Apache Desktop Reference www.apacheref.com Ralf S Engelschall Apache Software Foundation Addison-Wesley Boston San Francisco New York Toronto Montreal London Munich Paris Madrid Capetown Sydney Tokyo Singapore Mexico City ƯÔ  âĐÔ   ă Ư Ư Ô   ă Ư Ô ĂÊ Ă ââĐƠ Papersize: Cropmarks: (US letter) (AWL repro) Many of the designations used by manufacturers and sellers to distinguish their products are claimed as trademarks Where those designations appear in this book, and we were aware of a trademark claim, the designations have been printed in initial capital letters or all capital letters The author and publisher have taken care in preparation of this book, but make no expressed or implied warranty of any kind and assume no responsibility for errors or omissions No liability is assumed for incidental or consequential damages in connection with or arising out of the use of the information or programs contained herein Copyright c 2001 by Addison-Wesley   All rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written consent of the publisher Printed in the United States of America Published simultaneously in Canada First printing, October 2000 Covers Apache version 1.3 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication (CIP) Data: Engelschall, Ralf S Apache desktop reference / Ralf S Engelschall p cm Includes bibliographical references and index ISBN 0-201-60470-1 Apache (Computer file: Apache Group) Web servers Computer programs I Title TK 5105.8885.A63 E54 2000 005.7’13769 dc21 00-059355 Text printed on recycled paper 9CRS03 02 01 00 ƯÔ  âĐÔ   ă Ư Ư Ô   ă Ư Ô ĂÊ Ă ââĐƠ Papersize: Cropmarks: (US letter) (AWL repro) To Daniela, for her patience and loyalty ƯÔ  âĐÔ   ă Ư Ư Ô   ă Ư Ô ĂÊ Ă ââĐƠ Papersize: Cropmarks: (US letter) (AWL repro) ƯÔ  âĐÔ   ă Ư Ư Ô   ă Ư Ô ĂÊ Ă ââĐƠ Papersize: Cropmarks: (US letter) (AWL repro) Contents Foreword ix Preface 1 Introduction 1.1 1.2 History and Evolution 1.1.1 The Internet 1.1.2 The Hypertext Concept 1.1.3 The World Wide Web The Apache Group 1.2.1 A Group of Volunteers 1.2.2 The Apache HTTP Server Project 1.2.3 The Apache Software Foundation Apache Functionality Apache Architecture Apache Kernel Functionality Apache Module Functionality 2.3.1 Core Functionality 2.3.2 URL Mapping 2.3.3 Access Control 2.3.4 User Authentication 2.3.5 Content Selection 2.3.6 Environment Creation 2.3.7 Server-Side Scripting 2.3.8 Response Header Generation 2.3.9 Internal Content Handlers 2.3.10 Request Logging 2.3.11 Experimental 2.3.12 Extensional Functionality 17 Papersize: Cropmarks: 17 19 20 20 22 24 24 26 27 28 29 31 32 33 34 ƯÔ  âĐÔ   ă Ư Ư Ô   ă Ư Ô ĂÊ Ă ââĐƠ 2.1 2.2 2.3 5 11 11 12 14 (US letter) (AWL repro) vi Contents Building Apache 3.1 3.2 3.3 37 Sample Step-by-Step Installation 3.1.1 File System Preparation 3.1.2 Obtaining the Source Distribution 3.1.3 Package Prerequisites 3.1.4 Configuring the Apache Source Tree 3.1.5 Building and Installing Apache Configuration Reference 3.2.1 Configuration Variables 3.2.2 General Options 3.2.3 Stand-alone Options 3.2.4 Installation Layout Options 3.2.5 Build Options 3.2.6 suEXEC Options Configuration Special Topics 3.3.1 Shadow Source Trees 3.3.2 On-the-Fly Addition of Third-Party Modules 3.3.3 Module Order and Permutations Configuring Apache 4.2 4.3 59 Configuration Terminology 4.1.1 Resource Identifiers 4.1.2 Pattern Matching Notations Configuration Structure 4.2.1 Configuration Files 4.2.2 Configuration Grammar 4.2.3 Configuration Contexts 4.2.4 Context Nesting 4.2.5 Context Dependencies and Implications 4.2.6 Context Merging and Inheritance Configuration Reference 4.3.1 Core Functionality 4.3.2 URL Mapping 4.3.3 Access Control 4.3.4 User Authentication 4.3.5 Content Selection 4.3.6 Environment Creation 4.3.7 Server-Side