VAI NET VE TIEU THUYET DD T*H MllN NAM 1954 -1975 L a mot bo phan cua nen van hoc Viet Nam, nhung cho den nay van hoc do thi mien Nam giai dogn 1954-1975 van chua dugc cac nhd nghien cuu quan tarn thoa dang, de tu do co su ddnh gid todn dien. 1. Van hgc dd thj mien Nam giai dogn 1954-1975 khd da dgng ve the logi vd cd su phdt trien tuong ddi ddng deu. Tha ca nd rd, tieu thuyet dugc mua, truyen ngdn vd kjch phdt trien mgnh Tren mat bdng chung d'y, tieu thuyet vd tho van Id 2 the logi trdi han cd, nhdt Id tieu muye't. So vdi thdi ki trudc 1954 (tren cd 2 mien Nam, Bdc), so lugng tdc gid viet tieu thuyet d dd thj mien Nam 1954-1975 ddng ddo han hdn. Tu 1954-1975, so lugng tieu thuyet dugc xud't bdn len den con so hang nghin cudn; mdi nam, cd cd tram cudn tieu thuyet mdi dugc ra ddi. So lugng nhd van ddng ddo, tdc phdm ddi ddo, tieu thuyet dd thi mien Nam con dugc phdn chia thdnh nhieu khuynh hudng khdc nhau. Dugc thua nhdn cd gid trj nhdt Id khuynh hudng tieu thuyet viet ve thdn phdn con ngudi. 2. Qua trinh phdt trien cua tieu thuyet dd thj mien Nam 1954-1975 2.1. Giai dogn tu 1954 den 1959: Trong giai dogn ndy, tieu thuyet chua cd ddng gdp gi ddng ke, bdi it ve lugng vd ngheo ve chdt. Cdc nhd van da phdn tiep tuc Idi viet cu thdi tien chien, hgc theo vdn chuang cua Tu lyc Vdn dodn vdi nhung tieu thuyet xoay quanh chuyen tinh yeu ddi lua, vdi gigng van ke le khdng gdy dugc an tugng gi. Vdo cudi giai dogn, thdp thodng mdt vdi tdc phdm ddng dugc ggi Id thdnh cdng han cd nhu «Dd dgc" cua Binh Nguyen Ldc (xudt bdn ndm 1 959), «Nhung ngudi do trdng" cua Nhdt Tien (xud't bdn ndm 1959) Nhung tdc phdm ndy dd thodt khdi Idi viet cu mdn, nhdm nhgt vd cot truyen quanh qudn, gian dan, chi hudng den myc dich gidi tri md cd tinh chdt cdng phu, tim tdi, sang tgo hem. «D6 dgc" cua Binh Nguyen Ldc tuy chua thodt li hdn the logi tieu thuyet phdn tich tdm li tinh cam, phdn cdt yeu nhdt cua tdc Q NGUYEN THI VIET NGA* phdm vdn di vdo mieu td nhung mdi tinh tho mdng nai thdn dd nhung tdc gid dd cd nhung thdnh cdng nhdt dinh trong viec xdy dyng nhdn vdt cd cd tinh rd ret vd gigng dieu da thanh, ket hgp giua cdi sdu ndo, u budn, ma mdng vdi tieng cudi trao phung; cdc tinh tiet dugc xdy dyng hgp li, hd'p dan. Ngdi but cua Binh Nguyen Ldc trong «D6 dgc"\a\ tinh khi khai thdc hogt ddng, ngdn ngu, tinh cam chdn that cua con ngudi Nam bp; phdng khodng khi mieu td cdnh vdt thien nhien. «Nhung ngudi do trdng" cua Nhgt Tien dugc viet khd ki cdng. Tdc gid cd nhung thdnh cdng nhdt djnh khi mieu td nhung ndi cd ddc, ba va, tui nhyc, nhung ban khodn, khdc khodi trong tdm hdn nhung dua tre md cdi phdi song trong cd nhi vien. Khdng khi dm dgm, Ignh lung, u budn cua trgi tre md cdi dy dudi ngdi but cua nhd vdn cd sue dm dnh rd ret. Vugt qua nhung tdc phdm tieu thuyet di tinh duang thdi, «Nhung ngudi do trdng" chiem dugc cam tinh cua ddng ddo ddc gid bdi tdc gid dd