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COMPARING BUSINESS REGULATIONS FOR DOMESTIC FIRMS IN 185 ECONOMIES
10TH EDITION
DOING
BUSINESS
2013
Smarter Regulations for
Small and Medium-Size Enterprises
c.Cover_DB2013_cxs.indd 1 10/3/12 1:50 PM
© 2013 International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank
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Attribution—Please cite the work as follows: World Bank. 2013. Doing Business 2013: Smarter Regulations for
Small and Medium-Size Enterprises. Washington, DC: World Bank Group. DOI: 10.1596/978-0-8213-9615-5.
License: Creative Commons Attribution CC BY 3.0
Translations—If you create a translation of this work, please add the following disclaimer along with the
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H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433, USA; fax: 202-522-2625; e-mail: pubrights@worldbank.org.
Additional copies of all 10 editions of Doing Business may be purchased at www.doingbusiness.org.
ISBN (paper): 978-0-8213-9615-5
ISBN (electronic): 978-0-8213-9624-7
DOI: 10.1596/978-0-8213-9615-5
ISSN: 1729-2638
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A COPUBLICATION OF THE WORLD BANK AND THE INTERNATIONAL FINANCE CORPORATION
COMPARING BUSINESS REGULATIONS FOR DOMESTIC FIRMS IN 185 ECONOMIES
2013
Smarter Regulations for
Small and Medium-Size Enterprises
c.i-vi.indd i 10/4/12 11:18 AM
RESOURCES ON THE DOING BUSINESS WEBSITE
Current features
News on the Doing Business project
http://www.doingbusiness.org
Rankings
How economies rank—from 1 to 185
http://www.doingbusiness.org/rankings/
Data
All the data for 185 economies—topic rankings,
indicator values, lists of regulatory procedures and
details underlying indicators
http://www.doingbusiness.org/data/
Reports
Access to Doing Business reports as well as
subnational and regional reports, reform case
studies and customized economy and regional
profi les
http://www.doingbusiness.org/reports/
Methodology
The methodologies and research papers underlying
Doing Business
http://www.doingbusiness.org/methodology/
Research
Abstracts of papers on Doing Business topics and
related policy issues
http://www.doingbusiness.org/research/
Doing Business reforms
Short summaries of DB2013 business regulation
reforms, lists of reforms since DB2008 and a
ranking simulation tool
http://www.doingbusiness.org/reforms/
Historical data
Customized data sets since DB2004
http://www.doingbusiness.org/custom-query/
Law library
Online collection of business laws
and regulations relating to business and
gender issues
http://www.doingbusiness.org/law-library/
http://wbl.worldbank.org/
Contributors
More than 9,600 specialists in 185 economies
who participate in Doing Business
http://www.doingbusiness.org/contributors/
doing-business/
NEW! Entrepreneurship data
Data on business density for 130 economies
http://www.doingbusiness.org/data/exploretopics/
entrepreneurship/
More to come
Coming soon—information on good practices
and data on transparency and on the distance
tofrontier
c.i-vi.indd ii 10/4/12 11:18 AM
Contents
v Preface
1 Executive summary
15 About Doing Business: measuring for impact
Case studies
26 Colombia: sustaining reforms over time
32 Latvia: maintaining a reform state of mind
37 Rwanda: fostering prosperity by promoting entrepreneurship
42 APEC: sharing goals and experience
47 Does Doing Business matter for foreign direct investment?
51 How transparent is business regulation around the world?
Topic notes
56 Starting a business
60 Dealing with construction permits
64 Getting electricity
68 Registering property
72 Getting credit
77 Protecting investors
81 Paying taxes
86 Trading across borders
90 Enforcing contracts
94 Resolving insolvency
98 Annex: employing workers
101 References
106 Data notes
131 Ease of doing business and distance to frontier
135 Summaries of Doing Business reforms in 2011/12
145 Country tables
207 Employing workers data
216 Acknowledgments
Doing Business 2013 is the 10th in a
series of annual reports investigating
the regulations that enhance business
activity and those that constrain it. Doing
Business presents quantitative indicators
on business regulations and the protection
of property rights that can be compared
across 185 economies—from Afghanistan
to Zimbabwe—and over time.
