N G N NG0 soil 2010 HU" Ttr TRONG BAN GIAI AM TRUYEN KI MAN LUC PGS.TS VV Dirc NGHIEU Ban giai am Truyen ki mgn lye (vilt tit: TKML; till ki XVI) la mpt tai li?u rat quy ddi vdi vi?c nghien curu Ijch sii tilng Vi?t, nhit la tilng Vi?t CO Chinh vi the, trudc nay, vin ban da dupe mpt so nha nghien ciiu quan tam khao sat tir nhieu phuong di?n khac nhau: phuong di?n van ty phien am, phuong di?n ngii am, ngir phap, va tir vyng cau vdi (Cac tieu tir bieu thi tinhtiiaicung cd the dupe coi la hu tir) Nhu vgy hu tir dupe nhgn di?n tuong quan ddi Igp vdi thyc tir Nhirng tieu chi phd bien, dupe da sd gidi nghien ciiu chap nhgn, de coi mpt tir la hu tir bao gdm: - Khdng cd y nghia tir vyng chan thyc, hoac chi cd y nghia tir vyng md nhgt; - Khdng cd chiic nang djnh danh; Rieng ve hu tu tieng Vi?t ban giai am nay, giao su N Stankievitch - Lam cdng cy de bieu dgt nhiing da cd nghien ciiu, nhung chii yeu tgp y nghia, phgm tni ngii phap nao dd trung vao nhirng hu tu dimg kem ben cua thyc tu (ndi tdm lgi la nhirng tir cd lien quan den vi?e dien dgt, bilu cgnh dpng tir [lib] thj nhiing logi y nghia ngii phap) Trong bai viet nay, chiing tdi Tuy nhien, tren thyc tl, vi?c xac xin trinh bay them mpt sd phan tich dinh va Igp danh sach cac hu tir cua va nhgn xet sau quan sat Idp hu tu TKML ndi chung, nhim gdp tieng Vi?t hoan toan khdng don gian, phan cimg tim hieu, lam rd hon di?n bdi vi, trongtiengVi?t ciing nhu cac ngdn ngir don Igp khac, ranh gidi mgo cua Idp tir cdng cy dd Ngii li?u phan dinh giiia van de ciia ngir phap nghien ciiu d day dya tren ban phien vdi van de cua tir vyng nhilu rit am sang chir quoc ngii ciia Nguyen khdng ranh mgch Trong cac ngdn Quang Hdng [5] ngii nay, cd nhieu hu tir da hinh Theo each hieu thdng thudng, tir thyc tir bdi nhirng h khac nhau, hu tir la nhiing tu khdng cd y nghia dd, dang ke va quan trpng nhat tu vyng chan thyc, dimg dl dien dgt la qua trinh ngu phap hoa; va cac y nghia ngir phap, ho^c quan h? ca "da hinh hu tu roi, thi ngii phap giira cac thyc tir, ho^c giira giua nhung hu tir va cac thyc tu cac bp phgn cua cau, ho^c giira cac tuong ling thudng ciing van cdn bao 16 Ngon ngiir so' 11 nam 2010 tdn nhiing mdi quan h? kha rd net" [1,274] 2.1 Trong nguon ngii li?u dang xet, hu tir diing kem trudc danh tu trung tam cua ciu tnic danh ngii, cd: So bp khao sat ban giai am, chiing tdi nhan di?n va lap danh sach dupe nhiimg, mgi, mdi cd y nghia va chiic nang khdng khac (nhirng 124hutii Cythlla: danh diu va bilu thi y nghia sd nhieu, - 38 hu tii ed kha nang diing lam mgi lam chi td danh diu va bilu thi td phy ngii danh tu ho^c y nghia sd nhieu toan the, mdi chi ngii dpng tir/ tinh tir: nhirng, mpt sy vgt bit ki cua mpt tap hpp sy mgi, mdi, ben, chdng, chdng, chi, chin, cimg logi, qua dd ndi len cai chung vgt cho, chung, chira, ciing, ciing, cir, cue, tat ca cac sy vgt Idiac tap cho deu, dd/ da, dang/ duong, dimg, hay, hpp ay) Duy cd hu tu cdc hoan toan hdng, khd, khd, khdn, khdng, mgt, mdi, khdng g^p Thi dy: ndo nen nhimg mua, rdt, sap, se, thuc, tua, timg, vdn, vi^c chi (tr 30); Ldy nhiing dieu dy vira, lien, (tr 34); Trdi vdo chdu mpi - 79 hu tu thyc hi?n cac chiic chirc (tr 57); mpi chdu tre yeu nang ndi ket giiia tu vdi tu cym (tr 366); Moi thien (bdi tho) nen tir hoac ndi giiia cac phan cau, (ti- 303) giiia cac cau vdi nhau: bdngi (nhu), Hu tir cdc, mpt tir cd tan sd sir bdng2 (vi bang, nhugrc bang), bdi, bui, dyng d miic cao nhit tilng Vi?t cdng, chinh, cho, cd, cdn, cua, cho nay, khdng hi?n di?n nen, ddu, ddu, dudi, dudng, dd md, TKML nhung khdng phai vi thi ma