Scripting 4.3.8 Response Header Generation 4.3.9 Internal Content Handlers 4.3.10 Request Logging 4.3.11 Experimental 4.3.12 Extensional Functionality Papersize: Cropmarks: ƯÔ  âĐÔ   ă Ư Ư Ô   ă Ư Ô ĂÊ Ă ââĐƠ 4.1 37 38 38 39 41 43 44 45 47 48 48 51 55 56 56 56 57 59 59 60 62 62 64 64 66 67 67 68 69 95 104 106 111 114 116 118 124 129 133 134 (US letter) (AWL repro) Contents vii Running Apache 5.1 159 Command-Line Reference 159 5.1.1 Apache Daemon Program 159 5.1.2 Apache Control Program 161 Apache Resources 6.2 6.3 Online Resources 6.1.1 Apache Itself 6.1.2 Apache News 6.1.3 Apache Support 6.1.4 Apache Documentation 6.1.5 Apache Modules Print Resources 6.2.1 Apache Developer Books 6.2.2 Apache User Books Apache-Related Standards 6.3.1 Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) 6.3.2 Uniform Resource Identifier (URI) 6.3.3 Other Important Standards Index 163 164 164 166 166 167 168 168 169 171 171 172 172 173 Papersize: Cropmarks: ƯÔ  âĐÔ   ă Ư Ư Ô   ă Ư Ô ĂÊ Ă ââĐƠ 6.1 163 (US letter) (AWL repro) ƯÔ  âĐÔ   ă Ư Ư Ô   ă Ư Ô ĂÊ Ă ââĐƠ Papersize: Cropmarks: (US letter) (AWL repro) Foreword Flexibility W hen we created the Apache project five years ago, our goal was to ensure that the server-side of the Web would never be dominated by the proprietary interests of any single company To the Apache Group, the Web is more than just a network-based application; it is the means for people to communicate across geographical and political boundaries, to cooperate in the sharing of information, and to collaborate in the creation of new works of the imagination Web servers are the printing presses of the Internet age In order to achieve our goal, we needed more than just another free Web server We needed software that is, in every way, a commercial-grade implementation of the standards that define the Web Any feature that might distinguish one Web server over another must be achievable in Apache, using standard protocols where others might use proprietary extensions, and with the robustness expected of a professional tool At the same time, we also knew that a web server must be a workhorse application — subject to the anarchic nature of the Internet, and yet expected to work 24 hours a day, days a week, 52 weeks a year Being webmasters for our own sites, we knew that the greater the performance requirements, the more emphasis there must be on maintaining a small server “footprint” — the size and complexity of the software executable that acts as the brains of the web server High-performance sites needed the ability to remove any functionality from the server that was not needed for their own resources When Robert Thau designed the module framework that distinguishes the Apache architecture, its purpose was to provide webmasters with the ability to include almost any feature they might want in a web server, and yet so in a way that avoided requiring the same features to be present on every server While keeping the core server simple, the module framework allows each server to be tailored to the specific needs of the site it serves Flexibility ƯÔ  âĐÔ   ă Ư Ư Ô   ă Ư Ô ĂÊ Ă ââĐƠ Papersize: Cropmarks: (US letter) (AWL repro) x Foreword However, flexibility doesn’t come without cost In order to properly configure and run an Apache server, a webmaster needs to be familiar with the hundreds of feature modules that are available Furthermore, each module can define its own set of configuration directives for controlling its behavior and that of the server as a whole Without a guide, even us core server developers would get lost in the maze of optional features that make Apache work so well across so many different sites What Ralf has provided, in the form of this desktop reference, is a complete guide to the