bay td sy cam thdng vdi nhung phdn ddi cdi cut, bd't hgnh vd dy cam bd't an trudc xd hdi logn Igc, khd dau. Mdt sdtdc gid dd cd cd gang trong viec xdy dyng nhdn vdt, mieu td khdng khi xd hdi vd tim tdi Idi viet mdi. 2.2. Giai dogn tu 1960 den 1965: Day Id giai dogn tieu thuyet cd nhieu cd gdng cy the vdi nhung ddu hieu ddi mdi rd ret. Tuy nhien, d ddu giai dogn, vdo nhung ndm 1961 -1 962 cd sy trdi day cua cdc tdc gid tieu thuyet cu. Tieu thuyet tien chien cua Nhdt Linh ludn ddn ddu ve so lugng phdt hdnh, so Idn tdi bdn. Rdi, logi truyen ddi ki in bdo, viet vdi vdng, de ddi, chi chu y khia cgnh gidt gdn hay Idm li bi ddt de chieu theo thj hieu cua ddc gid binh ddn dugc xudt bdn thdnh sdeh hang logt, nhu cdc tieu thuyet: «Ddi mdt ngudi xua", «Nudc mdt ngudi ddn bd" (2 tap) cua Nggc Linh; «Ld lang", «Nhung thien tinh hdn" cua Le Vdn Truang; «Nggc tuyen thdm su" cua Thdm The Hd Ngodi ra, con nhung bd truyen kiem hiep ra ddi d gt vdo ndm 1 962 vdi nhung * Hoi Van hoc nghe thuat tinh Hai Dirong Tap chi Giao due so 261 (ki i - 5/2011) cudc thu- hung vd phai loan xq. Nhung loqi tieu thuyet nay chi mang hnh giai tri, khdng co sy dau tu nghiem tuc ve nghe thuat. «Y thuc xa hoi trong da so tieu thuyet Id md nhat, cam tfnh, khdng soi sang them cho ngudi doc nhung gi rd ret, cy the ve nhung con ngudi vd cdnh ddi trudc mat". Ngudi cam but «bdt chung ta chd'i bd cudc ddi trudc mdt, hodc dua chung ta di xem trien Idm nhung mdn do chai cham trd' cdng phu" (Cd Phuang Thdo - «Tieu thuyet nam 1961" - Bach Khoa 121,15/1 /l 962). Nhung dan dan, nhung ten tudi cu dd nhudng chd cho nhung cdy but mai, xudt hien ngdy mdt ddng. Ngudi dpc ddi hdi d tieu thuyet «ngodi sy gidi tri con mudn tim trong van chuang it nhieu sy thyc ve nhung cdnh ddi trudc mdt vd trong nhung cdnh ddi dy ngudi dpc con mong tim gap Iqi minh, con ngudi dang song, hieu sy song". Cdc tdc gid tre nhu Vd Phien [«Dem xuan trang sang"), Trdn Nhdt Tien («Them hoang" - tdc phdm duac gidi vdn chuang 1962 cua Trung tdm Vdn but Viet Nam), Phan Van Tqo («Cdi bong bong Ian"), Lan Dinh [«Dudng xa chi may"), Pham Pham [«D6i mat"), Mac Thu [«Bdt com bat mau"), Do Thuc Vjnh («Mua do dnh"), Binh Nguyen Ldc («Nhen chd mdi ai") dd mang Iqi ludng sinh khi mdi cho vdn chuang ndi chung vd tieu thuyet ndi rieng. Nhung tdc gid tre ndy dd cd cd gdng trong viec tim tdi cdi mdi, khdng loanh quanh vdi de tdi cu, quanh qudn trong vdi ba mdi tinh ddm le md nghieng ve phia nhung con ngudi bj bac ddi trong xd hdi, nhung thdn phdn dau khd, khdn cung. Tieu thuyet dd bdt ddu de cap tdi nhung van de xd hdi: cudc song ngheo khd, tdm tdi bdi chien tranh («Jhem hoang", «Bdt cam bdt mdu"); kiep song budn bd, cd dan, vd nghTa cua con ngudi trong cudc ddi («Mdy hoang hdn" cua Nhdt Tien) Cdc nhd van dd td ra can trong, cdng phu han trong Idi viet. Sau ndm 1963, tinh hinh chinh trj, xd hdi d dd thj mien Nam cd nhieu bien ddng