de, den, dugic, giira, hd, hay, hdn, suy ring vao thi ki XV, XVI hdu, he, hod, hoac, hon, hudng chi, tieng ta chua cdtirnay Trong Cd Chdu keo, khd mac, la, lgi, lam, len, ludng, Phdp Vdn Phdt bdn hanh ngii luc [8], md, mac, nen, ngay, ngoai, nhan, nhdn, Qude dm thi tap, Hdng Dirc pham, phuong chi, song, song le, tdy, qude dm thi tap, chiing ta deu da g^p thd, thi, thira mac, thira, nhu, lien, cdc (m^c du tan sd sir dyng khdng ngd, nira, d, qua, qud, ra, rang, sang, cao) Thi dy: sau, tdi, tren, trong, trudc, tuy, tir, Thuong Chu bgn cU cac chua ddi tu, tua, vd, vd, vdo, ve, vi, vdi, xdy, [12, b.2] xudng Thuyen khdch choi thu cac I? cheo - hu tir la cac tieu tu thi hi?n cac y nghia tmh thai: dt, bdy, ddy, md [12,b.l01] cho, ru, thay, vay, vgy Nhdn den quan tren ciing budn bdn chdn nudi lua tdm cac mgi diiu Dudi day la mpt so phan tich (nguyen van chii Han: DT chi thugmg cy the quan lgi thf muc duong tdm mieu) NIU nhin tir gdc dp chiic nSng [6,51] "cd tham gia vdo cdu true cua ngir Hdng du thdi di ngodi ddt Hoan danh tu (danh ngir) hogc ngQ vj tir (dgng ngir, tinh ngii) hay khdng\ chiingChdu, Ai (Ai?) Chdu cac mgt hdm ta cd thi thay mpt quang canh nhu sau: (nguyen van chii Han: Chi kim tdn HIT tir 17 mdi du tdc Hoan Ai cdc nhdt hdm) [6, 54] mo udc, hdng mong nhd, hdng mong mdi, Chiing tdi ngd ring cd Ig tinh chat d}ch (giai am) ciia van ban da anh hudng den sy khilm di?n ciia cdc van ban gidi am TKML 2.2.2 Nhdm chdng, chdng, cho, chira (chua), dimg, hay, khdn khdng, mua 2.2 Cac hu tir di kgm dpng tir, tinh tir cd thi dupe phan chia mpt so nhdm nhd hem nhu sau: 22.1 Nhdm dd (dd), dang (duong), sdp, se, timg, hdng, vdn Trir hu tir hdng, cac hu tir cdn lgi cua nhdm nay: dd (dd), duong (dang), sdp, se, timg, vdn dS hi?n di?n va dupe sii dyng ban giai am TKML khdng khac Chiing deu cd y nghia thdi gian, bilu thj va nhan mgnh "sy tinh da, dang hay sg dien ra" Thi dy: Trong nhdm nay, tat ca cac tii deu di kem trudc dpng tir Ve m^t y nghia, trir tir hdy bieu hi?n y nghia khuyen l?nh, dimg ciing bieu hi?n y nghia khuyin l?nh, phu dinh, cac tir cdn lgi deu bilu hi?n y nghia phii dinh Neu so sanh vdi hi?n nay, y nghia va chirc nang cua chdng, cho, chira (chua), dimg, hdy, khdng khdng cd khac bi?t gi can phai ndi Thi dy: chd hdn md cho trdch (tr 97); ching dimg (tr 429); chirt mdy ching sai Song diu chira cd (tr 381) Rieng hu tir dimg, giao su N cdn da chdng cd (tr 36); tieng sang tan da Idu (tr 123); duong Stankevitch ndi ring khdng thay dimg giua dudng md dimg xem [1 lb]; chira dupe dimg Truyin ki mgn luc timg chdng d ben nang Nhj Khanh gidi dm [lib]; nhung chiing tdi thiy vgy (tr.5\) tir cd hi?n di?n van ban, ching hgn cau: Mdy hay chdng Trong nhdm hu tir ndy cd hai ddy dung de dn nan ngdy sau (tr 166) dieu dang chii y la: a) Trong ban giai am, timg d& cd kit hpp vdi da ho^c chua, chira nhu Thi dy: da timg mgt thdy chua timg budc den chiia timg chdng d ben nang Nhj Khanh vgy b) Hu tir hdng dupe dimg bien ban giai am Thi dy: Thiip hing vdng chdu chieu ddm (tr 57); Ngudi ta hing ndi (tr 196) Nhung nay, tir chi cdn dupe dimg mpt so kit cau it nhieu co dinh va "cii" nhu: hdng mong udc, hdng Ba tir chdng (chdng), khdn (khdng the / khd cd the), mua (dimg/ chd) la ba hu tu co Tilng Vi?t hoan toan khdng sir dyng mua nira, cdn chdng, khdn thi chi gap mpt so kit cau C djnh nhu: phdi chdng, O cd chdng, khdn ngudi, khdn td, khdn xiit Trong dd, khao sat Truyin ki mgn l^tc gidi dm, chiing ta g$p rat nhieu each ndi nhu: ddi lira chSng la chdng (chdng^ khdng phdi la chdng/khdng cd) duyen cii (ti: 94); Mgt