Regulations a ecting 11 areas of the life
of a business are covered: starting a busi-
ness, dealing with construction permits,
getting electricity, registering property,
getting credit, protecting investors, paying
taxes, trading across borders, enforcing
contracts, resolving insolvency and em-
ploying workers. The employing workers
data are not included in this year’s ranking
on the ease of doing business.
Data in Doing Business 2013 are current as
of June1, 2012. The indicators are used to
analyze economic outcomes and identify
what reforms of business regulation have
worked, where and why.
c.i-vi.indd iii 10/4/12 11:18 AM
c.i-vi.indd iv 10/4/12 11:18 AM
This is the 10th edition of the Doing Business report. First published in 2003 with 5
indicator sets measuring business regulation in 133 economies, the report has grown
into an annual publication covering 11 indicator sets and 185 economies. In these 10
years Doing Business has recorded nearly 2,000 business regulation reforms in the ar-
eas covered by the indicators. And researchers have produced well over 1,000 articles
in peer-reviewed journals using the data published by Doing Business—work that helps
explore many of the key development questions of our time.
Doing Business 2013 holds new information to inspire policy makers and research-
ers. One fi nding is that Poland improved the most in the Doing Business measures in
2011/12, while Singapore maintains its top spot in the overall ranking. Another fi nding
is that European economies in fi scal distress are making e orts to improve the business
climate, and this is beginning to be refl ected in the indicators tracked by Doing Business,
with Greece being among the 10 economies that improved the most in the Doing
Business measures in the past year. Part of the solution to high debt is the recovery of
economic growth, and there is broad recognition that creating a friendlier environment
for entrepreneurs is central to this goal. But perhaps the most exciting fi nding is that of
a steady march from 2003 to 2012 toward better business regulation across the wide
range of economies included. With a handful of exceptions, every economy covered by
Doing Business has narrowed the gap in business regulatory practice with the top global
performance in the areas measured by the indicators. This is a welcome race to the top.
Collecting the more than 57,000 unique Doing Business data points each year and
placing them in a broader context of economic policy and development is a major
undertaking. We thank the team and the Doing Business contributors for their e orts.
Data collection and analysis for Doing Business 2013 were conducted through the Global
Indicators and Analysis Department under the general direction of Augusto Lopez-
Claros. The project was managed by Sylvia Solf and Rita Ramalho, with the support
of Carolin Geginat and Adrian Gonzalez. Other team members included Beatriz Mejia
Asserias, Andres Baquero Franco, Karim O. Belayachi, Iryna Bilotserkivska, Mariana
Carvalho, Hayane Chang Dahmen, Rong Chen, Maya Choueiri, Dariga Chukmaitova,
Santiago Croci Downes, Fernando Dancausa Diaz, Marie Lily Delion, Raian Divanbeigi,
Alejandro Espinosa-Wang, Margherita Fabbri, Caroline Frontigny, Betina Hennig,
Sarah Holmberg, Hussam Hussein, Joyce Ibrahim, Ludmila Jantuan, Nan Jiang, Hervé
Kaddoura, Paweł Kopko, Jean Michel Lobet, Jean-Philippe Lodugnon-Harding, Frédéric
Meunier, Robert Murillo, Joanna Nasr, Marie-Jeanne Ndiaye, Nuria de Oca, Mikiko Imai
Ollison, Nina Paustian, Galina Rudenko, Valentina Saltane, Lucas Seabra, Paula Garcia
Serna, Anastasia Shegay, Jayashree Srinivasan, Susanne Szymanski, Moussa Traoré,
Tea Trumbic, Marina Turlakova, Julien Vilquin, Yasmin Zand and Yucheng Zheng.
More than 9,600 lawyers and other professionals generously donated their time to
provide the legal assessments that underpin the data. We thank in particular the global
contributors: Advocates for International Development; Allen & Overy LLP; American
Preface
v
c.i-vi_cx.indd v 10/8/12 7:50 PM
Bar Association, Section of International Law; Baker & McKenzie; Cleary Gottlieb
Steen & Hamilton LLP; Ernst & Young; Ius Laboris, Alliance of Labor, Employment,
Benefi ts and Pensions Law Firms; KPMG; the Law Society of England and Wales; Lex
Mundi, Association of Independent Law Firms; Panalpina; PwC; Raposo Bernardo &
Associados; Russell Bedford International; SDV International Logistics; and Security
Cargo Network. The e orts of all these contributors help maintain the distinctive voice
of Doing Business and its annual contribution to business regulation reform.
