VAN H6A NGHg THUAT TROMC MlflPg Tang cuong tinh hien flai cho iy iuan van hoc PHiroNG Liru K hoa hpc tir nhidn va khoa hpc xa hdi da danh la rat khic nhau, nhung cring ddu la khoa hpc, cho ndn vin cd the giao thoa tuong tic nhau tren nhung nguyen tic chung nao dd. Toan hpc, mpt bp mPn hau nhu rat "ddi lap" vdi van hpc, nhung that ra cd ly thuye't vd loan hpc lai gdp phan giai thfch rat sau sic cho dac trung cria van hpc nghd thuit. Dd la ly thuydt loan tap md cua L.A. Daddc, Hoa Ky, gdc Iran. Nam 1965, Png xac lap duoc nhring phuang trinh, ham sd vd bidn dp cria nhung cai khPng xac djnh. Trdn co sd dd, ong cdng tac vdi nhring ddng nghiep Hoa kidu xay dung mdn Idgic md hd. Day la mdn Idgic da trj, phi cd dien (nonclassical logic) rat khic vdi Ipgic cd dien cd tfnh chat don trj vdi nhring quy luat rat chat che nha't quan. Luat ddng nha't cho ring sy vat phai ddng nha't vdi tu thin nd - A chi cd the la A thdi, khdng the la cai gi khae. Luat mau thuin, ndi dring hon la luat khPng mau thuin, cho ring sy vat khong the khong phai la nd - A khdng the dong thdi lai la B. Luat bai trung cho ring da khdng phai the nay, thi phai the kia, chri khdng the vria the nay lai vua the kia Nhung Cud'i TK XIX, Anghen da tung ndi dai y rdng, can ldm cho ehu nghia duy vat bien ehung ludn ludn ed khudn mat mdi me cung vdi nhung phdt kien vi dai eua khoa hoe tu nhidn. Cho nen khdng phdi ngiu nhien md nam 1914, Lenin lai du bdo: The ky XX se xuat hien edng manh me phong trdo khoa hoe tu nhien xdm nhdp vdo khoa hpc xa hdi'd). Vdi tu each Id bo phdn ra't nhay cdm trong khoa hoc xa hoi, iy ludn van hoe, mudn tang cudng tinh hien dai, khdng the bd qua xu hudng ndy. quy luat nay ve co ban la dung vdi nhung sy vat va hidn tupng dn djnh, hay la nhring trang thai dn djnh cua su vat va hidn tupng. Nhtmg chring td ra khdng du dring vdi nhung sy vat va hien tuong trong trang thai khdng dn djnh, ma trang thai nay thi rat phd bie'n, bdi vl sy vat ludn ludn tuong tac va chuyen bidn, dn djnh chi la tam thdi va tuomg dd'i. Chfnh vi the ma can thiet den loai Idgic ma hd, la loai Idgic xac xua't dring vao viec phan doan nhung kha nang cdn mo hd, chua that xac djnh, nhan nhan trong ddi sd'ng, the hidn ngay trong ldi ndi thdng thudng: "Dang em rat dep", "Anh ydu em lim". Dang dep, nhung ba vdng do la bao nhidu? Ydu lim, nhung cd dupe nhu chang trai trong chuydn bdng hoa dai "forget me not" bdn bd sdng Danube khdng? , ta't ca, ta't ca ddu chua that xac djnh. Ta't nhien day chi la nhring thi du cue ky gian don. Cdn logic mo hd that sy la mpt nguydn tic nhan thric luan de phan doan cai tdng the da trj van ddng bdn trong cua su vat, cung nhu trong quan he giria nhring su vat vdi nhau, girip cho viec nim bat sat dring ban cupc sdng da dang phric tap va ludn ludn van dpng phat tridn. Didu nay qua [||S5300 Thang 6-2009 VAN HQC - NHjgp ANH cd gdp phan lam sang rd hon dac trung cria van nghe, girip cho nghe thuat ty tin de phat huy them dac trung cin cd cria minh. Nghe si, trong dd cd van thi si, cring khai quit cupc sdng, nhung khdng bing nhring cdng thric, khai nidm, cring khdng bing nhring hinh tupng minh hpa theo logic don trj, ma la nhung hinh tuong sdng dpng hriu co