mai sir tinh khdn gidu 18 Ngon ngiif sd 11 nam 2010 (ti- 76); m\ra (dimg/ chd) ldy cd khd Tir mgt dupe xip vao cimg nhdm md ton chi lu thud binh sinh (tr 93); vi ban giai am, kit hpp vdi dpngtii,nd dupe dimg vdi tu each mya hiem mugn vgy (tr 310) 2.2.3 Nhdm ben, cung, ciing, cir, hu hi va cd nghia "chi, chi cd" Thi dy: Tayeu chi? Yeu mpt ngii (tr 268); deu, khd, khd, tua mpt bdng chiem bao (thdy chi Cac tii ben, ciing, ciing, cir, deu nhugide chiem bao) (tr 253) di kem trudc dpng tii, cd y nghia va 2.2.6 Hu tir chung each dimg khdng khac Ngupe lgi, khd, khd, tua lgi la ba hu tir cd, Mpt minh chung diing mpt Ididng cdn dimg tilng Vi?t nhdm vi nhiing d^c dilm rieng bi?t hi?n dgi nira Trong ban giai am, chiing cua nd Hi?n nay, chung da la hu tu ta rit hay gap ba tu nhiing cd, chi thang ho^c mdi g§p lgi each dimg nhu: nhirng san pham ngdn ngii xua cii - Khd (nen, ddng): kha den dudi ho^c nhiing Idi ndi gia cd nao mieu vua Trung Vuong cimg dgi (tr 56).dd (thi dy nhu: vl chung, bdi chung ) Trong van ban TKML, nlu chtmg - Khd (cd the): chdng kha cudp di vdi dpng tu la liic nd thudng dupe (ti- 50); Cue kha cudi vgy (ti- 234) dimg de dich, the hi?n y nghia cua - Tua (nen, phdi): tua Idnh xe chi Han van Idii chi diing giiia quan Phdn sir (tT 196) chu ngur vdi vi ngii cua mpt m?nh de phy [lib] Thi dy: trdi chung 2.2.4 Nhdm mdi, vira phii tg nhd Hdn Trdi chung lam Hai hu tir di kem trudc dpng mdt nhd Sd (tr 31) (Nhiing y nghia tir, de bieu thi ring hanh dpng, sy vi?c khac, chiing tdi sg trinh bay d diem vira xay khdng lau trudc thdi diem 3.1 dudi day) dupe ndi tdi hoac hanh dpng, sy vi?c 2.2.7 Nhdm cue, hdu (gdn, gdn chi dupe thyc hi?n da cd dieu ki?n nhu), rdt, thuc vira dupe ndi den trudc dd Nhiing d^c diem ngu- nghia va ngii phap Bdn hu tir di kem trudc cac cua mdi \a vira khdng khac so vdi hi?n tinh tir ho^c dpng tir cd thang dp danh Thi dy: ngudi mdi thde (tr gia Ngay nay, dupe dimg bien 92); Vira vi din nhd (ti- 120) nhit la tir rdt; thii din la thuc (thudng phat am va vilt thgt); tir cue chi thudng 2.2.5 Nhdm chi, chin, mgt dupe dimg khiu ngii Thi dy: Hai hu tu: chin \h chi cd thi dupe rat nghiem md rat nh§t (tr 97); coi nhu ddng nghia, di kem trudc dpng thyc chung vui (tr 92); ngudi ta tir, the hi?n y nghia "chi cd/ chi" eye nhieu (tr 91) Tuy nhien so vdi nay, chin da trd Rieng tir hdu, chi cdn gap hu tu cd va vi tri ciia nd hi?n hoan td hpp hdu nhu toan chi chilm giii Trong ban giai 2.2.8 Nhdm lien, am, chiing ta thudng gap chjn nhiing kit ciu nhu: Chin Idi thdi it Ca lien Ian diu cd vi tri kit hpp sau dpng tii va cd y nghia mdphdi thdi nhiiu; Nhd Sd chin chung nhu sau: trdi nhdn nghia (tr 37) Hir tiir 19 Igp de the hi?n nhirng quan h? ngii phap phire hpp Cd the neu mpt sd c^p hu tii dupe sii dyng de tgo nen - Nhau the hi?n sy tuong tac ve nhiing kit cau ngii phap ma van hanh dpng (Sdm ngdy sau vira ghe dang hi?n di?n, hogt dpng tieng (tr 98); thdy ndi hai (1r 112) Vi?t lii?n dgi nhu sau: 2.3 Nhiing hu tir khdng lam -Cdng cdng Thi dy: te to phy cau tnic ciia ngii danh tir, ngir dpng tir nhu tren day, dua cang Idm thdi lung Idng cang rdng (ti- 290) ma thyc hi?n chiic nSng ndi ket giira tu vdi tir cym tu ho^c noi ket - Chdng nhirng md Thi dy: giiia cac phan cau, giiia cac cau ching nhiing d chung rgng xa vdi nhau, ciing cd nhiing y nghia va khudn phep ma d chung ddt Khiic each dimg nhu nay, nhung nhieu ph\i den te (tr 35) ciing cd nhiing nghia va each dimg - Dd lgi Thi dy: Da hiep nude khdng nhu Xet vai hu tir Nguy lgi giet nude Yen (tr 34) nhu: hay, md, thdi (thi) mpt sd - hoac