features and configuration information needed to run Apache as a robust, flexible, and high-performance web server As one of the core developers, Ralf provides a level of insight regarding the innerworkings of Apache that you won’t find in a typical user manual This is the kind of book that you want located next to every server console As you work with the Apache software, remember that all of this has been accomplished by a volunteer community of software developers collaborating across the Internet Open source is shared custom software — it only comes about when individuals have the foresight to share what they with the rest of the world The Apache Software Foundation supports a number of open-source software projects related to Web technology, including the HTTP server project, and welcomes anyone with a desire to contribute toward the future of Apache — Roy T Fielding, July 2000, Irvine, California ƯÔ  âĐÔ   ă Ư Ư Ô   ă Ư Ô ĂÊ Ă ââĐƠ Papersize: Cropmarks: (US letter) (AWL repro) 6.2 Print Resources 169 ISBN: 1-56592-567-X Language: English Pages: 725 Apache Server Commentary (1st ed.) Authors: Greg Holden, Matthew Keller, Nick Wells Published by: The Coriolis Group, 1999 Companion web site: none ISBN: 1-57610-468-0 Language: English Pages: 592 6.2.2 Apache User Books The following books are intended mainly for users References to more (especially older) books of this type can be found under   ă âă ă   ĂƠăĂƯ Ư  Đ Ô Ô  Ư "â Đ Ô Ă Ă Ă   ă ââ Ê  Ô AĂ Đ ă Ô Ă Ô  Apache Pocket Reference (1st ed.) Author: Andrew Ford Published by: O’Reilly & Associates, 2000 Companion web site: none ISBN: 1-56592-706-0 Language: English Pages: 108 Apache Desktop Reference (1st ed.) Author: Ralf S Engelschall Published by: Addison-Wesley, 2000 Companion web site: ISBN: 0-201-60470-1 Language: English Pages: 180 Ô Đ BAâ ă âă ă  ƯƠÊĂƯ â  Ă Đ     Đ  Ô Ô Ư Apache Server Unleashed (1st ed.) Authors: Bowen, Coar, Grip-Jansson, Kozlov, Tunon, Marlowe ˜ Published by: Sams Publishing, 2000 Companion web site: ISBN: 0-672-31808-3 Language: English Pages: 656 Ô  Ă Đ  Ô  Ơ  ă âƯƠÊĂƯ â   ă Ê  ă Ô Ô Ư Apache Web-Server (3rd ed.) Author: Lars Eilebrecht Published by: MITP-Verlag GmbH, 2000 ƯÔ  âĐÔ   ă Ư Ư Ô   ă Ư Ô ĂÊ Ă ââĐƠ Papersize: Cropmarks: (US letter) (AWL repro) 170 Chapter 6: Apache Resources Companion web site: none ISBN: 3-8266-0612-4 Language: German Pages: 600 Apache Administrator’s Handbook (1st ed.) Author: Mohammed J Kabir Published by: IDG Books Worldwide, 1999 Companion web site: none ISBN: 0-7645-3306-1 Language: English Pages: 550 Apache — The Definitive Guide (2nd ed.) Authors: Ben Laurie, Peter Laurie Published by: O’Reilly & Associates, 1999 Companion web site: none ISBN: 1-56592-528-9 (en), 3-89721-127-0 (de) Language: English or German Pages: 370 Professional Apache (1st ed.) Authors: P Wainwright, L Eilebrecht, A Halberstadt, B Moon Published by: Wrox Press Ltd., 1999 Companion web site: none ISBN: 1-861003-02-1 Language: English Pages: 800 Apache Server for Dummies (1st ed.) Author: Ken Coar Published by: IDG Books Worldwide, 1998 Companion web site: ISBN: 0-7645-0291-3 Language: English Pages: 350 Ô Ă Bâ ÔAâÔ  Đ  Ê   ƯÔ  âĐÔ   ă Ư Ư Ô   ă Ư Ô ĂÊ Ă ââĐƠ   ă âƯƠăĂâ ă Ô Ô Ư ¦ Papersize: Cropmarks: (US letter) (AWL repro) 6.3 Apache-Related Standards 171 6.3 Apache-Related Standards The third resource for Apache are the related protocol and system standards 6.3.1 Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) The Hypertext Transfer Protocol is the workhorse of the World Wide Web You can find general information about HTTP at the home of the IETF Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) Working Group on The most important references are provided here Ô    Ơ )Đ ƠƠ Đ  ă  ƯƠăAƯ â Ô Đ  Ô Ô Ư Ô