vdi tu each la nhring brie tranh thu gpn cria chfnh cupc sdng. Brie tranh, hidn nhien khdng tuyen bd thuyet ly, nhung ty nd da chria dyng nhring cai gi xac djnh ben canh nhung cai khdng hoac chua xac djnh, cdn mo ho, lam cho ngudi dpc cam nhin duoc cupc sdng loan dien va lung linh sinh dpng ban. Ta't nhien can phan biet hai loai mo hd, mpt loai la do ti'nh cha't mo hd trong khach the dupe nhan bidt bdi chri the, mpt loai la do sy u tdi tri trong chri thd bpc lp ra. LPgic mo ho la mo hd cung cd Idgic cria nd, chri khdng phai bat cri loai mo hd phi Idgic nao. Nha van cring phai the nghiem, nghidn ngim nhidu lim, mdi dua ra dupe mpt brie tranh ve bing Idi sdng dpng, phric tap, da chidu, didn hlnh cho mpt trang hud'ng nhan sinh, chri khdng phai la mdt md hdn dpn tap pi lri. Trude day chring ta thudng cho tu duy cria nghe .si la tu duy hlnh tupng, nhung ve sau cring cam thay la nd vin khdng the nao hoan loan tich rdi \ di tu duy Idgic, nay dudng nhu cd the thiy them trong nghe thuat, didm giao kdt giria hai loai tu duy dd chi'nh la logic mo hd va chring tdi da dua didm nay vao giao trinh trong the ky mdi de giai thieh co tfnh chat bo sung them cho hai menh de "van hpc la nghd thuat ngdn lri", "xan hpc la nhan hpc" - ngdn ngri van hpc la da nghia, tac gia va nhan vat van hpc phai da dien (2). Ly thuyet he thdng dudng nhu rat quen thupc va thudng dring dd "trang hoang" d muc phuang phap luan trong cac luan van, luan an, ma khdng thay dinh dang gl den npi dung dupe tridn khai. That ra khi chuyen hoa ly thuyet he thdng thanh phuang phap tidp can, thi phai cu thd hda nd thanh nhring nguyen tic luan chring gdp phan cau tao npi dung cdng trinh. Mudn the phai hieu rd ngpn ngudn, cdng dung cring tidm nang phai sinh cua nd, nhung didu ma ban than chring tdi cd trai nghidm phan nao. Van dd he thd'ng ma kdt tinh dupe thanh ly thuyet la bit ngudn tri khoa hpc tu nhidn, cu the la tri quan niem cria nha sinh vat hpc ao Ludwig Von Beriallanffy (1901-1971). Trong cdng trinh cd tfnh chit kinh didn Ca sd, su phdt trien vd dng dung cda ly thuyet he thd'ng pho thdng, dng cho ring bat cri sy vat nao cring nim trong mpt he thd'ng nha't djnh, cho nen phai xem nd nhu mpt ydu td cua he thd'ng dd dd nghien crin. Bat ky hieu nang chinh thd cria sinh vat nao cring khdng hd la ldng cpng chat lupng don le dri la cua lit ca cac te bao. Hieu nang chinh the cria he thd'ng khdng bao gid bing, ma ldn (hoac nhd) ban tdng sd hieu nang cria timg ydu td, vl nd cdn triy thupc vao hieu lye trong quan he giria cac ydu Id vdi nhau cring nhu vdi chinh the eua ca he thd'ng Tinh thin nghien cun he thd'ng nay thay cd da'u an trong nhidu cdng trinh ly luan van hpc. Roman Ingarden da phan tfch kdt ciu cria tic phim van hpc theo bdn tang bac (hoac yeu td) nhu sau: 1) Ting bac ve hien tuong ngdn ngri, ty am cria chri viet cung ciu tao ngdn ngri tren ca sd ty am dd, bao gdm am luat, ngri dieu ; 2) Tang bac vd don vj ngri nghia, bao gdm tri, cau, y nghia eua doan mach cring cae cap dd khae cria ngdn ngri; day la tang bac trung tam, lam thanh cai khung kdt cau cua loan bp tic phim; 3) Ting bac khach the dupe tai hien va trien khai trong tring cau chri vd nhring trang thai su vat