du dpi, khien cho van hoc nghe thudt cung bien ddng theo. Sy kien Phdt ddn ngdy 8/5/1963 vdi sy ty thieu cua hda thuang Thich Tri Qudng phdn ddi sy ddn dp, thien vj ton gido (chi de cao Thien Chua gido, ddn dp Phdt gido) cua che dp Ngd Dinh Diem dd Idm day len Idn song cam phdn trong todn xd hdi ddi vdi chinh phu hq Ngd. Chien tranh ngdy cdng khdc liet han. MTthyc hien «chien tranh ddc biet" tai mien Nam Viet Nam. Nhung trdn ddnh Idn nd ra lien tiep. Sy cdng thdng, ngdt ngqt bao trum cudc song nhdn ddn. Cudc ddo Tap chi Giao due so 261 (ki i. shorty chinh ngdy 1/11/1961 Idt dd Ngd Dinh Diem dd day chinh phu Viet Nam cdng hda vdo khung hoang tram trong. Bdo tdthdi dai tdc ddng manh me den cdc nhd van. Hp y thuc duac ddi hdi mdi cua xd hdi ve van nghe nhung chua the ngay lap tuc chuyen hudng ngdi but cua minh. Ldi viet tieu thuyet cu khai thdc chuyen tinh yeu, khai thdc tdm li con ngudi dd trd nen qua nhdm chdn. Cudc song nhieu bien ddng trudc mdt ddn day con ngudi vdo nhung hodn cdnh khdc liet. Tdm li con ngudi ddi khdc, nhung cam nhdn, khdt vpng cung khdc di ddi hdi van chuang cung phdi cd sy chuyen bien rd ret de the hien duac con ngudi thdi dai. Cd the ndi giai doan 1963-1965 Id thdi gian chudn bj cua cdc nhd vdn dd thj mien Nam de di den sy ddi mdi manh me trong nhung ndm tiep theo. Trong thdi gian chudn bj dy, cd luc tieu thuyet bj chung Iqi nhu the Idm vdo be tdc (nhdt Id nhung nam 1 962, 1963 vd nua ddu ndm 1964), «khdng cd mdt nhdm vdn nghe ndo xudt hien them, khdng cd mdt dudng Idi ndo mdi me duac phdt hien, khdng cd mdt tim tdi mdi ve kT thudt". Hodn cdnh chien tranh, sy khd khdn ciia cudc song tdc ddng nhieu den cd ngudi viet vd ngudi dpc. Cdc nhd vdn lo viet bdo kiem tien, khdng cd thdi gian, tdm tri ddn vdo nhung tieu thuyet ddi hai. Ngudi doc ludn phdi ddi mdt vdi cudc song cdng thdng, khong du tiln dd mua tieu thuyet. Neu cd tim den vdn chuang nghe thudt, lya chpn hang ddu cua da sd ngudi dpc Id nhung truyen gidi tri de tqm thdi quen di nhung lo du, thdp thdm cua cudc sdng. Tuy vdy, cdng ve cudi giai doan (nua cudi ndm 1964, ndm 1965), tieu thuyet cdng cd nhieu tin hieu ddi mai. Sy xudt hien cua cdc cdy but tre vdi cdch nhin, cdch cam tao bao ve con ngudi vd cudc sdng dd mang Iqi cho tieu thuyet mdt huong vj mdi me, mdt ludng sinh khi mdi, tuy sy gdp mat cua hq tren vdn ddn vdn con rdi rqc, le te. O cdc tdc gid ndy, khdng con ddu vet cua Idi vdn chuang Idm ddng, muot md, dem dep hay Idm li, sudt mudt. Con ngudi trong tieu thuyet budc ddu y thuc ve thdn phdn dau khd cua minh giua mdt xd hdi loan lac vd phi li. Thdi dp phdn khdng vd phd phdeh cua nhdn vdt cung dugc bdt ddu tu nhung cdy but mdi ndy. Ndm 1 965 Id nam ddu mdc rd rdng nhdt cho sy chuyen hudng cua tieu thuyet. Nhieu tu tudng mdi cua phuang Tdy ve vdn hoc nghe thudt vd triet hoc qua mdt thdi gian dugc gidi thieu dd cd dnh hudng sdu sdc den sdng tdc, phe