www.it-ebooks.info Scott Murray Interactive Data Visualization for the Web www.it-ebooks.info ISBN: 978-1-449-33973-9 [?] Interactive Data Visualization for the Web by Scott Murray Copyright © 2010 Scott Murray. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. Published by O’Reilly Media, Inc., 1005 Gravenstein Highway North, Sebastopol, CA 95472. O’Reilly books may be purchased for educational, business, or sales promotional use. Online editions are also available for most titles (http://my.safaribooksonline.com). For more information, contact our corporate/ institutional sales department: 800-998-9938 or corporate@oreilly.com. Editor: Meghan Blanchette Production Editor: Copyeditor: Proofreader: FIX ME! Indexer: Cover Designer: Karen Montgomery Interior Designer: David Futato Illustrator: Robert Romano March 2013: First Edition Revision History for the First Edition: 2012-11-20 Early Release Version 1 See http://oreilly.com/catalog/errata.csp?isbn=9781449339739 for release details. Nutshell Handbook, the Nutshell Handbook logo, and the O’Reilly logo are registered trademarks of O’Reilly Media, Inc. !!FILL THIS IN!! and related trade dress are trademarks of O’Reilly Media, Inc. Many of the designations used by manufacturers and sellers to distinguish their products are claimed as trademarks. Where those designations appear in this book, and O’Reilly Media, Inc., was aware of a trade‐ mark claim, the designations have been printed in caps or initial caps. While every precaution has been taken in the preparation of this book, the publisher and authors assume no responsibility for errors or omissions, or for damages resulting from the use of the information contained herein. www.it-ebooks.info Table of Contents Preface. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vii 1. Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Why data visualization? 1 Why write code? 2 Why interactive? 2 Why on the web? 3 What This Book Is 3 Who You Are 4 What This Book Is Not 5 Using Sample Code 5 Thank You 6 2. Introducing D3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 What it Does 7 What it Doesn’t Do 8 Origins and Context 9 Alternatives 10 Easy Charts 10 Graph Visualizations 11 Geomapping 11 Almost From Scratch 11 Three-Dimensional 12 Tools built on D3 12 3. Technology Fundamentals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 The Web 13 HTML 15 Content + Structure 16 Adding Structure with Tags 17 iii www.it-ebooks.info Common Tags 17 Attributes 19 Classes and IDs 19 Comments 20 DOM 21 Developer Tools 21 Rendering and the Box Model 23 CSS 24 Selectors 25 Properties and Values 26 Comments 27 Referencing Styles 27 Inheritance, Cascading, and Specificity 29 JavaScript 30 Hello, Console 31 Variables 31 Mathematical Operators 36 Comparison Operators 37 Control Structures 37 Functions 39 Comments 40 Referencing Scripts 40 JavaScript Gotchas 41 SVG 45 The SVG Element 45 Simple Shapes 46 Styling SVG Elements 48 Layering and Drawing Order 50 Transparency 50 A Note on Compatibility 53 4. Setup. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 Downloading D3 55 Referencing D3 56 Setting up a Web Server 57 1. MAMP, WAMP, & LAMP 57 2. Terminal + Python 58 Diving In 58 5. Data. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 Generating Page Elements 59 Chaining Methods 61 iv | Table of Contents www.it-ebooks.info One Link at a Time 61 The Hand-off 62 Going Chainless 62 Binding data 62 In a Bind 63 Data 63 Please Make Your Selection 66 Bound and Determined 67 Using your data 69 High-functioning 70 Data Wants to be Held 71 Beyond Text 72 6. Drawing with Data. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 Drawing divs 75 Setting Attributes 76 A Note on Classes 77 Back to the Bars 77 Setting Styles 78 The Power of data() 79 Random Data 81 Drawing SVGs 83 Create the SVG 83 Data-driven Shapes 84 Pretty Colors, Oooh! 86 Making a Bar Chart 86 The Old Chart 87 The New Chart 87 Color 93 Labels 94 Making a Scatterplot 97 The Data 97 The Scatterplot 98 Size 99 Labels 100 Next Steps 101 7. Scales. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 Apples and Pixels 103 Domains and Ranges 104 Normalization 105 Creating a Scale 105 Table of Contents | v www.it-ebooks.info Scaling the Scatterplot 106 d3.min() and d3.max() 106 Seting up Dynamic Scales 107 Incorporating Scaled Values 108 Refining the Plot 109 Other Methods 112 Other Scales 113 8. Axes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115 Introducing Axes 116 Setting up an Axis 116 Cleaning it Up 118 Check for Ticks 121 Y Not? 122 Final Touches 124 Formatting Tick Labels 126 9. Updates, Transitions, and Motion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129 Modernizing the Bar Chart 129 Ordinal Scales, Explained 130 Round Bands Are All the Range These Days 132 Referencing the Ordinal Scale 133 Other Updates 133 Updating Data 133 Interaction via Event Listeners 134 Changing the Data 135 Updating the Visuals 136 Transitions 139 duration(), or How Long is This Going to Take? 140 ease()-y Does It 141 Please Do Not delay() 142 Randomizing the Data 144 Updating Scales 146 Updating Axes 149 each() Transition Starts and Ends 150 Other Kinds of Data Updates 158 Adding Values (and Elements) 158 Removing Values (and Elements) 163 Data Joins With Keys 167 Add and Remove: Combo Platter 173 Recap 174 vi | Table of Contents www.it-ebooks.info Preface Conventions Used in This Book The following typographical conventions are used in this book: Italic Indicates new terms, URLs, email addresses, filenames, and file extensions. Constant width Used for program listings, as well as within paragraphs to refer to program elements such as variable or function names, databases, data types, environment variables, statements, and keywords. Constant width bold Shows commands or other text that should be typed literally by the user. Constant width italic Shows text that should be replaced with user-supplied values or by values deter‐ mined by context. This icon signifies a tip, suggestion, or general note. This icon indicates a warning or caution. vii www.it-ebooks.info Using Code Examples This book is here to help you get your job done. In general, you may use the code in this book in your programs and documentation. You do not need to contact us for permis‐ sion unless you’re reproducing a significant portion of the code. For example, writing a program that uses several chunks of code from this book does not require permission. Selling or distributing a CD-ROM of examples from O’Reilly books does require per‐ mission. Answering a question by citing this book and quoting example code does not require permission. Incorporating a significant amount of example code from this book into your product’s documentation does require permission. We appreciate, but do not require, attribution. An attribution usually includes the title, author, publisher, and ISBN. For example: “Book Title by Some Author (O’Reilly). Copy‐ right 2012 Some Copyright Holder, 978-0-596-xxxx-x.” If you feel your use of code examples falls outside fair use or the permission given above, feel free to contact us at permissions@oreilly.com. Safari® Books Online Safari Books Online is an on-demand digital library that delivers ex‐ pert content in both book and video form from the world’s leading authors in technology and business. Technology professionals, software developers, web designers, and business and creative professionals use Safari Books Online as their primary resource for research, problem solving, learning, and certification training. Safari Books Online offers a range of product mixes and pricing programs for organi‐ zations, government agencies, and individuals. Subscribers have access to thousands of books, training videos, and prepublication manuscripts in one fully searchable database from publishers like O’Reilly Media, Prentice Hall Professional, Addison-Wesley Pro‐ fessional, Microsoft Press, Sams, Que, Peachpit Press, Focal Press, Cisco Press, John Wiley & Sons, Syngress, Morgan Kaufmann, IBM Redbooks, Packt, Adobe Press, FT Press, Apress, Manning, New Riders, McGraw-Hill, Jones & Bartlett, Course Technol‐ ogy, and dozens more. For more information about Safari Books Online, please visit us online. How to Contact Us Please address comments and questions concerning this book to the publisher: O’Reilly Media, Inc. 1005 Gravenstein Highway North Sebastopol, CA 95472 viii | Preface www.it-ebooks.info 800-998-9938 (in the United States or Canada) 707-829-0515 (international or local) 707-829-0104 (fax) We have a web page for this book, where we list errata, examples, and any additional information. You can access this page at http://www.oreilly.com/catalog/<catalog page>. To comment or ask technical questions about this book, send email to bookques tions@oreilly.com. For more information about our books, courses, conferences, and news, see our website at http://www.oreilly.com. Find us on Facebook: http://facebook.com/oreilly Follow us on Twitter: http://twitter.com/oreillymedia Watch us on YouTube: http://www.youtube.com/oreillymedia Acknowledgments Preface | ix www.it-ebooks.info [...]