Ten years marks a good time to take stock of where the world has moved in business
regulatory practices and what challenges remain. We welcome you to give feedback on
the Doing Business website (http://www.doingbusiness.org) and join the conversation
as we shape the project in the years to come.
Sincerely,
Janamitra Devan
Vice President and Head of Network
Financial & Private Sector Development
World Bank Group
DOING BUSINESS 2013vi
c.i-vi.indd vi 10/4/12 11:18 AM
1
Executive summary
This 10th edition of the Doing Business
report marks a good time to take stock—
to look at how far the world has come in
business regulatory practices and what
challenges remain. In the fi rst report one
of the main fi ndings was that low-income
economies had very cumbersome regula-
tory systems. Ten years later it is appar-
ent that business regulatory practices in
these economies have been gradually but
noticeably converging toward the more
e cient practices common in higher-
income economies (box 1.1). How much
has the gap narrowed? Did some regions
close the regulatory gap more rapidly
than others? This year’s report tells that
story. It points to important trends in
regulatory reform and identifi es the re-
gions and economies making the biggest
improvements for local entrepreneurs.
And it highlights both the areas of busi-
ness regulation that have received the
most attention and those where more
progress remains to be made.
The report also reviews research on
which regulatory reforms have worked
and how. After 10 years of data tracking
reforms and regulatory practices around
the world, more evidence is available to
address these questions. The report sum-
marizes just some of the main fi ndings.
Among the highlights: Smarter business
regulation supports economic growth.
Simpler business registration promotes
greater entrepreneurship and fi rm pro-
ductivity, while lower-cost registration
improves formal employment opportuni-
ties. An e ective regulatory environment
boosts trade performance. And sound
MAIN FINDINGS IN 2011/12
Worldwide, 108 economies
implemented 201 regulatory reforms
in 2011/12 making it easier to do
business as measured by Doing
Business.
Poland improved the most in the
ease of doing business, through
4 reforms—making it easier to
register property, pay taxes, enforce
contracts and resolve insolvency as
measured by Doing Business.
Eastern Europe and Central Asia
once again had the largest share of
economies implementing regulatory
reforms—88% of its economies
reformed in at least one of the areas
measured by Doing Business.
European economies in fi scal
distress are working to improve
the business climate, and this is
beginning to be refl ected in the
indicators tracked by Doing Business.
Greece is one of the 10 most
improved globally in 2011/12.
Reform efforts globally have focused
on making it easier to start a new
business, increasing the effi ciency
of tax administration and facilitating
trade across international borders. Of
the 201 regulatory reforms recorded
in the past year, 44% focused on
these 3 policy areas alone.
BOX 1.1 MAIN FINDINGS SINCE 2003 AND THE FIRST
DOING BUSINESS
REPORT
• Over these 10 years 180 economies implemented close to 2,000 business regula-
tory reforms as measured by Doing Business.
• Eastern Europe and Central Asia improved the most, overtaking East Asia and the
Pacifi c as the world’s second most business-friendly region according to Doing
Business indicators. OECD high-income economies continue to have the most
business-friendly environment.
• Business regulatory practices have been slowly converging as economies with
initially poor performance narrow the gap with better performers. Among the 50
economies with the biggest improvements since 2005, the largest share—a third—
are in Sub-Saharan Africa.
• Among the categories of business regulatory practices measured by Doing Business,
there has been more convergence in those that relate to the complexity and cost
of regulatory processes (business start-up, property registration, construction per-
mitting, electricity connections, tax payment and trade procedures) than in those
that relate to the strength of legal institutions (contract enforcement, insolvency
regimes, credit information, legal rights of borrowers and lenders and the protection
of minority shareholders).
• Two-thirds of the nearly 2,000 reforms recorded by Doing Business were focused on
reducing the complexity and cost of regulatory processes.
• A growing body of research has traced out the e ects of simpler business regulation
on a range of economic outcomes, such as faster job growth and an accelerated
pace of new business creation.
c.p001-014.indd 1 10/4/12 11:21 AM
DOING BUSINESS 20132
fi nancial market infrastructure—courts,
creditor and insolvency laws, and credit
and collateral registries—improves ac-
cess to credit (see the chapter “About
Doing Business”).
WHAT ARE SMART RULES FOR
BUSINESSES?