hogc Thi dy: ho^c cau nhu sau day, chiing ta ciing dii ngdi ho^c dimg (tr 236) thay dieu dd: - Tuy md Thi dy: ludi - Hay: Bilu thi y l^a chpn giiia thua ma chdng lgt (tr 97) hai sy vgt, hai dieu dupe ndi din - Lien the hi?n y nghia "ludn, ludn ludn" ( Igy hen chdng dimg (tr 429) ( phuc Di Thdnh vay hay v^ IX Thanh vay (tr 426) - Tuy song Thi dy: Ke khd cd chi song khdn den (tr 97) - Md: Bieu thi y trai nhau, khdng phu hpp, tuong phan giiia hai phan nd noi kit Thi dy: rdt nghiem ma rdt nhdt; chd hdn ma chd trdch (ti: 97) - Tuy nhung Thi dy: cdn d ddi nhung ten dd chip (tr 234) - Thdi (thi): Bieu thi sy tiep noi giira hai sy vi?c, sy vi?c vira xay xong la tilp ludn den sy vi?c ho^c bieu thi dieu sip neu sg chic chan ho^c tit yeu sg xay ra; ho$c neu "sy kl can giiia phan de vdi phan tiiuylt" Thi dy: * Den ih\ thdy di^n nhd cao cd Hg Phiing thdi gidu md hg Tir thdi khd (ti- 48) 2.4 Ben cgnh cac hu tu va nhdm hu tir cimg vdi chiic nang cua chiing nhu da trinh bay tren day, TKML ciing cd nhiing c^p hu tir dupe kiln - Tir den Thi dy: Tu sdng Trudng Giang mac din ben Bdc (tr 429) -Tir nhdn Thi dy: Tir qua ddi nhan^flw (tr 233) Nhin tir gdc dp phat trien ngdn ngir, so vdi nay, sd cac hu tir neu tren, cd mpt logt (35 tu) da trd tir co, va cd ca nhiing tu chiia (nhiing) nghia cd khdng cdn dimg niia Cac hu tir cd va nghia co dd, ho^c la da bien mit hin khdi ddi song ngdn ngii lii?n nay, ho^c la chi cdn dl lai bdng dang cua minh mpt kit cau nao dd (hd, ngd, khdn, chdng ), ho^c la chi ddi dupe dimg nhirng loi ndi "gia co" nao dd (song le, phuong chi, ru ) 20 Ngon ngijf so' 11 nam 2010 3.1 Danh sach cy thi ciia 35 tir cho tiianh to chinh la mpt tu h o ^ mpt C dd bao gom: bdng (vi bdng, nhugrc kit cau chii - vi Thi dy: thu dugc O bdng), bdy, bui (duy, chi), chdng (= chung long thien hg (ti* 33) chdng), chin, chung, dudng (nhu), Ngay nay, chung khdng cdn dupe dd md (roi, thi rdi), hd (chdng le), dimg binh thudng niia, ma chi cdn hdng (thudng), hdu (gdn nhu, cd le), dl lgi hmh bdng cua nd mpt hod (vd, cd), hgp (nen) Mid (nen, ddng), vai ket cau d nhiing dien ngdn "xua" khd (cd thi), khd mgc, khdn^ (khdng nhu bdi chung, vi chung ma thdi thi), lien (ludn, ludn ludn), ludng (todn - Hu tir da md Hu tir cd y nhiing Id), md chd, mgc (de, de md), mua (dimg, cho), ngd (nhdm, di), nira nghia va chiic nang nhu ket cau rdi thi I xong rdi I thi rdi diing d dau cau (hon), nhdn (den, tdi), phuong chi (hudng ho), ru, songle, toy, thira (cua ), tilng Vi?t hifn Thyc ra, dd md thira mgc, tua (nen, phdi), vd, vay, xdy dupe dimg de dich kit cau dinhi Hap van xem [1 lb], va the hi?n y "sau Trii y nghia va chiic nang ciia da cd mpt mpt hanh dpng d trudc cac hu tir chdng, khd, khd, khdn, myra, tua (6 tu) da neu tgi dilm 2.2.2 va da kit tinic " Thi dy: Da ma ben di 2.2.3 ben tren, chiing tdi thiy ed the quan (bd quan) trd vi (tr 145) Da diem qua mpt so hu tu vdi mpt so y ma canh tdn trd het (tr 36) nghia, chiic nang "khac Ig" nhit cua nhirng hu tir cd cdn lgi nhu sau: - Hu tu bdng (dupe dimg vdi nghia neu, neu nhu, cd nhu, nhugrc bdng; nay, y nghia khdng cdn dupe dung nira) Thi dy: Bang cd tinh cu, ngdy dy khdc dy khd den dudi mieu vua Trung Vuong (ti- 56) - Hu tii bui (duy, chi, chi cd) Thi dy: Bui vdi khdm lau cdi (tr 145) - Hu tir chung Ngoai y nghia va each dung da neu d dilm 2.2.6 ben tren, chung cdn cd nhiing y nghia va each dimg khac niia Cy thi la xem [13]: - a) Dimg dk chi thdi gian va dia dilm (ling vdi gidi tir vu Han van) Thi dy: chung nhd thira d chung cd thira ddi (tr 146) - Hu tu hod (tdt cd, vd) Thi