binh van hgc nghe thudt, den Idi sdng cua con ngudi dd thj, ddc biet Id tdng lap thanh nien vd tri thuc. Nhieu trudng phai van nghe tranh luan vai nhau ve duang Idi, lap truang, quan diem sdng tdc. Ddu an cua nhung tu tudng, hoc thuyet mdi ve triet hoc, vdn hoc nghe thudt dd xudt hien trong cdc sdng tdc van cnuang, nhdt Id tieu thuyet. Trong dd, sy dnh hudng cua triet hoc hien sinh, vdn hoc hien sinh trong tieu thuyet Id rd ret nhdt. Van de thdn phdn con ngudi budc ddu dugc khai thdc vd tqo nen nhung an tuang nhdt djnh. Cdc cdy but tieu thuyet khi nghieng ve thdn phdn con ngudi cung dd gdt hdi duac nhieu thdnh cdng han. Vd Phien vdi cudn tieu thuyet «Mot minh" dd td ra tinh vi han khi khai thdc ndi tdm nhdn vdt. Ta thdy trong «Mot minh"sy dnh hudng khd rd ret cua triet hoc hien sinh, cu the han nua Id cudn «Bu6n non" cua J.P. Sartre. Con ngudi ddi dien vdi bdn thdn, nhin thdng vdo chinh minh de nhdn ra mdt sy that bi ddt: minh cd don tuyet ddi. Khdng cd ai hieu minh, khdng cd ai yeu minh, con ngudi chi Id mdt hien huu cd dan giua the gidi ddng due xung quanh. Nguyen Dinh Todn xudt bdn cudn tieu thuyet «Con dudng", khai thdc de tdi ve thdn phdn con ngudi bj cudc ddi quen lang vd sy khdc liet cua cudc sdng xung quanh. Cd the thdy, trong «Con dudng", Nguyen Dinh Todn chju dnh hudng nhieu tu Idi trinh bay cdu ki cua J.P. Sartre. Tdc gid Thanh Tdm Tuyen vdi nhung tieu thuyet «Khudn mat", «Ung thu" (ddng ddi ki tren tap san Vdn) vd «Cdt lay" (ddng ddi ki tren tap chi Bach Khoa) dd dyng len mdt the gidi u udt den nghet tha. Trong the gidi dy, nhung nhdn vdt cua dng mang tdm trang tdt nguyen, ddi luc bdc ddng. Hq khao khdt sdng manh liet, sdng mdt cudc sdng cd y nghla dich thyc chu khdng phdi lay Idt, vdt vd nhu nhung bona ma, nhung cudc sdng budn te, chdn chudng cu nhdn chim hp. Long khdt sdng manh liet bien thdnh sy phd phdeh. Con ngudi mudn dap dd, hd't tung nhung thdnh luy cu, nhung khudn sdo reu phong, chdt hep, nhung ket cue chi Id tdm trang chdn nan rd rdi trudc thyc tai Tdc gid Duyen Anh vdi mdt loqt tieu thuyet viet ve «the gidi he phd": «Thang Vu", «Ludt he phd", «Dieu ru nude mat" dd bay td cdi nhin cam thdng, trdn trong ddi vdi nhung con ngudi bj hd't ra ngodi le cudc sdng. Duyen Anh nhdn ra khdt vpng sdng manh liet, khdt vpng hudng ve hanh phuc, tinh yeu tiem an trong mdi than phdn dau khd dy. Cd dieu, cudc sdng day nhung phi li dd ddn day hp den budc dudng cung, tudc cua hq nhung ca hdi hanh phuc. Giua bdo tap cua sd phdn, thdn phdn con ngudi rat ddi mong manh Rdi, nhung tieu thuyet cua The Uyen, Y Uyen, Minh Due Hodi Trinh, Nguyln Thj Thuy Vu, Thanh Nam, Hodng Anh Tudn suy tu ve thdn phdn con ngudi trong thdi dai nhieu bien ddng vdi Idi viet thdng thdn, tao bao, cd cd phd phdeh, bd't can. 2.3. Giai dogn tu 1966 den 1975 ^ Day Id giai doan tieu thuyet dilm tinh udt at, tieu thuyet trinh thdm, gidt gdn khdng con ddt