Just as good rules are needed to allow
tra c to fl ow in a city, they are also es-
sential to allow business transactions
to fl ow. Good business regulations
enable the private sector to thrive and
businesses to expand their transactions
network. But regulations put in place to
safeguard economic activity and facilitate
business operations, if poorly designed,
can become obstacles to doing business.
They can be like tra c lights put up to
prevent gridlock—ine ective if a red light
lasts for an hour. Most people would run
the red light, just as most businesses
facing burdensome regulations will try to
circumvent them to stay afl oat.
Striking the right balance in business
regulation can be a challenge. It becomes
an even greater challenge in a changing
world, where regulations must continu-
ally adapt to new realities. Just as tra c
systems have to adjust when a new road
is being constructed, regulations need to
adapt to new demands from the market
and to changes in technology (such
as the growing use of information and
communication technology in business
processes).
This challenge is one focus of this report.
Through indicators benchmarking 185
economies, Doing Business measures
and tracks changes in the regulations
applying to domestic small and medium-
size companies in 11 areas in their life
cycle. This year’s aggregate ranking on
the ease of doing business is based on
indicator sets that measure and bench-
mark regulations a ecting 10 of those
areas: starting a business, dealing with
construction permits, getting electric-
ity, registering property, getting credit,
protecting investors, paying taxes, trading
across borders, enforcing contracts and
resolving insolvency. Doing Business also
documents regulations on employing
workers, which are not included in this
year’s aggregate ranking or in the count
of reforms.
The economies that rank highest on the
ease of doing business are not those
where there is no regulation—but those
where governments have managed to
create rules that facilitate interactions
in the marketplace without needlessly
hindering the development of the private
sector. In essence, Doing Business is
about SMART business regulations—
Streamlined, Meaningful, Adaptable,
Relevant, Transparent—not necessarily
fewer regulations (see fi gure 2.1 in the
chapter “About Doing Business”).
Doing Business encompasses 2 types of in-
dicators: indicators relating to the strength
of legal institutions relevant to business
regulation and indicators relating to the
complexity and cost of regulatory processes.
Those in the fi rst group focus on the legal
and regulatory framework for getting
credit, protecting investors, enforcing
contracts and resolving insolvency. Those
in the second focus on the cost and ef-
fi ciency of regulatory processes for start-
ing a business, dealing with construction
permits, getting electricity, registering
property, paying taxes and trading across
borders. Based on time-and-motion case
studies from the perspective of the busi-
ness, these indicators measure the proce-
dures, time and cost required to complete
a transaction in accordance with relevant
regulations. (For a detailed explanation of
the Doing Business methodology, see the
data notes and the chapter “About Doing
Business.”)
Economies that rank high on the ease of
doing business tend to combine e cient
regulatory processes with strong legal in-
stitutions that protect property and inves-
tor rights (fi gure 1.1). OECD high-income
economies have, by a large margin, the
most business-friendly regulatory envi-
ronment on both dimensions. Regions
such as East Asia and the Pacifi c and
the Middle East and North Africa have
relatively e cient regulatory processes
but still lag in the strength of legal insti-
tutions relevant to business regulation.
Good practices around the world provide
insights into how governments have
improved the regulatory environment in
the past in the areas measured by Doing
Business (see table 1.4 at the end of the
executive summary).
WHO NARROWED THE
REGULATORY GAP IN 2011/12?
As refl ected in the ranking on the ease of
doing business, the 10 economies with
the most business-friendly regulation are
Singapore; Hong Kong SAR, China; New
Zealand; the United States; Denmark;
Norway; the United Kingdom; the
Republic of Korea; Georgia; and Australia
(table 1.1). Singapore tops the global rank-
ing for the seventh consecutive year.
A number 1 ranking on the ease of doing
business does not mean that an economy
ranks number 1 across all 10 regulatory
areas included in this aggregate measure.
Indeed, Singapore’s rankings range
from 1 in trading across borders to 36 in
registering property. Its top 3 rankings
(on trading across borders, dealing with
construction permits and protecting
investors) average 2, while its lowest 3
(on registering property, getting credit
and enforcing contracts) average 20.