dy: khdp hoa cira chdng cd loai sot vdy (ti- 174) - Hu tir hgrp (nen) Thi dy: Hpp (nen) udng ldy thang (thudc) tien thyre (tr 250) hpp (nen) chd hdn md chd trdch (tr 97) - Hu tir khd mgc (cd thi) Thi dy: Kha m ^ (cd the) anh em vdi nguoi Bui Hdng (M 113) - Hu tir lien (ludn, ludn ludn) Thi dy: Udng hdu het, nguoi L4 Ngg chgy den Igy lien chdng dimg (tr 429) Hu tir nay, den till ki XVU, XVII van cdn dupe dimg rat bien nhu dupe ghi Phep gidng tdm ngdy ciia A de Rhodes, Sdch sd sang chep cdc vi^c ciia Philiphe Binh - Hu tir wa chd (chu:, thdil) Thi dy: khuyin lam sir nhdn ma chd b) Thi hi?n y nghia ciia chi ti-ong (ti- 97) nhiiTig cimg vdy xem ma Han van chi cd quan h? hgn dinh chd (ti- 249) Hu tiir., - Hu tir mgc (di, di md): Hu tu chi nguyen nhan ho^c co sd ciia hanh dpng Thi dy: Cdo nuong hiim m^c oai (tr 146) xin liiu ndt minh mac trd on (tr 149) - Hu tir ngo (nhdm, de, de cho) Thi dy: Ngd (di) chdng phu tiit Idnh (tr 111) Ngd khd (de cd the) trdng chung trgn sdng (tr 150) - Hu tii nhdn (din, tdi) Thi dy: Xua nhan lgi (tr 94) Tir qua ddi nhan sau (tr 233) - Hu tir nira (hon) Thi dy: Chung thiep m?nh mdng nfta to bay, minh nh^ dudng la rying (tr 122) - Hu tir thira: Thudng dupe d$t trudc tir chinh kit ciu chinh phy, bieu thi y nghia sd hiiu (ciia) ho^c y nghia tuong duong vdi nghia ciia gidi tir ve Thi dy: mimg thiia ve md Ig thiia s\r vgy; ( ) Lgi qua thira chdn dy (tr 151) 21 hdu, ludng, phuong chi (huong chi, huong hd), song le, tdy (bang), vay! la nhiing hu tir ma van cdn cd thi hieu dupe 3.2 Ben cgnh cac hu tir cd neu tren, la nhiing hu tir din van ton tgi va hogt dpng rat tich eye tilng Vi?t hi?n dgi, nhung ban giai am, m§t ngii nghia va ngii phap cua chiing vira cd nhiing dilm tuong ddng, lgi vira cd nhiing diem khac bi?t, nhieu rat Idn so vdi hi?n Nghia cd, each dimg co, kha nang ket hpp tu khac Ig tdn tgi cimg vdi (nhiing) y nghia, chiic nang dupe dimg nhu tilng Vi?t hi?n dgi chinh la nhiing khac bi?t dd Thi dy: a) Hu tii bdng\ (nhu) Bdng TKML van dupe sii dyng nhiing kit ciu so sanh nhu thdi Qude dm thi tgp, Hong Dirc qude dm thi tgp ma tieng Vi?t hifn dgi khdng cdn dimg nhu thi niia Thi dy: Ddnh phd nude Ngd bing khua Id kien (tr 31); sgr s$t bing chim ndn cung (tr 121) - Hu tu thira mgc: Neu nguyen nhan, li dl giai thich cho hanh dpng (tuong duong vdi sd di Han van, xem [lib]) Thi dy: Theo b) Hu tir bdi nghia thita m ^ theo chdng vgy (tr 57) Ben cgnh y nghia chi nguyen vua Tryi nhd Thuong thiia m^c mdt nhan nhu tieng Vi?t nude (tr 33) (thi dy: Thua mgt trgn bdi cd co tren - Hu tir xdy (bdng, chgrt) Thi (ti- 30)), ti-ong TKML, kit hpp dy: Xay thdy xe mdy (tr 98); Xay vdi dpng tir, bdi dupe dime vdi nghia thdy gdi tre xanh (tr 207) cd, bieu thi "noi chon xuat phat cua - Hu tir ru (sao, hay sao?) Thi sy vi?c, hanh dpng dupe ndi din" dy: chdng ben che bdn thdt ddng Thi dy: gdi d^p bdi thdn Ddng md (ti- 72) chdng biet bdi ddu ru? (ti- 29-30) Tir ndy din dau till ki XX Nam Phong tgp chi van md lgi (tr 75) cdn dupe dimg, nhung chi cdn g^p mpt loi ndi gia co nao dd Cac hu tir cdn lgi: bay! chin, dudng (nhu), hd (chdng cd le ndo lgi ), hdng Bdi dupe dung tuong ling vdi tu tiing va tir Han van xem [lib] c) Hu tir mgt 22 Ngdn ngiir sd 11 nam zuiu Trong ban giai am, tir mgt \a so md rat nhgt (tr 97), nhung cung cd tir, cd the dupe dimg kit hpp each dimg rat khac Ig so vdi Cy vdi danh tir nhu hi?n nay, nhung nd till la: ciing cd nghia "chi cd moi mpt" Thi - Nd cd thi kit hpp vdi danh tu dy: mpt nguoi Tir Hu chdm leu Thi dy: ddi d rdt dinh nui Phugmg chdn mg (tr 231) Y nghia va