sdng. Tinh hinh sdng tdc cung nhu xudt ban tieu thuyet may ndm trudc tudng nhu Idm vdo be tdc thi den giai doan ndy duac khai thdng. «Trong mdt vdi ndm gdn day, ngudi ta bdt ddu chju mua sdeh dpc, ddc biet Id tieu thuyet. Cdc nhd xudt bdn thi nhau ra ddi, tung ra hang loqt tdc phdm cu mdi, gdy nen khung cdnh ndo nhiet chua tung thdy trong dja hat tieu thuyet trong vdng 10 ndm trd Iqi" (Nhdt Tien - «Sinh hoat tieu thuyet mot nam qua" - Bach Khoa 265, 266 ngdy 15/1/1968). Tieu thuyet dd doan tuyet hdn vdi nhung chuyen tinh yeu qudn quanh, nhdm nhat md di sdu vdo khai thdc van de thdn phdn con ngudi trong cudc sdng day bien ddng vd bdt trdc khd ludng. Ndi dau thuang cua con ngudi trong chien tranh trd thdnh dm dnh trong hdu het tieu thuyet giai doan ndy. Nhd di sdu khai thdc nhung van de cdt yeu cua cudc sdng hien tai, cat len tieng ndi cua con ngudi duang thdi, tieu thuyet cd duac sy ung hp nhiet tinh cua ban dpc. Day Id giai doan thdnh cdng nhdt cua tieu thuyet dd thj mien Nam 1954-1975 ndi rieng vd cua vdn hoc dd thj mien Nam ndi chung. Tu nam 1961, tren vdn ddn dd cd sy gdp mat deu dan cua cdc cdy but nu, vdi nhung ten tudi ban ddu nhu Linh Bdo (tieu thuyet «Tdu ngua cu", «Nhung dem mua" xudt bdn 1961), Mdng Tuyet (tieu thuyet «Ndng Ai Ca trong chdu up" xudt bdn ndm 1961), Thu Vdn (tieu thuyet «Mdu mua dem" xudt bdn ndm 1961), mudn han mdt chut Id Tuy Hong, Nguyen Thj Hodng (Hodng Ddng Phuang), Nguyen Thj Vinh, Minh Due Hodi Trinh, Nhd Ca Tu ndm 1967 trd di, cdc cdy but nu Idm mua Idm gid trong h"nh vyc tieu thuyet. Cdc tdc gid xudt hien trudc dd nhu Tuy Hong, Nhd Ca them phdn gid ddn, tdc phdm gdy duac tieng vang ddi vdi ban doc, khudy ddng khdng khi vdn ddn. Tieu thuyet «Dem nghe tieng dgi bdc" cua Nhd Ca (xud't bdn ndm 1 967) ngay lap tuc trd thdnh sdeh «best seller", tdi bdn trong vdng khdng day 2 thdng. Cudn tieu thuyet ndy dugc ddnh gid Id «trong ndm 1967, khdng mdt tieu thuyet ndo dugc ngudi ta nggi khen nhieu nhu the" (Nhdt Tien - Sinh hoat tieu thuyet mot nam qua - Bach Khoa 265, 266 ngdy 15/1/1968). «Dem nghe tieng dgi bdc" chiem dugc cam tinh cua ddng ddo ddc gid bdi day Id cudn tieu Tap chi Giao due so 261 (ki 1 - 5/2011) thuyet ddu tien cua van hoc do thi mien Nam viet ve cuoc sdng cua nguai dan do thj trong khong khi chien tranh vai tdt cd nhung dau khd, lo lang, bi thuang trong Idi viet trung thyc vd truyen cam. Thdn phdn be nhd cua con ngudi dudng nhu bi nhdn chim trong bien lua chien tranh. Sau «Dem nghe tieng dgi bac", de tdi cudc sdng cua ngudi ddn dd thj trong chien tranh tiep tyc duac Nhd Ca khai thdc trong nhung tieu thuyet tiep theo: «Xudn thi", «Ngudi tinh ngodi mat trgn", «Sdng mot ngay" Nhung tieu thuyet dy dd dua Nhd Ca len hang nhung nhd vdn «dn khdeh" vd dupe yeu men cua dd thj mien Nam. Cdng ve sau, trong tieu thuyet cua Nhd Ca, chien tranh cdng trd nen dm dnh kinh hodng, thdn phdn con ngudi