ĂƯ Ư  Ô   Ô Ă Ơ  Ư Hypertext Transfer Protocol, Version 0.9 (HTTP/0.9) The original HTTP version as defined in 1991 by the World Wide Web initiative prototype software and extended in 1992 This version is still supported by Apache but its use has been strongly deprecated ¦ ¡   â Đ Ê $  ă( Ô $ ăă( AÔ Đ Ă Ư Ă  $ ¤ ¤ A¡ §    ¤ §   Ă   Ư  B Ư Ê     Ô Ê Ô $ ăă( AÔ Đ Ă Ư Ă  $ Ô Ô AĂ Đ   Ô  ă  ƯƠăAƯ â Đ  Ô Ô Ư  ă  ƯƠăAƯ â Đ  Ô Ô Ư Hypertext Transfer Protocol, Version 1.0 (HTTP/1.0) The first really standardized and complete HTTP version as defined in 1996 as Request For Comments (RFC) 1945 This version, which is fully supported by Apache, is the version used by most browsers ¦ Ư Ư Đ ÂĂ" ĂââÔ ƯĂ Ê   Ô  Ư Ă Ê  Ơ )Đ â ăAAƯƠÊĂ Ô    Ô Đ Ư  Ô Ô Ư Hypertext Transfer Protocol, Version 1.1 (HTTP/1.1) The third generation of HTTP as defined in 1997 as RFC (p.171) 2068 and updated in 1999 by RFC (p.171) 2616 This version is fully supported by Apache when acting as an origin server (the usual case), but only partially supported when acting as a proxy server This HTTP version is not fully supported by all browsers Ư Ư ƯĐ   Ư Ư Ư Đ ! Â Ê Ê ĂââÔ ƯĂ Ê   Ô  Ư ĂââÔ ƯĂ Ê   Ô  Ư Ê  Ơ )Đ â ăAAƯƠÊĂ Ô    Ô Đ Ư  Ô Ô Ư Ê  Ơ )Đ â ăAAƯƠÊĂ Ô    Ô Đ Ư  Ô Ô Ư Use and Interpretation of HTTP Version Numbers An informational RFC that describes the proper use and interpretation of HTTP version numbers in HTTP request and response messages The â $   $ ÊƠÂÔ Ơ'% original design of Apache’s proxy module ( ) doesn’t allow the implementation of some HTTP/1.1 features like Keep-Alive connections Also, to fulfil the proxy-related caching requirements of HTTP/1.1, much programming effort would be needed, which isn’t reasonable Thus, for Apache 2.0, a complete rewrite of the proxy module is a must Current browsers usually support HTTP/1.0 with a few extensions borrowed from HTTP/1.1, like the header They usually not support the full HTTP/1.1 protocol Ă ( $ Âă ƯÔ  âĐÔ   ă Ư Ư Ô   ă Ư Ô ĂÊ Ă ââĐƠ Papersize: Cropmarks: (US letter) (AWL repro) ƯÔ  âĐÔ   ă Ư Ư Ô   ă Ư Ô ĂÊ Ă ââĐƠ Papersize: Cropmarks: (US letter) (AWL repro) ¦¦ ¦¦ ¦¦ ¦¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ § ¡ " ¦ § ¡ ¦ § ¡  ¦ § ¡  ¦ § ¡¡   Ô  Ư    Ô Đ Ư  Ô Ô Ư Â Ê Ưâ"Ô ÂĂ Ê Ê  Ô Ơ )Đ â ăĂâƯƠăĂ   Ô  Ư    Ô Đ Ư  Ô Ô Ư Â Ê Ưâ"Ô ÂĂ Ê Ê  Ô Ơ )Đ â ăĂâƯƠăĂ   Ô  Ư    Ô Đ Ư  Ô Ô Ư Â Ê Ưâ"Ô ÂĂ Ê Ê  Ô Ơ )Đ â ăĂâƯƠăĂ   Ô  Ư    Ô Đ Ư  Ô Ô Ư Â Ê Ưâ"Ô ÂĂ Ê Ê  Ô Ơ )Đ â ăĂâƯƠăĂ   Ô  Ư    Ô Đ Ư  Ô Ô Ư Â Ê Ưâ"Ô ÂĂ Ê Ê  Ô Ơ )Đ â ăĂâƯƠăĂ Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions (MIME) The MIME standard describes the format of Internet message bodies It is related to Apache in that HTTP request and response messages use MIME format for representing at least the headers Ư Ư Ư Đ Ê  Ư Ô Ô  ĐââƯ Ô "Ô ÂĂ Ê Ô  Ư Ê  Ô Ơ )Đ â ăĂâƯƠăĂ    Ô Đ Ư  Ô Ô Ư Ô  Đ Ê Đ Ô AĂ ă Âă  ă   ĂƠăĂƯ Ư  Ô Ô IANA Assigned Numbers Ư Ư Ư Đ Ă  Ê Ê Ưâ"Ô ÂĂ Ê   Ô  Ư Ê  Ô Ơ )Đ â ăĂâƯƠăĂ    Ô Đ Ư  Ô Ô Ư Transport Layer Security, Version 1.0 (TLS/1.0) Ô Ê ă  Ă  Ư  Ô Ă Ơ Ô Ơ 4Đ â Ơ Đ Ô  ă   ĂƠăĂƯ Ư   Ô  Ư    Đ ¤ ¤¢   World Wide Web Distributed Authoring and Versioning (WebDAV)    Ư Ô   Đ ă Ô Đ  Ô Ô  Ư  Đ â ă Ưâ âÊ  " Ô âÔ Ơ  Đ ƠƠ Ơ ÂƠÊ Ă Ă ÂĂ Ă  ĂƠăĂƯ Ư  Common Gateway Protocol, Version 1.1 (CGI/1.1) Other Important Standards Ư Ư Ư Đ Ư Ư Ư Đ 6.3.3 , 1994 , 1995   Ô  Ư    Ô Đ Ư  Ô Ô Ư  Ưâ"Ô ÂĂ Ê Ê  Ô Ơ )Đ â ăĂâƯƠăĂ Relative Uniform Resource Locators   Ô  Ư    Ô Đ Ư  Ô Ô Ư Ưâ"Ô ÂĂ Ê Ê  Ô Ơ )Đ â ăĂâƯƠăĂ  Uniform Resource Locators (URL) Ư Ư Ư Đ "  Ưâ"Ô ÂĂ Ê   Ô  Ư Ê  Ô Ơ )Đ â ăĂâƯƠăĂ    Ô Đ Ư  Ô Ô Ư Uniform Resource Identiers (URI): Generic Syntax , 1998 £   Uniform Resource Identifiers are the addresses of the World Wide Web You can find general information about them at the home of the IETF Uniform Resource