each dimg cua mgt vdi tu each hu tir (da hodng (tr 166); Nhdn chi niii Phupng trinh bay tgi diem 2.2.5 ben tren) cimg hoang rit dmh (tr 175) Qudn di vdi y nghia "chi cd mdi mgt" nhu chon rat nha ben Tay (tr 173) vira thay d day, chinh la hai diem khac - Cd the dung sau vi tir bieu thi bi?t ciia nd so vdi hi?n Thi dy: trgng thai tam li, cd danh gia thang ldy mpt thdy xem dgo trdi vgy (tr 97) (nhu tinh tir), thi dy: vui rat md dp mpt hd chung ddng hien trudc (= chi thuong (tr 172); vd cd the dung thay xau hd vdi cac bgc hien nhan trudc cd dgng tit lam (mpt each kit trudc) (tr 271) hpp rat Ig so vdi lii?n nay), thi dy: Rit lam cha m§ thira ddcyeu (tr 174) d) Hu tir nhiing 3.3 Phan cdn lgi la nhiing hu Y nghia "toan, toan la" ciia nhiing Truyen ki mgn luc gidi dm la tir khdng ho^c gin nhu khdng biln mpt diem khac Ig so vdi hi?n Vdi ddi tir thdi Truyen Id mgn luc den y nghia nay, nhirng cd kha nang: Sd hu tir cimg vdi nhiing hu tir - Ket hpp vdi danh tir Thi dy: cdn lgi den nhung cd bien doi nhiing (= todn la) khdch danh lgi rd r?t y nghia, chiic nang (nhu (ti- 169) nhiing (= todn la nhirng) vita neu d diem 3.2 tren day) tat nhien chilm da so (89/ 125 tir = 72%) Dd thgr hen (tT 249); - Va dae bi?t la kit hpp vdi dpng la nhirng hu tir nhu: ben, dd, duong, tu Thi dy: nhiing (= hoan todn) (dang), hay, md, mdi, thi (thdi), timg, khdc thdi thudng (tr 173) nhiing vira, chd, dimg, rdt Thi dy: (= tdt cd deu chi) ciing vdy quanh Dem dy ben cimg ndm (tr 96) xem (ti- 249) tieng sang tan da Idu (tr 123) e) Hu tir rdng duong giua dudng md dung Dupe dimg song song d ca hai xem [lib] cuong vi: dpng tir va gidi tir, giong phuc Di Thdnh vay hay vg nhu tmh hinh Qude dm thi tap Dl Thdnh vay (a 426) va Hdng Dirc qude dm thi tap Thi dy: rdt nghiem vak rdt nhgt chd Bdphu nhdn ring (tr 216) Nguoi hdn ma chd trdch (tr 97) Trung Ngd cd khen rang (tr 75) He ngudi mdi thdc (tr 92) f)HutiiraV • ' • Tir de chi miic dp Trong ban giai am, rdt cd each dimg gidng nhu hi?n nay; thi dy: rat nghiem Den thi thdy di^n nhd cao cd Hg Phiing thdi gidu md hg Tir thdi khd(ti.4%) Hu tii tung trgmyeu (tr 95) timg choi bdi sdng (tr 349) Vira ve den nhd thi ki rude ddu dd djnh vdy (ti 120) chd hdn md chd trdch (tr 97) dimg de dn ndn ngdy sau (tr 166) Loi rat cuong thdng (tr 195) Tir nhirng phan tich trinh bay ben tren, chiing tdi thay cd the di tdi mpt sd nhgn xet sau day: 4.1 Ldp hu tir ciia tieng Vi?t the hi?n Truyen ki mgn luc gidi dm la ldp hu tir da kha phdt triln ca ve so lupng Ian nang lye bilu hi?n, nhung chua phong phii nhu hi?n nay; va so vdi nay, nd cd nhung khac bi?t Dieu la duong nhien 23 tiianh nen van xudi Vi?t cimg vdi cii phap van xudi Vi?t 4.2 Nhiing dilm khac bi?t noi bgt de nhgn hon ca d cac hu tir Truyen ki mgn luc la: a Nhutig hu tir da trd tii cd, da hoan toan biln mit di ho^c chi cdn dl lgi tan du ciia chiing ddi song tilng Vi?t (mua, thira, bui, nhdn, xdy, dd md ) Tuy nhien so khdng nhieu b Nhiing y nghia co, chiic naiig C cua mpt so tu, m$c dii thdi Truyen O ki mgn l\ic dupe dimg biln, rpng rai, nhung khdng cdn dupe dimg niia, cac tir bilu thi nhimg y nghia chiic ning dd hi?n van ton tgi va hogt dpng trongtiengVi?t (bdng, rdt, bdi, nhiing, mgt, rdng ) Trong ldp hu tii dd, cac tieu logi deu da hi?n di?n day du nhu nay; c Trong so cac hu tu cdn lgi den nhung nhin tren toan eye, dd la mpt nay, cd mpt so van giii y nguyen y h? thong dang phat trien, dang hoan nghia, chiic nang cua chiing, nhung thi?n Trgng thai nay, mpt m^t la bieu mpt so khac, nhieu hon, da cd nhiing lii?n phat trien cuatilngVi?t ndi