cdng trd thdnh van de nhue nhdi ( «Dodn nuhinh mua thu", «Mgt mai khi hda binh", «Mua tren cay sdu dong" ). Gat di nhung yeu td ve quan diem, lap trudng chfnh trj, tieu thuyet cua Nhd Ca dd ndi duac mdt cdch thdm thfa vd dau xdt ve than phdn mong manh cua con ngudi trong mjt mu khdi lua chien tranh. Tdc gid Nguyen Thj Hodng, tieu thuyet ddu tay «V6ng tay hgc trd" in ddi vai kl tren tap chi Bach Khoa (ndm 1967, vdi but danh Hodng Ddng Phuang) dd gdy phdn ung 2 chieu: cd nhung ngudi khen het Idi nhung cung cd sy mat sat thdm te. Tuy nhien, du khen hay che thi nhung y kien ndy chi hudng ve van de dao due duac neu ra trong tdc phdm. Nhung den tieu thuyet «Vdo noi gid cat" (cung ra ddi ndm 1967), ben cgnh chuyen tinh yeu ddi lua Id bdng ddng khung khiep cua chien tranh bao trum. Chien tranh Idm nen cho chuyen tinh dau khd. Nhung tieu thuyet sau ndy cua Nguyln Thj Hodng nhu «Tudi Sai Gdn", «Ve trong suong mu", «Vyc nude mdt", «Tienq hat len trdi", «Tinh yeu dia ngyc", «Trdi xanh tren mdi cao", «Bdng tdi cudi cung", «Dinh menh con go cua", «B6ng Id hdn hoa" deu viet ve tinh yeu trong chien tranh vdi nhung sd phdn dam nude mdt. Ben cgnh dd, Nguyen Thj Thyy Vu, Trjnh Thj Dieu Tan, Do Phuang Khanh, Minh Due Hodi Trinh, Minh Qudn cung Id nhung tdc gid nu ddng chu y cua vdn hgc dd thj mien Nam 1954- 1975 trong hnh vyc tieu thuyet. Tdc phdm cua hp deu xoay quanh vdn de thdn phdn con ngudi, ndi dau khd cua con ngudi trong cudc sdng nhieu eo le, dau khd, thuang tdm. Cdc tdc gid khdc cung ddng gdp khdng nhd cho tieu thuyet dd thj mien Nam 1954-1975 vd sdng tdc cua hg cung thdnh cdng han cd Id giai dogn tu 1965 trd ve sau. Tieu bieu Id Vd Phien, Nguyln Dinh Todn, Vd Hong, Duang Nghilm Mdu, Binh Nguyen Ldc, San Nam, Duyen Anh, Tap chi Giao due so 261 (k. 1-5/2011) Nguyln Thuy Long, The Uyen, Y Uyen, Do Tien Due, Bui Kim Dmh, Nguyen Vu The gidi tieu thuyet cua Nguyln Dinh Todn nhieu suy tu, ddn vdt, hodi nghi ve cudc sdng vd con ngudi. Duyen Anh viet nhieu ve than phdn tre tha bj vui dap, qudn qugi giua bdo to cudc ddi («Bdn lua", «Cd non", «Trdn Thi Diem Chdu" ). Nguyln Thyy Long Igi di vdo mieu td the gidi cua nhung ke song ben le xd hdi vdi mdc cam tdi Idi md khdng dugc xd hdi ddnh cho ca hdi cdi tgo. Ngdi but cua Thyy Long dugm ve chua xdt, bi thuang. Y Uyen, Do Tien Due, Bui Kim Dinh xud't hien mudn, gia nhdp lang vdn vdo khodng ndm 1967 nhung nhanh chdng cd tdc phdm gdy dugc tieng vang nhu «Tugng dd sudn non", «Que nhd" (Y Uyen), «Md hong" (Do Tien Due), «Chgdem", «Ddt xdc" (Bui Kim Dinh) Tieu thuyet cua hg hdu het viet ve chien tranh vdi nhung dau khd, eo le ddi len thdn phdn con ngudi. 