Similarly, Guatemala’s top 3 (on getting
credit, registering property and getting
electricity) average 22, and its bottom
3 (on paying taxes, protecting investors
and starting a business) average 151. So
while the ease of doing business ranking
is a useful aggregate measure, analysis
based on this measure should also take
into account the dispersion of regulatory
e ciency across the areas measured by
Doing Business (fi gure 1.2).
In the past year 58% of economies cov-
ered by Doing Business implemented at
least 1 institutional or regulatory reform
making it easier to do business in the ar-
eas measured, and 23 undertook reforms
in 3 or more areas. Of these 23 econo-
mies, 10 stand out as having jumped
c.p001-014.indd 2 10/4/12 11:21 AM
[...]... the Doing Business data as a tool and common language to set an agenda for business regulation reform 1 These are reforms for which Doing Business is aware that information provided by the Doing Business report was used in shaping the reform agenda Doing Business respondents Over the past 10 years more than 18,000 professionals in 185 economies have assisted in providing the data that inform the Doing. .. able to increase doingbusiness.org/contributors/ doing- business 52 All background papers are available on the Doing Business website (http://www doingbusiness.org) 53 For more details, see the chapter on the ease of doing business and distance to frontier 54 A technical note on the different aggregation and weighting methods is available on the Doing Business website (http://www.doingbusiness.org) 25... improve on regulations that protect investor and property rights Many also tend to streamline existing regulations and prune outdated ones One finding of Doing Business is that dynamic and growing economies continually reform and update their business regulations and the implementation of those regulations, while many poor economies still work with regulatory systems dating to the late 1800s For reform-minded... aggregate ranking on the ease of doing business Figure is for illustrative purposes only; it does not include all 185 economies covered by this year’s report See the country tables for rankings on the ease of doing business and each Doing Business topic for all economies Source: Doing Business database for company incorporation Sri Lanka computerized and expedited the process for registering employees Burundi... 0 -3 -2 -1 0 Years before reform 1 2 3 Years after reform Note: All 6 economies implemented a reform making it easier to start a business as measured by Doing Business The reform year varies by economy and is represented by the vertical line in the figure For Bangladesh and Rwanda it is 2009; for Chile, 2011; for Kenya, 2007; for Morocco, 2006; and for Sweden, 2010 Source: World Bank Group Entrepreneurship... METHODOLOGY AND DATA The Doing Business data are based on domestic laws and regulations as well as administrative requirements The data cover 185 economies—including small economies and some of the poorest economies, for which little or no data are available in other data sets (For a detailed explanation of the Doing Business methodology, see the data notes.) ABOUT DOING BUSINESS: MEASURING FOR IMPACT... USED DOING BUSINESS IN REGULATORY REFORM PROGRAMS To ensure the coordination of efforts across agencies, such economies as Brunei Darussalam, Colombia and Rwanda have formed regulatory reform committees, reporting directly to the president These committees use the Doing Business indicators as one input to inform their programs for improving the business environment More than 35 other economies have formed... topics and 185 economies 16 DOING BUSINESS 2013 Ten topics are included in the aggregate ranking on the ease of doing business, and 9 in the distance to frontier measure.4 The project has benefited from feedback from governments, academics, practitioners and reviewers.5 The initial goal remains: to provide an objective basis for understanding and improving the regulatory environment for business WHAT DOING. .. economies reforming business regulation in 2011/12 Share of economies with at least 2 Doing Business reforms making it easier to do business (%) reforms on average and those in East Asia and the Pacific, Latin America and the Caribbean and South Asia about 8 With its faster pace of improvement, 100 98 89 88 88 100 Eastern Europe and Central Asia overtook 88 East Asia and the Pacific as the second most business- friendly... to the formal sector ness form in many economies around The Doing Business indicators assume the world Second, this choice reflects that entrepreneurs have knowledge of the focus of Doing Business on expand- and comply with applicable regulations ing opportunities for entrepreneurship: In practice, entrepreneurs may not know BOX 2.1 COMPARING REGULATIONS AT THE LOCAL LEVEL: SUBNATIONAL DOING BUSINESS . CORPORATION
COMPARING BUSINESS REGULATIONS FOR DOMESTIC FIRMS IN 185 ECONOMIES
2013
Smarter Regulations for
Small and Medium-Size Enterprises
c.i-vi.indd. cite the work as follows: World Bank. 2013. Doing Business 2013: Smarter Regulations for
Small and Medium-Size Enterprises. Washington, DC: World Bank Group.
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