Identifiers (URI) Working Group at References to the most prominent variant, the Uniform Resource Locators (URL), are present here ƠƠ Ă Ô   "ƠƠ Ô Ư" Ô  Ư  Ô)Đ âƠƠ Đ Ô  Ê   Ư)ăĂƯ â Ô Ơ    Đ Ô Ô Ư Uniform Resource Identier (URI) Ư Ư Ư Đ ĂĂ Ưâ"Ô ÂĂ Ê   Ô  Ư Ê 6.3.2 Ê  Ô Ơ )Đ â ăĂâƯƠăĂ    Ô Đ Ư  Ô Ô Ư This RFC is a companion to the HTTP standards 172 Chapter 6: Apache Resources Index   Ơ ââÔ    Ă  ă    Ơ ¦¥ ¡    £ £  £ ¦   Ư   Ư   Ư Ê Ơ £ ¥ £ ¥ £ ¥ £ B base name 72 Basic Authentication 76 Basic Authorization 157 Beth Frank 13 Bill Atkinson directive 77, 83 Bob Kahn Brandon Long 13 Brian Behlendorf 13 Brown University Ê Ô Ô  A    Ê  Ơ C   ĂƯ Ơ Ư ă Ô  ă    Ư  ă Ê A âÊ    ¨   directive 138 directive139, 140 directive 137, 138 Papersize: Cropmarks: ƯÔ  âĐÔ   ă Ư Ư Ô   ă Ư Ô ĂÊ Ă ââĐƠ Ư Ă Ă Ư   ă absolute URL 60 directive 75 directive 76 directive 120 directive 125 directive 126 directive 119 directive 75, 77 directive 120 Advanced Research Projects Agency directive 68, 78, 95–97 directive 22, 95, 97 directive 89, 90, 105 directive 28 directive 68, 76 Andries van Dam Andy Lippman directive 107 Apache AutoConf-style Interface37, 41 Apache Autoconf-style Interface Apache Desktop Reference 167 Apache HTTP server project 164 Apache Software Foundation 1, 14, 164, 165 Apache1st 166 Ư Ơ  Ư Ơ A ApacheCon 164 ApacheCon 164 APACI Apple Application Programming Interface 166 Ari Luotonen ARPANET Aspen Movie Map directive 109 directive 106, 110 directive 76, 89 directive 76, 89 directive 76, 89 directive76, 89, 106 Ê â  Ơ Ă Â Ư âƠ  directive 141 directive 141 directive 141 ƯÊ ƠâƯ ƠAĂ âƠ  Ư ă    Ư   Ư ă    Ư ƯÊ ƠâƯ ƠAĂ âƠ Symbols (US letter) (AWL repro)  ă    Ơ Ô â Ê Ô  Ô   ÂĂ Ô â Ê Ê Ô  Ê  ÂĂ ƠƯ Ơ    Ô Ơă Ơ  A Ơ  ÔĂ Ô Ê ă Ê ÂĂ Ô   A  ă Ư     Đ ƯA Ê Ô    Ô   f      ©       ÂĂ  ÂĂ  ÂĂ Ô ă  Ô ă  Ê Ê Ê Ê Ê Ê Ê Ê Ê ă Ê Ô Ă Ê ƠƠ Ơ ĂÂĂ Ê Ê 174 Index ¡ ¢ ¡ ¢ ¢ ¡    Âă Đ AâĐ   â Ư Ô Ă Ư  Ư  ƠâÊ  AâĐ   â  Ă Ư  AâĐ   â  Ă Ư  Ô Ê ƠƠ Ê  Ư  Ô Ê ƠƠ Ê  Ư  Ô Ê ƠƠ Ê  Ư  Ư Ơ âĂ â Ô ă  A  Ơ Ô Ô ƠĂ ƯâÊ  âƠ Ă  Ư ÂĂ Ă Ư âÊ Ư Â Ô ÂĂ Ơâ Ơ Ê Ê  Ư Ư   AĂ Ô  Ơ Ê  Ê Ư   Ư Ơ ƠÊ Ơ Ê  Ô âƠ ă  ÔĂ Ô   Ơ   Ê  Ă â     £  ¡ ©     ă  Aă        Aă   ăâÔƠÔ   Ơ Ư Ô   Ơ   Ơ Ê  ÊƠÂă Ê  ÊƠÂă Ê  ÊƠÂă  ĂƯ      ¡¦       f A¡ Ư   â AĂ Ư  âƠ Ă   Ơ Ơ Ơ Ơ Ơ Ơ Ơ Ă ¡ ¡( ( ¡ ¢ ¡ ¢ ¡    Papersize: Cropmarks: ƯÔ  âĐÔ   ă Ư Ư Ô   ă Ư Ô ĂÊ Ă ââĐƠ  Ô ƠĂ f âĐƠƠ  Ă Ư Ô Ê  ĂÂ Ê Ă â Ơă Ơ Ô Ê ă f Ư Ơ âĂ â Ô ă   Ô Ơă Ơ Ô Ê ă f Ư Ơ âĂ â ă   â Â Ô  Đâă  Ư A Đ    AĂĂ Đ   ââ Ă  Ư  Ă Â Ư  f  ÔĂ ¤ ¥  David Robinson 13 directive 119 directive 119 directive 105 directive 28 Department of Defense directive 66 directive 67 Directive 141 141 141 75 76 120 125 126 119 75, 77 120 68, 78, 95–97 22, 95, 97 89, 90, 105 28 68, 76 107 109 106, 110 76, 89 76, 89 76, 89 76, 89, 106 77, 83 138 139, 140 137, 138 139 75 115, 130, 131 119 119 105 28 66 67 64–68, 71, 72, 75, 80, 119, 120, 145 89 86 65, 67, 71, 72 68, 95 79 79, 84, 87, 156 121, 122 121 125 124 124–126 133 65–68, 72, 145 65, 68, 72, 73 122 128 160 73, 74 74 103 63, 80 127 126     â   ă D AâĐ   â  Ă Ư  AâĐ   â  Ă Ư  AâĐ   â  Ă Ư  Ê  ĂÂƯ Ê ĂÂ â  Ơă ÔÔ Âă f Ư Ơ âĂ â Ô Ơ Ê ă   Ơă ÔÔ Âă f Ư Ơ âĂ â Ô Ơ Ê ă  Ô ƠĂ f Ă ĐƠƠ  Ư Ô ƯĐÔ f  ÔâĐAă  Ơ  Ă Ô     â  ă  Ư Ă Ă Ư  ă   ƠĂƯ Ơ ƠâÔ  ă   Ư ă   Ư  ă Ê â âÊ    ă Ô ¤  ¡ £  £  ¥     Ơ A"Ô Ê âƠ Ê    Ư  A  Ư  âƠ Ê   ă  âƠ Ê  Ư   Ơ ƯƠ â  âƠ Ê Ă  ¦ directive 139 Certificate 153 certificate 153 certificate revocation lists 154 certification authorities 154, 155 cipher suite 153 directive 75 client authentication 154, 155 Cliff Skolnick 13 Command .see Directive Common Log Format 32 Covalent Technologies 166 directive 115, 130, 131 (US letter) (AWL repro)  Ê Ơă Ư  AĂ âƠ Ê âƠ Ê Ư   Ư  Ư  Ê ƠƯă Ư  AĂ âƠ Ê âƠ Ê   Ư  Ư Ô Ă Ê ƠƠ Ơ ĂÂĂ Ê Ê  Đ ƯA Ê   ÂĂ Ê  ÂĂ ă ÂĂ Ê  Ưă Ô Ô ă  Ê Ô ă  Ê  A    Ê  ÔĂ Ô   Ê Ơ  ÔƠă Ơ Ô Ê ă f   £ £ ¢¡      £ ÊÂĂ ƠƯ Ơ Ô  â   £   A     £    ă    Ơ Ô â Ê Ô  Ô   ÊÂĂ ÔÔ â Ê  â  Ơ  Ă Â Ư âƠ  à Index 175 Ô ă  Ô Ă Ư Ă Ă  Ư Âă   ă Ô ă  Ê      ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ © A A A A A      Ư ă â â â â â â â â ƯÂă $  Ưă   ƠƯA &Ê Ưf ăâ  â   Ô  Ư f ăâ Ơ â "Ô ă Ă    Ê Ê Ơ  â Ư   Ê Ê Ơ  â Ư Ê Ê Ơ  â Ư   Ư Ơ â   Ơ    Ư ă   Ơ   Ư ă   Ơ   Ư ă  Ư Âă $ ÂĐƠÂ Ê Ă  Ư ă   â   ƠƯ   ƠƯ   ƠƯ Ă Ê âÔ Ưf Ưf Ưf Ưf Ưf Ư Ê  A A  A ÔƠĂ f f Ô ƠÊ Ă Ơâ  Ư f Ô Ă ă  â âÔ ă  $ Ô Ô ă )f   $  Ơ â f ăâ   Ô    Ô   Ơ Ư â  â Âă Ă Ê Papersize: Cropmarks: ƯÔ  âĐÔ   ă Ư Ư Ô   ă Ư Ô ĂÊ Ă ââĐƠ Ư ¦    f ¦  ¦ A £  $ A £   A £  £ A Ê  Ê A Ê Ư f â  ¦ £ ©   ¦ ©     "  Ô Ư f Ư f Ư f âăâ âăâ âăâ âăâ âăâ âăâ âăâ âăâ âăâ âăâ â ăâ Ê Ă Ơ à f  Ư ă  ă Ô Ê Ă Ơ à f Ư  Ư ă Ê Ă Ơ à f  Ư ă  Ơ Ă Ô Ă   ă   Ơ Ă  ă Ô Ă ă Ơ Â Đ Ê Ư Ô Ê Ư Ô Â Đ Ư  Ơ ĐÔ Ô  Ư Ư     Ê  Ư  Ơ f ĐÔ Ô  Ư Ư    Ư    f  £    £ ©¡    Ư Ơ âA â A  ƠâÊ ă    Ư       ¡f f f f f f ¢ ¢ ¢ Ă Ă Ă â âÊÂă ( Ư Ô  Ơ   Ư ă  Ư Ư Ô Ă $ â $    Ê Ê Ơ Ô ă $ â $ Ô   Ơ Ă Ô â $   â  Ê ă ( ââÔ âă $ Aă  % © $       (   A  Ê ă (  â $   â $ Ê Ê Ơ Ô Ô ă $   A  ÔƠÂ" Ă ƠƯ Ơ Ô ƠÂĂ ƠƯ  Ô Ê  Ô Ê  ƠÂĂ ƠƯ Ê  ÂĂ ƠƯ ƯĐÔ Ă (% ă Ơ  Ă   ă  Ư    Ơ ââĐÔ ă Ô Ư  Ă Ơ â ă Â Ô  Ư   â ă Â Ô Ư  Ơ Ơ A $ Ô ƯĐÔ  Ô  Ư Ư ă Ô Ô âÊ " Ư ă Ô Ư  Ư   ă "AĂ Ơ Ô Ă f Ô Ê Ă Ơ à f  Ư ă Ê Ă Ơ à f  Ư ă Ư    ăă Ư Ă Ô Â Â 142 144 87 69, 83, 87, 93 134 137 136, 137 137 134, 135   ¦ ¡ ¡ 145 134 97 22 76, 89, 109, 110 75 75 78, 98 100 98, 100, 101 98 99 98–100 52, 68, 98, 100, 101, 137 88 89 112 97 116, 117 92 91 87, 92, 93 91 75, 78, 79, 87, 89, 95, 106, 107, 116, 120, 130, 160 144 28, 115, 116, 130 115 157 154, 156 155 153 150, 153 150 153 156 157 153 151 158 157  Ơ Ư  Ư ƠƯ    ă ââÔ  Ư ƠƯ    Ô ƠĂ f  Ư ƠƯ      Ê ƠÔ Ê Ơ  Ư ƠƯ     ÂĂ  Ư ƠƯÂ Ê     âÔ ă Ơ  Ư ƠƯ     Ơ Ư  Ư ƠƯ    Ô Ê  ÂĂ â Ơ Ă Ô  Ê   ÔÊ  ÂĂ â Ơ Ă Ô  Ê    Ơ      ă Ô Đ    Ư Ư   Ư Đ       Ơ Ư  Ư ƠƯ    128 85 66, 73, 89 82 81 69, 77, 83, 87 85 95 73, 74, 95 66 68 65–68, 70, 120, 133, 145 70 65, 68, 70 130 84 85 124 124 133 86 113 68, 76, 86 27 105 144 140, 141 149 145 142 144 (US letter) (AWL repro)  Ơ  Ư Ơâ Ư Ă Ư Ă "Ô AÔ Ư Ô Ô ă $ Ơâ Ê Ư Ă Ô Ô ă $ Ơâ Ư Ă Ô ƯĐÔ Ô  Ư Ơâ  Ơ Ư Ă Ô Ô ă $ Ơâ Ư Ă Ư âĂ    Ơ   Ê Ê Ơ  â â Ư   Ơ   Ư â    $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ 176 Index  ÔÔ   ƠƠ Ă directive 65–68, 72, 145 directive 65, 68, 72, 73 Filevision Firms Apache Software Foundation 164 ApacheCon 164 ApacheCon 164 Netcraft Franklin Roosevelt   ă Ư Ă Ô G Greg Stein 168 H  ă  âă  (        âă  ( Ư Ô Ă % ă Ơ Ư  Ă  (   â AâÔ Ê     AâÔ Ê Ô Ê  ÂĂ Ô Ă  Ê  Ô Ă f A ƠÂă     Ô Ê Ô Ă f A ƠÂă     Ô Ê Ư âƠ Ă     Ư Ê  âÂ"  Ơâ Ă f ăâ   â   ă ÂĂ âÔ Ô  â f ăâ Ê  © 152 155 81, 93 130 87 119 55, 94, 116 102 64, 65, 68, 69, 77, 79, 83, 86, 87, 94, 130, 152 76 directive 64–68, 71, 72, 75, 80, 119, 120, 145 directive 89 directory names 60 directory path 60, 71 directive 86 directive 65, 67, 71, 72 directive 68, 95 domain name 59, 60 Doug MacEachern 20, 167 Douglas C Engelbart Dynamic Shared Object 2, 42 directive 122 directive 128 Henrik F Nielsen Henry Spencer 52 host name 59, 60 HotWired 13 Hypertext Editing System Hypertext Transfer Protocol 171  à   AĂ Đ   â  Ư  ă ( Ư  Ơ  ă Ô AĂ Đ   â Ư  Ư  Ư  Ơ Ê  AĂ Đ   â  Ư  Ư Ă Ă Ư Ă Ư Ê  â "Ơ Ă â Ă Ă Â Ă     J Janet Walker Jim Jagielski 165 Papersize: Cropmarks: ƯÔ  âĐÔ   ă Ư Ư Ô   ă Ư Ô ĂÊ Ă ââĐƠ Ơ Ơ Ơ Fall Joint Computer Conference directive 125 directive 124 directive 124–126 directive 133 file extension 60 file name 60 file path 60 File Retrieval and Editing System  Ơ F IETF Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) Working Group171 IETF Uniform Resource Identifiers (URI) Working Group172 directive 160 directive 73, 74 directive 74 directive 103 directive 63, 80 directive 127 directive .126 directive 128 Internet Protocol  Ư Ơ âA