hriu quan mang tfnh thuan y hudng, trie la nhring cau trin thuat hoac phan doan vd nhring con ngudi, canh vat, sy kien lam thanh the gidi hu cau trong tie pham; 4) Tang bac md thric hda, bdi vl khach thd trong lac pham chi xuat hien dudi dang md thric. nghia la chi ban che trong mpt sd phuang dien co ban. Cdn nhieu phuang dien khic lai tao thanh nhung "c'idm khPng xac dinh", chd dpi ngudi dpc den lap nhring 16 trdng dd Theo R.Ingarden, mdi tang bac ndi tren ddu cd nhring "thupc ti'nh vd gia tri thim my", nhung Thang 6-2009 Sd 300 K| VAN H6A NGHg THUAT TROMC MIHOC lai cung nhau ket thanh mdt ban "hda thanh phric didu". Ridng ve kdt cau cua tac phaim tu su, thi Tzvetan Todorov lai chia thanh 4 tang bac: 1) Tang bac ca ban nhat la tri loai, danh tri dai dien cho nhan vat, dpng tri dai didn cho dpng tac, hlnh dung tri dai didn cho thupc tfnh; 2) Tang bac thri hai la menh dd dupe cau thanh bdi mpt nhan vat nao dd hanh dpng ra sao vdi nhung thupc tfnh gl; 3) Tang bac thri ba la mpt trinh ty dupe sip xep tri mpt sd mdnh dd (trie la mpt tinh tiet hoan chinh); 4) Tang bac thri tu la mpt loat tinh tidt hop thanh mpt cau chuyen That ra each nhin he thdng vdn cring da cd trong chri nghia Mac. Ph. Anghen ndi: "Toan bp ty nhien ma chring ta nim duoc da tao ra mpt he thd'ng nao dd, mpt quan he tdng the nao dd cria cac vat the. Tri thyc the d day dupe hieu la ta't ca cac thyc the vat chat, bit dau tri cac vl sao va kdt thric bing nguydn tri Trong tmh hud'ng cac vat the nay cd quan he tuang hd vdi nhau da bao ham viec chring tic dpng ldn nhau, va chfnh mdi tac dpng qua lai nay la van dpng" (Phep bien chii'ng tu nhien). Cho nen khPng phai ngiu nhien ma trude day kha lau cac nha ly luan van hpc Xd viet nhu Kagan, Borev, Khravsenco, Pospelov da cd nhring cdng trinh nhu Phdn tich he thd'ng hodn chinh ddi vdi tdc phdm nghe thudt, Lai ly gidi he thdng mdt cdch hodn chinh ddi vdi tdc phdm vdn hpc, Suy nghi ve phdn tich he thd'ng ddi vdi vdn hpc Ching ban, Pospelov cho ring npi dung cria tie pham van hpc gdm ba ting bac la de tai, chu dd, nhiet hung mang y nghia binh gia; hlnh thric cring gdm ba mat la sy midu ta cu the, he thdng ngdn ngri, ket cau tie pham. Sy kdt hap hun co giua cac phucmg didn nay trong npi dung va hlnh thric se bieu hien thanh nhung the tai va trao lim khae nhau trong van hpc. Ban than chring tdi tri nhung nam 60, 70 cua the ky Irudc khi nhan nhiem vu giang day roi tidp theo la viet giao trinh vd phin phuang phap sang tac, thi bit gap ngay cai djnh nghia chung nha't ve khai niem nay nhu: "Phuong phap sang tac la nhung nguydn tac tu tudng- nghe thuat dupe xac djnh bdi mdt thdgidi quan nha't djnh trong nhung didu kidn ljch sri xa hpi nha't djnh dring de phan anh (lua chpn, binh gia, khai quit) cupc sd'ng bing hlnh tuong". Ke cung kha diy du nhidu mat, nhung sao vin thay rat trrin tupng. Kdt qua la khi ban vd chu nghia cd dien thi theo tidu chf nay, vd chu nghia lang man thi lai theo tidu chf kia, vd chu nghia hien thuc lai theo mdt tidu chi khae nua. Sy khae nhau giria ba phuong phap sang tac nay la hien nhien, nhtmg khdng duoc do bang lieu chf nhit quan. Bdi vl dring la hai vat cao to khae nhau, nhung mpt cai lai do bing