX
Future Directions for Research and Intervention 93
Immediate Priorities for Research on Adolescent Romantic Relationships
94
Contents vii
viii Adolescent Romantic Relationships as Precursors of Healthy Adult Marriages
Strategies for Programs and Curricula Aimed at Adolescent Relationships 97
Strategies Addressing Antecedent Conditions
99
Strategies Addressing Relationships in Adolescence
100
Strategies Addressing the Consequences of Relationships for Adult Outcomes
102
Future Directions for Interventions Targeting Adolescent Relationships
103
Discuss Goals and Objectives of ese Programs Explicitly
103
Evaluate the Effectiveness of Existing Programs
104
Coordinate with Other Services Offered to Adolescents
104
Conclusion
104
References
105
[...]... in place In particular, a number of researchers and theorists have suggested that the building blocks of healthy adult marriages are formed during adolescence Among the many elements of adolescents’ lives that may provide a foundation for healthy marriages as adults (e.g., the quality xiii xiv Adolescent Romantic Relationships as Precursors of Healthy Adult Marriages of the education they receive, their... schools as one of eight activities eligible for support Goals of the Report To inform current efforts to strengthen the adolescent precursors of healthy marriage, the overarching goal of this report is to synthesize and evaluate the existing basic and applied literature on adolescent romantic relationships, with particular emphasis on experiences in these relationships as precursors of adult marriages. .. research that describes what adolescents believe and value about romantic relationships and marriage in general and how adolescents behave in their own romantic relationships 2 Review explanations of the role adolescent romantic relationships may play in adult development To accomplish this task, the report integrates existing theories of adolescent romantic relationships and adult development and evaluates... highlight The State of the Data xvi Adolescent Romantic Relationships as Precursors of Healthy Adult Marriages the important differences between adolescents’ attitudes toward marriage and relationships in the abstract, and their potentially quite different expectations for their own lives How Adolescents Conduct Their Own Romantic Relationships Through the course of adolescence, adolescents generally... Collins and Van Dulmen, 2006; Furman and Shaffer, 4 Adolescent Romantic Relationships as Precursors of Healthy Adult Marriages 2003; Furman and Simon, 1999; Giordano, Manning, and Longmore, 2006; Tallman, Burke, and Gecas, 1998) Among the many elements of adolescents’ lives that may provide a foundation for healthy marriages as adults (e.g., the quality of the education they receive, the available career... that views adolescent romantic relationships as a key period during which the foundations of healthy adult marriages may be strengthened To the extent that further research confirms this emerging picture of adolescent relationships as a link in a causal chain leading from the early environment to adult marriages, then it would be warranted to intervene during adolescence, especially as a means of preventing... research on the effects of age differences between partners As might be expected, several studies indicate that adolescents who are in relationships with partners more than two years older than themselves are vastly more likely to be sexually active, compared with adolescents whose partners are close to themselves in age xx Adolescent Romantic Relationships as Precursors of Healthy Adult Marriages Beliefs... adolescents into adulthood, assessing the nature of their romantic relationships at each stage of development As many scholars in this area have noted, no research of this type has been published to date The research that has attempted to link adolescent relationships to adult marital outcomes has so far been extremely limited in scope For example, research focused specifically on the consequences of teen pregnancy... empirical base of current programs and substantially advance efforts to promote healthy adult marriages Strategies for Programs and Curricula General Organization The accumulated and evolving research on adolescent romantic relationships offers ways to strengthen existing programs targeting those relationships as precursors of adult outcomes The integrative framework described here, by mapping the range of possible... consequences of these relationships are xxii Adolescent Romantic Relationships as Precursors of Healthy Adult Marriages the very ones that would be expected to influence adult marital outcomes Moreover, studies that have followed individuals from early childhood through young adulthood do point to adolescence as a critical period during which significant antecedents of young adult outcomes take shape Thus, the . 52
Conclusions
52
vi Adolescent Romantic Relationships as Precursors of Healthy Adult Marriages
Antecedents of Adolescent Romantic Relationships 53
Family of Origin
. for Research on Adolescent Romantic Relationships
94
Contents vii
viii Adolescent Romantic Relationships as Precursors of Healthy Adult Marriages
Strategies
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