â Ô   ĂƯ ă   Ă  Ơ Ô   ĂƯ  Ô ƠĂ f âĂ Ư   Ư Ê  â "Ơ Ă â âĂ Ư   directive 79 directive 79, 84, 87, 156 directive 121, 122 directive 121 Extended API 46 Ư Ơ ăâĂ â Aâ Ơ Ê    Ư  ÔƠÊ Ă Ơâ Ơ Ê  Ư Ư  AĂ Ô  Ơ Ê Ê Ư    âƠ ƠÊ Ơ ÂÔ âƠ Ê  ă  Ơ Ă ¤    £  ¡ ©     £  ¡ ©    ¡ AĂ Đ   â  Ư  I E (US letter) (AWL repro) Ô Ê ƠƯ  Ê    Ô Ê ƠƯ  Ê    Ô Ê ƠƯ  Ê       Ơ ÔƠÂă Ơ Ê ÔƠÂă Ơ Ê Ê ÔƠÂă Ơ Ă Index 177 âăâ âăâ âăâ âăâ âăâ âăâ âăâ âăâ âăâ âăâ âăâ âăâ â ăâ Ô Ă ă  â âÔ ă    Ư â f ăâ Ư  âÊ "   ă Ô ¥¡ f f        ¥A ¡ f Ê Ă  ÂĐâÔ Ô  â f   Ô  Ư f  Ơ   Ô  Ư f  Ơ Ă Ê â  â Âă Ư f   $ Ô Ô ă )f $ Ô ƠÊ Ă Ơâ f  Ư Ư Ô Đ f  Ơ Ă ĐA  Ô  ă  Ư  â  ă  Ư ÂĂ Ă Ư  ă     ĂƯ Ơ Ơă Ô  ă Ư  ă  Ư  âÊ A âÊ    ă Ô Ô Ă  £ ©£         Ư  Ơ AâÔ Ê âƠ  Ă  âƠ  Ư  ă  âƠ   Ư   Ơ ĂƠ Ă   âƠ  Ư   Ê ƠƯÂă Ư ƠAĂ âƠ Ê âƠ    Ư  Ư Ê ƠƯÂă Ư ƠAĂ âƠ Ê âƠ    Ư  Ư Ô Ơ Ơ"ĂÊ Ă Ê Ă  ĐƠƯâ £   ¢¡         ¢¡ ÂĂ  Ưă ƠÔ Đ Ô ă Ô Đ ă  Ă     ÔĂ Ô   Ơ   ÔƠă Ơ Ô Âă f   Ê Ê    Ă Ê Ă Ơâ   Ô  â   Ư  Ă     ă    Ơ Ô ¤ "      ¤   £ ¡  Ô Ô " â  Ơ Ă Ư Ơ Papersize: Cropmarks: ƯÔ  âĐÔ   ă Ư Ư Ô   ă Ư Ô ĂÊ Ă ââĐƠÂ Â Â Ê Ê Ê Ê Ê  Ê   âƯ Ê Ư  Ơ ĐÔ Ô  Ư Ư    f  Ê  Ư  Ơ f ĐÔ Ô  ¦ ¦    f ¦    f Â Ă Ê  Đ f Ư Ô Ê ÂĂ   à f Ư ă  ƯÂă Ô ÂĂ   à f Ê Ư ă Ê ÂĂ   à f Ư ă  ÔâÔ ă Ă f Ơ  Ă    Ơ ă Ă f  ă Ơ Ê  Đ f Ư Ô ÔƠĂ Â Â Ư    Âăă Ư ¢ ¡ ¡ ¢ £¢¡  ¢  ¡ f ¦ ă Ê ÂĂ   à f Ư ă Ô Ô Ê Ê Ê Ê ă Ê Ê Ê Ê £ £ £ £           ¥ Ă Ă Ư ă   Ơ"âĂ Ơ ƠĂ f ¤ £ £ ¡ Mark J Cox 165 directive 84 directive85 McCool 10 directive 124 directive 124 directive 133 mod rewrite 78, 98 100 98, 100, 101 98 99 98–100 52, 68, 98, 100, 101, 137 mod ssl 157 154, 156  ¦f  ¦f  ¦f  ¦f   ¦f M ¦ £ directive 66, 73, 89 directive 82 directive 81 Lincoln Stein 20 directive 69, 77, 83, 87 directive 85 directive 95 directive 73, 74, 95 directive 66 directive 68 directive .65–68, 70, 120, 133, 145 directive 70 directive 65, 68, 70 lock file 151 directive 130    A A  A L 155 153 150, 153 150 153 156 157 153 151 158 157 152 155 mod UNKNOWN 141 141 141 75 76 120 125 126 119 75, 77 120 68, 78, 95–97 22, 95, 97 89, 90, 105 28 68, 76 107 109 106, 110 76, 89 76, 89 76, 89 76, 89, 106 77, 83 138 139, 140 137, 138 139 75   â   ƠƯ   ƠƯ   ƠƯ Ă Ê âÔ Keep-Alive connections 171 directive 85   Ư Ơ â   Ơ    Ư ă   Ư ă  Ơ    Ơ   Ư ă  Ư Âă $ ÂĐƠÂ Ê Ă  Ư ă K (US letter) (AWL repro)    Ư  Ơ Ư  A $ Ô ĐÔ Ô  Ư Ơă Ô Ô âÂ" Ơă Ô Ư Ê  Ư   Ơ âă ĐÔ Ô Ư  Ư Ơ â ă  Ô Ư   â ă  Ô Ư  Ơ âă Ô ƠĂ  Ê ƠÔ Ê  ÂĂ Ê âÔ ă  Ơ ¦ ¦  ¦ ¥      Ơ  Ư Ơ  Ư Ư  Ư Ô  Ư f  Ư Ơ  Ư  ¦ ¥  ¥  ¥  ¥    Ơ Ư  Ư  Ư  Ư   Âă  Ư ă Ư   $   ƠƯ â &Ê Ăf ăâ â  ƠÔ  Ư f ăâ   Ơ â Ư 178 Index ÊÂĐƠ à f Ă  Ư ă Ê Ă  Ư ă ÂĐƠ à f Ô Â AĂ Ư   â   AĂ Ư   â   AĂ ¦     ©     £  ĂÂ Ê ĂÂ â  Ơă Ơ Ô Âă f Ư Ơ âĂ â Ô Ê ă   Ơă Ơ Ô Âă f Ư Ơ âĂ â Ô Ê ă  Ô ƠĂ f  Ă ĐƠƠ Ư Ô Ă Ă 133, 145 68 65–68, 70, 120,   ă Ư 70 65, 68, 70 130 84 85 124 124 133 86 113 68, 76, 86 27 105 144 140, 141 149 145 142 144 â  Ê ă ( Ư Ô Ô  Ư ă  Ư ĐÔ Ă $ A $  Ơ  Ư  Ê Ê Ơ Ô Ô ă $ A $   ÔĂ Ô A $ Ơ   A âÊ ă ( AâÔ Aă $ A % A $        ă (   â  Âă (  A $ £     A $ £ £ ¥ Ô Ô ă $    Aâ ÔƠÂ" Ê  Ư Ă ƠƯ Ơ Ô Ô ÂĂ Ơâ Ô ÂĂ Ơâ Ê  Ư Ê  Ư ÂĂ Ơâ ƯĐÔ Ă (ă ă Ơ Ư   Ă  ă     Ơ âă Ô Ô Ư  ƯƠ â ă Ô   Ư    â ă Ô Ư     A $ Ô ƯĐÔ Ơ   Ư ƠâÔ  Ư ă Ô â  ƠâÔ Ư Ê Ư ă Ư ă  Ơ AĂ Ơ ƠĂ f Ô Ô ÊÂĐƠ à f Ă  Ư ă Ê Ă  Ư ă ÂĐƠ à f Ư    ăă Ư Ă Ô Â Ă Â Â 142 144 87 69, 83, 87, 93 134 137 136, 137 137 134, 135 134 97 22 76, 89, 109, 110 75 75 88 89 112 97   âÔ A  Ô  Ô   à $ $ ƯÔ  âĐÔ   ă Ư Ư Ô   ă Ư Ô ĂÊ Ă ââĐƠ à  ƯâĐ AĂ Ư   â ă Ô   ¦ ¥ £      A¡ ¦     â AĂ Ư   â   Ê ÂĂ   à f Ư ă  ÔâÔ ă Ă Ơ  Ă    Ơ ă Ă  Ô ƠĂ ă Ơ Ê  Đ Ư Ô Ê  Đ Ư Ô Ư  Ơ ĐÔ Ô  Ư Ư     Ê  f ĐÔ Ô  Ư Ư    Ư  Ơ Ư    f  Ê  Ê âƯ  Ư Ơ ăâĂ â Aâ Ơ Ê     Ư  Ô ƠÊ Ă Ơâ Ơ Ê  Ư Ư    Ê AĂ Ô  Ơ Ê Ư    âƠ ƠÊ Ơ ÂÔ âƠ Ê  ă  Ơ Ă Ô     £  ¡ ©     £  Ă â     ă  âă         âă   ă Ô Ô   Ơ Ư Ô   Ơ   Ơ Ô Ê  Ơ Ê  ÊƠÂă Ư  Ê Ô Ê  Ơ Ê  ÊƠÂă Ư  Ê Ô Ê  Ơ Ê  ÊƠÂă Ư  Ê Ư Ơ ă Ă â ¤ ¡¦       ¡     Ơ Ô