3. Tieu thuyet dd thj mien Nam 1954-1975 gdt hdi dugc nhieu thdnh tyu nhdt trong giai dogn 1966-1975. Day cung Id qudng thdi gian khdc liet nhdt cua cudc chien tranh, con ngudi phdi hang ngdy, hang gid dd'i mat vdi chet choc, dau thuang. Tdm li cua hg hodc hoang mang, sg hdi, hodc chdn nan, bd't can. Trong nam nap lo du vd ngut ngdn dau khd dd, triet hgc hien sinh - triet hgc ve thdn phdn con ngudi du nhdp vdo dd thj mien Nam, nhanh chdng dugc ua chudng vd dnh hudng cua nd dd in ddm trong Idi sdng cung nhu trong sdng tdc van hgc nghe thudt. Tieu thuyet dd thj mien Nam dd cdt len tieng ndi thdm thia ve thdn phdn con ngudi trong chien tranh. Dd Id thdn phdn cd ddc trong mdt the gidi phi li. Sy cd ddc nhu mdt thu djnh menh con ngudi phdi mang tren vai, khdng ngudi se dd, khdng ke thdu hieu. The gidi phi li nhieu ddo Idn d'y dd tan nhdn tudc cua con ngudi mgi thu, chi con Igi ndi dau thuang, trdng vdng. Con ngudi, ddu cd nd lyc phdn khdng Igi, cdi hda djnh menh thi cung chi Id sy cdi hda, phd phdeh trong tuyet vpng. Tieu thuyet dd thj mien Nam 1954-1975 Id tieu thuyet ve thdn phdn dau khd cua con ngudi. Nhung chiem nghiem nhieu chieu, da sdc ve thdn phdn con ngudi Id ndi dung ca bdn, ddng chu y cua tieu thuyet dd thj mien Nam 1954 - 1975. Tuy nhien, ben cgnh nhung thdnh tyu dd, tieu thuyet giai dogn ndy con khdng it hgn che nhu sy khai thdc qua dd cdc yeu td tinh dye, cdi nhin lech Igc ve chien tranh, sy be tdc hodn todn trong cudc sdng Tuy vdy, day cung Id giai dogn ghi dd'u sy phdt trien nhdt djnh cua vdn hgc Viet Nam hien dgi. (Xem tiep trang 39) chua Idi trong bdi vdn cung khdng phdi dl ddng. De BT sua chua hieu dinh cd hieu qua tfch cue vdi HS, GV can tdch biet ra tung loqi Idi, chpn, phdn tfch vd chua cdc Idi dien hinh, xud't hien phd bien. Vdi bdi «Mieu td trong van ty sy", chung tdi chi dua ra BT phdt hien vd sua chua Idi ve phuang thuc bieu dat chinh - nghTa Id HS nhdm Idn ve phuang thuc bieu dat khi viet van, bdi vdn khdng mang ddc trung cua vdn ty sy md mang ddc trung cua phuang thuc mieu td. Vidy: Vdi de bdi «Hdy viet mdt dogn vdn ke ve Ian dau tien em di hgc", mdt bgn HS dd viet dogn vdn sau: «Trudng hgc dau tien cua tdi Id mdt cdi kho thdc bd khdng, tudng trdc Id thdnh vd sd nhung hinh thu ki qudi. Cho den gid, tdi con nhd y nghuyen nhung chiec bdn ghe xdu xi vd gdm ghie'e. Chung dugc tan dyng vd lap tu nhung tdm go bd di, chua kip bdo. Mat bdn cd rd't nhieu hang hoc vd tu dd thinh thodng lao vyt ra mdt con gian hogc mdt con nhen. Cung cd khi Id mdt bdc sdu dung dinh, ngo ngdc nhin cudc ddi." Theo em, bgn dd dd viet dung yeu cau de bdi ra chua? Neu chua dung thi em se sua nhu the ndo? He thdng BT ndy cd the xdy dyng tuang ty ddi vdi cdc cdc phuang thuc bieu dat khdc cd the ket hap d kieu VBTS. Nhu vdy, viec de xudt su dyng he thdng BT nhdm RLKN van dyng ket hap cdc phuang thuc bieu dat cho HS THCS d kieu VBTS Id rat can thiet. Ddc biet, kieu VBTS Id kieu vdn bdn cdc em thudng gap vd van dyng thudng xuyen nhdt trong thyc te. BT Id mdt trong nhung phuang tien luyen tap huu dyng nhdt duac hinh thdnh tren ca sd dmh hudng rd ret vd khoanh vung ve mat ndi dung nhdm myc dich hien thyc hod phdn li thuyet. Tuy nhien, he thdng BT ddu duac xdy dyng cdng phu, cd kT thudt vdn can duac phdi hap su dyng vdi cdc phuang phdp vd phuang tien day hoc khdc de qua trinh day hoc cua GV vd HS dat ket qua nhu mong mudn.Q Tai lieu tham khao 1. Le A - Nguyen Quang Ninh - Bui Minh Toan. Phuong phap day hoc tieng Viet. NXB Gido due, H. 1998. 