chung, thay ddi va/ hoac phat trien bang eon mat Ichac la de dap ling nhu cau cd dudng bo sung, md rpng y nghia, chirc mpt h? thong cac cdng cy ngir phap, nang (day la dudng chii yeu), ho^ quan h? cii phap, cau tnic cii phap thu h?p y nghia, chiic nSng ciia chiing de phye vy cho vi?c thi hi?n (viet) lgi, ho|Lc vua md rpng them y nghia, cac dien ngdn bing van xudi Vao chiic nang nay, vira thu h?p y nghia, thdi ki ddi ciia TKML, ngdn ngii chiic nang khac viet van xudi Vi?t, d^c bi?t la cii phap Vi thi, van ban dupe khao ciia ngdn ngii vilt van xudi cdn dang sat, nhieu hu tir cd ho^c chua he cd dd dam tun tdi va xay dyng, chii chua cd dupe day dii mpt ngii phap va tir nhiing y nghia va / ho^c chiic nang vyng "ciia ngdn ngii viet van xudi" ngu phap, ngii dyng nhu chiing dang dupe quy thiic hod nhu ve sau cd lii?n va hi?n Cac tdc phim giai am 4.3 Trong cac hu tu hi?n di?n (dich) dau tien nhu TKML (\k Phgt TKML, cd mpt so dang kl xuat thuyit dgi bdophyi mdu dn trgng kinh, phat tir nguon goc Han Dieu nay, mpt Thien tdng khod hu ngir liic gidi nghiam^t thi hi?n xu thi ty nhien trudc dd) chinh la nhiing budc di qua trinh tilp xiic, vay mupn dl lam khdi dau cho vi?c chuan bi de hinh giau tu vyng; m^t khac, ciing dong |l lu^ 24 I IIL-fiJ!^~i.'-»f- Ngon ngiir so 11 nam ^viv thdi la de bd sung, hoan thi?n h? thong tir lam cdng cy ngu phap cua tilng Vi?t Thi dy, doi chieu ban giai am vdi ban Han van, ta thay rit rd cac tuong ling xem [1 lb]: thuyit dgi bdophu mdu dn trgng kinh, Thiin tdng khod hu l\ic gidi nghia, tinh hinh ciing tuong ty nhu vgy Dieu cimg vdi tiiyc tl hogt dpng ciia d the lii?n ring: nd ciing nhu nhieu hu tii khac cd chiic nang noi dpng - hu tir chi vdi cac tixphti, u, vu (ciing cd khdng ung vdi tir nao tir vdi cac to phy (ciia dpng tir) "cd nguon goc la dpng tir va diu ciia Han van); dang cdn it nhilu giur lgi dupe tinh - hu tir ben vdi cdc tir ndi, togi tire; chat dd" [lib, 4] Thi dy: Giri minh - hu tir (fa ling vdi cac tir di, ki; a chung chdn rgr man (tr 49) Hdi di, Idm Idnh a ngudi, lam phuc cho - hu tii duong vdi cac tir duong ngudi Idnh a trdi (tr 99) ^ va thich; Nhiing dpng tir chi hudng vgn - hu tir T a vdi nhi; w dpng nhu: ra, vdo, len, xudng, ve, lgi, - hu tir mdi vdi cac tii so, thiiy; sang, qua ho^c nhirng tir chi vi tri nhu: d, tren, trong, trude, giiia, cgnh, - hu tir thi (thdi) vdi tir tdc; ben rat cd the da trai qua qua trinh -hutuftiwgvdicactir«3«g; thudng ngii phap hoa de roi dupe su dyng Trong qua trinh "giai am" (dich) vdi tu each ciia gidi tir chieu tir van ban Han van sang tilng Vi?t hudng chung nhu vgy (viet bing chii: Ndm), cd nhieu y nghia CHU THICH cua hu tir nguyen ban Han van Con sd ndy khdng the ndi Id tuy$t da dupe dich gia - ngudi Vi?t - cd ddi vi nd cdn 14 thuQC mpt phdn vdo vi^c ging tim each the lii?n bing y nghia xac djnh hutird nhung trudng hgp cd the tuong duong ciia tir ngii tilng Vi?t cd nhung khd nang quyet dinh khdc Ket qua la: ngoai nhung hu tir tilng Nhdm tir ndy, cd nhd nghien ciru Vi?t tuong duong vdi hu tir tilng Han khdng coi Id hu tir, nhung a day, chimg dupe sir dyng, cdn cd nhiing thyc tii tieng Vi?t cd y nghia tuong duong tdi khdng dgt vdn de thdo lugn li lugn ve ciing dupe su dyng, dan dan dan den hu tir niia, md chap nhdn chung theo cdch "truyen thdng", coi nhu mgt tieu logi qua trinh ngii phap hoa cua chiing, Ichien chiing trd hu tir ho^c cd Bdn phien dm cua Dao Duy Anh y nghia phai sinh dl dupe dimg vdi [12] phien Ndm Id ^'Thuyen khdch chcri tu each ciia hu tii thu gdc luat cheo" Chiing tdi lay "cdc I? Lay tu d lam thi dy