... JavaScript library for creating data visuali‐ zations But that kind of undersells it The abbreviation D3 references the tool’s full name, Data- Driven Documents The da‐ ta is provided by you, and the documents are web- based documents, meaning anything that can be rendered by a web browser, like HTML and SVG D3 does the driving, in the sense that it connects the data to the documents Of course, the name also... www.it-ebooks.info | 17 • — The standard document type declaration Must be the first thing in the document • html — Surrounds all HTML content in a document • head — The document head contains all metadata about the document, such as its title and any references to external stylesheets and scripts • title — The title of the document Browsers typically display this at the top of the browser window,... representations For that reason, data visualization is a powerful exercise Visualizing data is the fastest way to communicate it to others Of course, visualizations, like words, can be used to lie, mislead, or distort the truth But when practiced honestly and with care, the process of visualization can help us see the world in a new way, revealing unexpected patterns and trends in the otherwise-hidden information... same server again, once per file, requesting the additional infor‐ mation 7 The server responds, dispatching each file as needed 8 Finally, all the web documents have been transferred over Now the client performs its most arduous task, which is to render the content It first parses through the HTML, to understand the structure of the content Then it reviews the CSS selectors, applying any properties... interfaces, some visualiza‐ tions can make exploring data feel more like playing a game Interactive visualization can be a great medium for reaching those who don’t consider learning to be a fun task Why on the web? Visualizations aren’t truly visual unless they are seen Getting your work out there for others to see is critical, and publishing on the web is the quickest way to reach a global audience Best... • The domain name of the resource, such as calmingmanatee.com • Any additional locating information, such as the path of the requested file, or any query parameters A complete URL, then, may look like: http://alignedleft.com/tutorials/d3/ Note that the protocol is separated from the domain name by a colon and two forward (regular) slashes Why two slashes? No reason The inventor of the web regrets the. .. doesn’t hide your original data Since D3 code is executed on the client-side (meaning, in the user’s web browser, as opposed to on the web server), the data you want visualized must be sent to the client If your data can’t be shared, then don’t use D3 Alternatives include using proprietary tools (like Flash) or pre-rendering visualizations as static images and sending those to the browser (If you’re not... its website is one of the most beautiful on the Internet, and their demos are unbelievable (Go play with them now.) Raphaël — Another library for drawing vector graphics to canvas Popular due to its friendly syntax and support for older browsers Three-Dimensional D3 is not the best at 3D, simply because web browsers are historically two-dimensional beasts But with increased support for WebGL, there... stands for HyperText Transfer Protocol, and it’s the most common protocol for transferring web content from server to client The “S” on the end of HTTPS stands for Secure HTTPS connections are used whenever information should be encrypted in transit, such as for online banking or e-commerce Let’s briefly step through the process of what happens when a normal person goes to visit a website 1 User runs the. .. acknowledges the connection and is taking requests (“I’ll be here all night.”) 4 The browser sends a request for the page that lives at /tutorials/d3/ 5 The server sends back the HTML content for that page 6 As the client browser receives the HTML, it discovers references to other files needed to assemble and display the entire page, including CSS stylesheets and image files So it contacts the same server . www.it-ebooks.info Scott Murray Interactive Data Visualization for the Web www.it-ebooks.info ISBN: 978-1-449-33973-9 [?] Interactive Data Visualization for the Web by Scott. practices — data visualization, interactive design, and web development — using D3, a powerful tool for custom, web- based visualization. Why on the web? |