thudc mpc, mpt cai bang thudc lay, thi kdt qua dri la khae nhau cring la mo hd khdng chfnh xac. Chung tPi nhan tha'y ring ndi dung cua phuong phap sang tac phai duoc tieu chf hda ra thanh nhung phuang didn cu the, cd nghia la phai xem ban than phuang phap sang tac nhu mdt he thdng cria nhring ydu td nhu nhan vat trung tam (npi dung xa hpi ljch sri cua nhan vat); nguyen tic khic hpa tfnh each (trie la phdp dien hlnh hoa); nhring bidn phap nghe thuat tuong ring (trie la thi phap, phan biet vdi nhung bien phap nghd thuat trung tfnh ma nhidu phuong phap sang tac khae nhau ddu cd the cring sri dung). Cliie chin day chua phai la chan ly cud'i cring, nhung qua la rat hidu nghidm trong thao tac. Cu the la khi dem ba linh vyc ndi trdn lam tidu chf de ddi sanh chri nghia cd dien, chri nghia lang man va chri nghia hidn thyc vdi nhau, thi mai den nay vin tha'y rat rd rang va cu thd sy khic nhau, va tu dd dac diem cua mdi loai hien hien len rit sic net (3). Giria nhung nam 80, trong xu the doi mdi loan dien, va'n dd chric nang cua van nghd dupe ban bac sdi ndi, va cd nhidu y kidn mdi dang quy. Tuy nhidn lai ngay cang Iring tring trude tinh trang mau thuin vi ndu ra rat nhidu chric nang mdi cd phan hop ly, nhtmg vin cri tha'y thidu. Ngupc lai, oai am thay ndu trd vd vdi ba chric nang nhu cri, tuy rat ft, lai vin tha'y thria, bdi vi dau chi van nghd mdi cd chric nang giao due va nhan thric?Tdi cd dpc them chrit it vd ly thuyet he thdng va dupe .•So 300 ••Thang 6-2009 VAN HOC - NHijS^p ANH bidt ring he thdng luy cd nhidu yeu td, nhung trong dd cd ydu td hat nhan the hien dupe nhidu nha't ban chat va chric nang cria ca he thdng, va cd tic dyng chi phd'i cac yeu td khae. Van nghd la thupc linh vyc tinh cam, va ban chat cria nd thupc pham trri tham my. Cho nen chric nang duy nha't mang tfnh chat he thdng cria nd la bdi dudng tinh cam cho con ngudi vuon den chdn cao dep, ndu bupc phai ndi den cai xau xa, thap hen cung la de canh bao ma tranh xa, cd nghia la cung gian tidp hudng vd cai cao dep. Ndi duy nha't, thi lay dau nria ma thria, nhung cring khPng sp thidu, bdi vl nd ham chria vd so chric nang d ci'p dp yeu td. Nhung nhring chric nang nay khdng the ty xac lap, dung rieng le vl dd cd nguy CO ty diy minh sans cac linh vyc khae, phi nghe thuat. Chring mudn tdn tai trong nghe thuat phai dya vao co sd tinh cam tham my. Cd nghia la trong chric nang cria van nghd vin chria dyng nhidu ydu to quen thupc nhu giao due, nhan thric hoae mdi ndu them sau nay nhu uiiu^ ti( p, dy bao, giai trf , nhung phai hieu cho chi'nh xac va toa.T dien li -'ido due mot cdch co tinh cdm thdm iuy, gun tri mot cdch cd tinh cdm thdm my (4). Bude vao nhung nam 90, trong khi phai phat tridn npi dung chuyen luan Ve quan niem vdn chuong co Viet Nam thanh cPng trinh hoan chinh Gdp phdn xde lap he thdng quan niem vdn hpc trung dai Viet Nam, ma ngay tieu de da co hai chri he thdng. the tat bupc tdi phai hpc hdi them ve ly thuyet he thdng, song khdng phai nhdi nhdt, gin ghep, trang didm. Trai lai phai nghidn ngim npi dung ly thuydt ay, hlnh thanh cho dupe nhung mrii tidp can cu the cd tac dung trong viec tao lap npi dung va co cau cua cdng trinh nhu nhring didm dupe liet ke sau