ching hgn Tir ndi ve noi chon, khoang thdi gian ma hanh dpng, s\r vi?c dien Nd ling vdi cac dpng tir cu, chi, luu va hai gidi tir tgi, u Han van [1 lb] So sanh vdi nhttng nguon ngii li?u khac, sdm hon TKML nhu Phgt cheo" theo bdn A * Theo N Stankkvitch [lib], a day, kit cdu chung 16ng thien h?., cua tiing Vi?t img vdi kit cau Hdn vdn Id thien hg chi tam ; nhimg vi tiing Vi$t, dinh ngir cho danh tir phdi dimg sau danh tir nen vdn viet tieng Vi^t thi ki XVI da Hir tiir 25 phdi ddo trgt tir vd dimg chung nhu mgi VU Dirc Nghieu, Dien bien y chi td di bdo hi?u chung - danh tir - djnh nghia, chiic nSng ciia nhom tir "khong, ngir Nhu vgy, chung cd khd nhiiu y nghia, chSng, ching" tir the ki XV din nay, Khoa chiic phgn, tucmg ung vdi cdc tir ciia Hdn hpc, Dgi hoc Tdng hgp HdNgi So 2, 1986, vdn phii, u, vu; va thgm chi khdng img vai tr 55 - 61 tir ndo cua Hdn vdn cd Thidy: trdi chung \0 Hodng Thi Ngg: phu nha Hdn (tr 31); yeu chung a) Chir Nom va tilng Vi?t qua k^sTvgy (tr 428) ban giai am Phgt thuyit phy mau dgi bao T A I L I $ U THAM K H A O an tr(?ng kinh, Nxb KHXH, H, 2002 \ Nguyin Tdi Can, Mpt so chimg b) Hodng Thi Ngg, Diem qua tich ve ngon ngii, van ty va vin hoa, ve tinh hinh tir co cuon tir dien Nxb DHQG, H, 2001 Chi Nam ngpc am giai nghia, Thdng bdo Hodng Hong Cam, Tun hieu tinh Hdn Ndm hgc 2001, Nxb KHXH, H., 2002 chat C Tan bien truyen ki mgn lye, O U.StankievichN.V: T/c Hdn Ndm, So 3, 1996 a) Ve sy dien biln ciia nhirng hu Trdn Trgng Duong, Khao sat h? tir chi nguyen nhan, T/c Ngdn ngir, So 4, thong tir co ban giai nghia Thien 1985, tr 58-59 tong khoa hu ngft lyc ciia Tu? Tinh, T/c b) Stankevich N V., Vai nhgn xet Ngdn ngir, So 8, 2006 tr 54 - 67 ve cac hu tir tilng Vi?t the ki 16 (Tu li$u Nguyin Quang Hdng, Chuyen nit tir Truyin Id mgn luc gidi dm), T/c Ngdn djch tir ngu- song tiet Han vSn sang tir ngu So 9, 2006 tr.1-9 ngQ- van Nom ban giai am Truyen c) Stankievich N V., Hifn tugng ki mgn lyc, Ki yiu Hgi thdo quoc ti Ngdn ngir hgc lien A idn thu VI, H., giao thoa tir ngir phap tilng Han sang ngir phap tieng Vift (qua cii lieu "Khod hu 2004, tr 140-151 luc gidi dm "), T/c Ngdn ngir So 1, 1988, Nguyin Quang Hdng (phien dm, tr.3I-35 chii gidi), Truyen ki mgn lyc giai am, Nxb d) Stankievich N V., Mpt vai suy KHXH, H, 2001 nghl budc dau ve vi?c nghien curu ngir Nguyen Quang Hdng (cha bien), phap Ijch sir tilng Vift T/c Ngdn ngu So Di van chiia Dau, Nxb KHXH, K, 1997 4, 1978, tr 27-34 Trdn Xudn Nggc Lan, Vai d$c e) Stankievich N V., Nhgn xet diem ciia bon X\i co: tiiud, neu, ban, no, sa bp ve mpt vai d^c diem ngon ngir Sdch Mgt so vdn di vi cdc ngdn ngir van xudi thi ki XIX dau till ki phuong Ddng, Vi^nDdngNamA, H, 1986 XX, T/c Ngdn ngir So I, 1982, tr.26 - 33 Vu Dirc Nghieu, Hu tir tilng Vi?t 12 Nguyin Trdi, Quoc am thi tgp, thi ki XV Quoc am thi tgp va Hong Trong Nguyen Trai toan tgp, (Ddo Duy Due quoc am thi tgp, T/c Ngdn ngu So Anh phien dm chu gidi), Nxb KHXH 12, 2006, tr -14 H, 1976 n ... ning dd hi?n van ton tgi va hogt dpng trongtiengVi?t (bdng, rdt, bdi, nhiing, mgt, rdng ) Trong ldp hu tii dd, cac tieu logi deu da hi?n di?n day du nhu nay; c Trong so cac hu tu cdn lgi den nhung... cd hi?n di?n van ban, ching hgn cau: Mdy hay chdng Trong nhdm hu tir ndy cd hai ddy dung de dn nan ngdy sau (tr 166) dieu dang chii y la: a) Trong ban giai am, timg d& cd kit hpp vdi da ho^c chua,... nhu: d, tren, trong, trude, giiia, cgnh, - hu tir thi (thdi) vdi tir tdc; ben rat cd the da trai qua qua trinh -hutuftiwgvdicactir«3«g; thudng ngii phap hoa de roi dupe su dyng Trong qua trinh