2. Nguyen Khdc Phi (t6ng chu bien). Ngu van 9, tap 1. NXB Gido due, H. 2005. 3. D6 Ngoc Thong. Bai tap trac nghiem kien thuc Ngu van 9. NXB Gido due, H. 2007. 4. D6 Ngoc Thong. Lam van. NXB Dgi hoc supham, H. 2007. 5. D6 Ngoc Thong. Lam van tu li thuyet den thuc hanh. NXB Gido due, H. 1997. Vai net ve tieu thuyet (Tiep theo trang 35) Vdi chdng dudng hon 20 ndm phdt trien, van hoc cdc do thj mien Nam, do hodn cdnh Ijch su cy the, tuy khdng the hod nhdp vdi ddng vdn hoc chinh thdng, phdn dnh cudc sdng hdo hung vd vT dai cua ddn tdc trong cudc khdng chien chdng MT nhung khdng phdi vi the md chung ta bd qua nhung gid trj can duac ddnh gid vd ghi nhdn trong vdn hoc giai doan ndy. Se Id khiem khuyet Idn neu trong nghien cuu tien trinh Ijch su van hoc ddn tdc con de Iqi mdt khodng trdng Id vdn hoc dd thj mien Nam giai doan 1954-1975. Dd den luc trong he tndng gido dye qudc ddn - md trudc het Id trong cdc trudng dai hoc vd cao ddng ddo tqo chuyen ngdnh Ngu van, chuang trinh gidng day vd nghien cuu can phdi duac bd sung ve vdn hoc giai doan vdn hoc ndy de sinh vien cd cdi nhin day du, todn dien han ve Ijch su vdn hoc ddn tdc. • Tai lieu tham khao 1. Tran Trong Dang Dan. Van hoa van nghe Nam Viet Nam 1954-1975. NXB Van hod Thong tin, H. 2000. 2. Phan Cy De (chu bien). Van hoc Viet Nam the ki 20. NXB Gido due, H. 2000. 3. Cao Huy Khanh. "Sa khao 15 nam van xuoi mien Nam 1955-1969". Khai hanh, so' 74/1970. 4. Le Dinh Ky. Nhin lai tu tutrng van nghe thui Mi - Nguy. NXB Thdnh phd Ho Chi Minh, 1987. 5. Thanh Lang. Bang lucre do van hoc Viet Nam (quyen thuang). NXB Trinh Bay, Sai Gon, 1967. 6. Nhieu tac gia. Van hoa van nghe mien Nam duoi che do Mi - Nguy. NXB Vdn hod, H. 1977. 7. Vo Phien. Hai muoi nam van hoc mien Nam (1954-1975). NXB Van nghe, CA - USA, 1987.' 8. Nguyen Sa. Mot bong hong cho van nghe. NXB Trinh Bay, Sai Gon, 1967. 9. Pham Van ST. Van hoc giai phong mien Nam. NXB Dai hoc va trung hoc chuyen nghiep, H. 1976. 10. Tran Huu Ta. Nhin lai mot chang dutyng van hoc. NXB Thanh phd Hd Chi Minh, 2000. 11. Uyen Thao. Cac nha van nu Viet Nam 1900-1970. NXB Nhdn Cu, Sai Gon, 1973. 12. Ta Ty. Mtrui khuon mat van nghe horn nay. NXB Ld Bdi, Sai Gon, 1972. Tap chi Giao due so 261 <k. i. 5/201 n . THUYET DD T*H MllN NAM 1954 -1975 L a mot bo phan cua nen van hoc Viet Nam, nhung cho den nay van hoc do thi mien Nam giai dogn 1954-1975 van chua . trudc 1954 (tren cd 2 mien Nam, Bdc), so lugng tdc gid viet tieu thuyet d dd thj mien Nam 1954-1975 ddng ddo han hdn. Tu 1954-1975, so lugng tieu thuyet