day: 1) He thd'ng bao Tir khoa hoc tu nhidn sang khoa hoc xa hdi, nhd't Id nghidn ciiu vdn hoc khdng phai Id su true didn gidn don, ma cdn ed nhiing ndc thang tidp bi^n. Tuy nhidn vdn dd' khdng phai ehi la nhiing phuong phdp true tidp, md ehii ydu la each tu duy. gid cring la mpt ydu tP hriu co cua mpt he thdng bao quit hon ; 2) He thdng la phric hpp nhring ydu td mang y nghia npi dung co lien quan vdi nhau, va tren co sd do, thudng ndi len mpt yeu td hat nhan ; 3) He thdng khdng bao gid dring yen, vl cac ydu td cua no cd qua trinh phat sinh, phat trien, va tri dd mdi tucmg quan giria cic ye'u td cung bidn dpng ; 4) He thd'ng sd'ng dpng khdng bao gid ddng kfn, ma la he thd'ng md, ludn ludn "trao ddi chat" vdi cac he thdng tuong ring, gin gui ; 5) He thd'ng ludn ludn chria dyng nhring tieu he thdng, hay ngupe lai bat ky mpt yeu td nao trong he thd'ng cring ty nd trd thanh he thdng, nghia la cring bao ham mpt cau trric cria nhung ydu td nhd ban va cring tic dpng qua lai rit chat che vdi nhau. Xin ndi cu thd them rieng vd diem cudi cring nay. Trong he thdng quan niem van hpc trung dai Viet Nam cring nhu Trung Hoa, van dl tai dao ehi la mpt trong nhieu quan nidm, nghia la mpt trong nhieu yeu to, nhung ty nd cring trd thanh mpt he thdng cua nhieu yeu to cring quan he chat che giria chring vdi nhau, can phai duoc khao sat eu thd va ehi'nh xac. "Dao" d day khdng phai la dao Nho ndi chung, ma chi la ly hpc cria Tdng Nho, mpt loai Nho hpc tuy cd nhieu bude tidn vd vri try quan, nhung lai la mpt sy thoai Irii vd nhan sinh quan. "Van" d day la hpc thuat ndi chung, chu yeu la van nghi luan, chri khdng phai la van chucmg tham my, nghia la khdng cin phai that va dep. Mdi quan he giria hai ben la "chd" va theo each giai thi'ch cua chi'nh hai tac gia Chu Ddn Di va Trinh Di, thi van chd dao nhu thuyen va .xe cha vat, do dd, chi la loai qu^n he co gidi, chri tuyet nhien khdng phai la quan he bien chring giria npi dung vdi hlnh thric. Nhu thd van dl tai dao chi la mpt loai van chuong minh hpa thuan triy. Trong Nho gia noi chung cdn cd nhieu kieu quan he Sd 3001^1 Thang 6-2009 VAN H6A NGHg THUAT TROMC MW^ khae giua van vdi dao, va deu ft nhidu coi trpng vai trd cua van nhu van md rdng dao (van dl hoing dao), van Iam sang td dao (van dl minh dao), van quan thdng dao (van dl quan dao). Didu nay cd mpt y nghia phucmg phap luan vp cring quan trpng, ft ra la d chd khdng phai hd cri tha'y van nhan nho si nao ndi den dao, la lidn gan cho hp cai nhan hidu van dl tai dao! Dau cd chuydn dd dang thd'!. Theo nguyen tic phan tfch he thd'ng, cdn ba khau nua phai lam: phai xem hp chu truong thri dao gl, hp quan nidm van ra sao, hp ly giai mdi quan he giua van vdi dao nhu the nao? (5). Vria hpc vria lam. khdng bao gid tu vira long, nhung den day nhung tudng nhu the la minh cung da nim dupe dai khai ly thuyet va phuang phap he thd'ng, nhung hda ra chua phai. Bude sang thd ky mdi, cd djp dpc thdm nhidu tai lieu, hda ra cd ca mdt he thdng cua ly thuydt he thd'ng, ma nhring didu vria trinh bay mdi chi la mpt ydu td trong he thdng dd ma thoi. Ndi each khae dd la nhring loai ly thuye't phai sinh tri ly thuydt he thdng, luan ban vd he thdng d nhung cap dp va binh dien khae. Nria diu TK XX, cring vdi ly thuydt he thdng da xua't hien ly thuydt thdng tin cria nha loan hpc ring dung Hoa ky Claude Elwood Shannon ma ft nhieu quen thupc d ta, dai khai la ban vd mpt he thdng khi truydn ba va dupe tiep nhan, mudn dat ket qua tdi uu thi phai the nao. Tidp theo la didu khien hpc (cybemetique, Trung Qud'c djch la ly thuyet khdng che") cring do mpt nha loan hpc Hoa Ky Norberl Weiner sang lap, luan ban vd sy didn bidn cria mpt he Ihd'ng mudn giri mpt trang thai dn djnh tucmg ddi, khdng bj pha vd, thi can phai lam gi. Tuy da trai qua ban nria thdky, nhung cac ly thuyet nay, nha't la didu khidn hpc, chring ta chua van dung dupe gl dang ke. Ay the nhung nria sau TK XX lai tie'p tyc xua't hien ba loai ly thuyet khae ve he thdng hau nhu cdn hoan loan xa la vdi chring ta. Trude bet la ly thuydt hao tan (dissipation) do llya Prigogine, nha vat ly ndi tidng ngudi Bi, sang lap, chuyen luan bin vd mpt trang thai hdn dpn cd the cd kdt thanh mdt he thd'ng ldp lang, nhung phai tieu hao nang lupng nhu thd nao. Thri hai la thuye't ngiu bidn (mutation, Trung Qud'c djch la dot bien) do mdt nha toan hpc Phap dd xua't, luan ban vd mdt he thd'ng khdng durng ydn, ma cd tiem bidn, nhung trong nhung trudng hpp nao thi xay ra nhring bidn ddi bat ngd. Cudi cung la thuyet hop nang (synergdtique, Trung Qud'c djch la thuye't hiep ddng) do Heaken, nha vat ly nPi tidng ngudi Drie sang lap, nghidn cun vd nhiing he thdng gan gui cd the tich hpp (hieu nang cua he thdng nay bidn thanh ddng lye cua he thdng kia) de tao ra mdt hieu nang ldn horn trong nhung didu kidn nao. Ta't nhien day mdi chi gidi thidu qua loa so sai, nhung nhring ly thuydt ndi trdn da va dang dupe gidi nghidn crin van hpc the gidi chri y van dung. Tri khoa hpc ty nhidn sang khoa hpc xa hpi, nha't la nghidn crin van hpc khdng phai la su tryc didn gian don, ma can cd nhung nic thang tidp bidn. Tuy nhidn van dd khdng phai chi la nhung phuong phap true tidp, ma chu ydu la each tu duy. Ddi mdi ly luan van hpc, chring ta thudng thien vd nhring npi dung quan niem, nhtmg that ra each thric tu duy cung khdng kdm phan quan trpng. Bdi vi nhung quan nidm dri cd mdi me, hien dai ddn may, nhung lap luan khdng chat che, iPgic, ngheo sic thai thao tac, didn dat khong rd rang thi cung khdng may thuydt phuc. Mudn tao lap cho nhung quan nidm mdi vd van hpc mpt CO sd vung chic, khdng the khdng van dyng each tu duy cua khoa hpc ty nhien TK XX vdi nhung ly thuye't ngay cang hidn dai cria nd J RL 1. Lenin todn tap, lap X. Nhdn ddn xuat bdn xd, Bic Kinh. 1958, ir. 189. 2. Lyludn vdn hpc. tiip I. DHSR Ha Npi. 2002. tr.274-279. 3. Lyludn vdn hpc. lap III. DHSR Ha Npi. 2005. lr.l07. 4 Bien chung gida he thdng vdi yeu to trong chiic ndng cua vdn nghe. Vdn nghe sd 34-1988. 5. Gdp phdn xde ldp he thong quan niem vdn hoc trung dai Viet nam. N.xbG/tio due. Ha Npi. 1997. ir.36. So 300 Thang 6-2009 . hien flai cho iy iuan van hoc PHiroNG Liru K hoa hpc tir nhidn va khoa hpc xa hdi da danh la rat khic nhau, nhung cring ddu la khoa hpc, cho ndn. rdng, can ldm cho ehu nghia duy vat bien ehung ludn ludn ed khudn mat mdi me cung vdi nhung phdt kien vi dai eua khoa hoe tu nhidn. Cho nen khdng