ĂƯ    Ô ƠĂ f AĂ Ư   Ưâ âƠ Ă â A¡ ¦ £    ¦ ¡ ¡ ¦ â âƠ Ă Ư Ê  Ă â Ơ ¥ ¥ ¥ ¥ ¥ ¥ ¢ ¢ ¢ $ ¡ ¡ ¡( ( ¢ $ ¡ ¢ $ ¡ ¢ $ $ $ $ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ Ư Ư Ă Â â â â Papersize: Cropmarks: Ô Ă Â 145 Ô ă  Ê â Ơ Ư  Ư  â Ơ "Ơă  Ô  Ư Ư    f  Ê   Ă ÂĂ â Ơ ÂÔ  ÂĂ â Ơ ÂÔ  Ê   Ă    Ơ Ô  ă ĐĐ    Ư Ô Ư   Ư Đ       Ơ Ư Ư Ơ      Ơ Ư ƠĂ  Ư Ă  Ư Ê  Ư Ô Ô ă $ ƠĂ  Ư Ô Ô ă $ ƠĂ  Ư Ư Ô Ô  Ư ƠĂ   Ơ Ư Ô Ô ă $ ƠĂ  Ư Ư AĂ    Ơ Đ  Ê Ê Ơ  â A Ư   Ô  Ư A   ¥  115, 130, 131 119 119 105 28 66 67 64–68, 71, 72, 75, 80, 119, 120, 145 89 86 65, 67, 71, 72 68, 95 79 79, 84, 87, 156 121, 122 121 125 124 124–126 133 65–68, 72, 145 65, 68, 72, 73 122 128 160 73, 74 74 103 63, 80 127 126 128 85 66, 73, 89 82 81 69, 77, 83, 87 85 95 73, 74, 95 66 (US letter) (AWL repro)   ¡       ¢   ¢ ¡f f f f f ¡ f Index 179 ©    ÊÂă ( Ư Ô ƠÔ  Ư ă  Ư Ư Ô Ă $ â $   Ê Ê Ơ Ô ă $ â $ Ô   Ơ Ă Ô â $   Ư  â $ Ê Ê Ơ  â â $ Ư   Ơ     Persons Andries van Dam Andy Lippman Ari Luotonen Aspen Movie Map Beth Frank 13 Bill Atkinson Bob Kahn Brandon Long 13 Brian Behlendorf 13 Cliff Skolnick 13 David Robinson 13 Doug MacEachern 20, 167 Douglas C Engelbart Franklin Roosevelt Greg Stein 168 Henrik F Nielsen Henry Spencer 52 Janet Walker Jim Jagielski 165 Lincoln Stein 20 Mark J Cox 165 McCool 10 Norman Meyrowitz Ralf S Engelschall 168 Randy Terbush 167 Rasmus Lerdorf .168 Rob Hartill 11, 13 Rob McCool 13 Robert McCool Robert Thau 13 Roy T Fielding 11, 12 Papersize: Cropmarks: ƯÔ  âĐÔ   ă Ư Ư Ô   ă Ư Ô ĂÊ Ă ââĐƠ â â â Ư ĐÔ Ă ă ă Ơ Ư   Ă (   â A"Ô     A"Ô ¤   £ ¡   ¤ A     Ô ƠĂ f â"ƠÂâ    Ô Ê ă ÔƠĂ f â"ƠÂâ    Ô Ê ă Ư âƠ Ă     âÔ ă Ă    Ê Ê Ơ  Ư  Ư  Ê Ê Ơ Â Ê Ê Ơ  Ư â â â â    Ă ă ( Ư  Ơ Ư ĐÔ Ă % ă Ơ ¦   ( £ £ ¢      Ă  ă   Ô Â"   Ă  Ư Ơ Ô    Aâ ÔƠÊ Ă Ơâ  Ư Ô ƠÊ Ă Ơâ  Ư Ê Ă Ơâ  Ư Part see Module pass phrase 150, 153 $ P directive 144 directive 140, 141 directive .149 directive 145 directive 142 directive 144 directive 145 directive 142 directive 144 A  Ê ă ( â Ofce of Scientic Research and Development OpenSSL 151–153 directive 113 directive 68, 76, 86 directive.27 directive 105 Organic Online 13 ¡$ © £ ©  £ ©  £ ©  £ â  Ê â    Ơ O  Ư Ă Ă  Ư A  Ư ă $ A   ă  A   Ô ă    £ A  £    £ A  Ô ƠĂ f â Ư directive 86 NCSA HTTP Server 63 Netcraft Network Control Protocol NLS Norman Meyrowitz $ N AâÔ âă $ Aă  % â  (  A   Ê ă (  â  â $ Ê Ê Ơ Ô Ô ¨ 116, 117 92 91 87, 92, 93 91 75, 78, 79, 87, 89, 95, 106, 107, 116, 120, 130, 160 144 28, 115, 116, 130 115 81, 93 130 87 119 55, 94, 116 102 64, 65, 68, 69, 77, 79, 83, 86, 87, 94, 130, 152 76 (US letter) (AWL repro) 180 Index Ư S  Ơă â ¤  ¦ directive 89 scheme 60 directive 112 directive 97 directive 116, 117 server root .62, 99, 156 Server-Side Includes 29 directive 92 directive 91 directive 87, 92, 93 directive 91 directive75, 78, 79, 87, 89, 95, 106, 107, 116, 120, 130, 160 session cache 151, 152 directive 144 directive 28, 115, 116, 130 directive 115 directive 157 directive154, 156 directive155 directive153 directive150, 153 directive 150 directive 153 directive 156 directive 157 directive153 directive 151 directive 158 directive 157 Ô ƠĂ f Ư Ơ â  Ô ă  Ê Ư Ơ â  Ư Ơ â  Ư Ă Ă Ư â   Ư ă $ â   ă  â   Ô ă  Ê â  Ê    £ ©  £ A ©  £ A ©  £ A ©  £ A ©  £ A ©    £ £ Ơ  â Ư Ê Ê Ơ  â Ư  Ư ă    $ Ưă ƠƯ A ĂÊ Ăf ăâ â  Ô  Ư f ăâ   Ơ â  âÔ ă Ă    Ê Ê Ơ  â Ư  Ư ă   â  Ơ    ƠƯ â Ăf ăâ  Ư ă   â  Ơ    ƠƯ â Ăf ăâ  Ư Âă $ ÂĂ Ơă Ă Ô Ư Ê Ăf ăâ Ê  Ư Ê â   Ơ     ƠƯ â Ăf ăâ Ư ă   â   Ơ â f ăâ  Ô  Ư f  Ô  Ư f   Ơ   Ư  Ă â â Ê ă Ư f Ô Ă ăĐ â âÔ â $ Ô Ô ă Ưf  ă  $ Ô Ê  ƠÂĂ ƠƯ f Ô Ă 'f f  Ư Ơ â A C Ăf   Papersize: Cropmarks: ƯÔ  âĐÔ   ă Ư Ư Ô   ă Ư Ô ĂÊ Ă ââĐƠ âăâ âăâ âăâ âăâ âăâ âăâ â ăâ Ư AĂ $    Ơ Đ $   ƯÂƠ Ư Ă  "Ô A Ô Ư Ô Ô ă $ Ê Ô Ô ă $ Ô ƯĐÔ  Ô  Ư Ơ Ô Ô ă $  $ ¦¥¡ ¦¥¡ ¦¥¡ ¦¥¡ ¦ ¥¡  $  $  $  $ Ralf S Engelschall 168 Randy Terbush 167 Rasmus Lerdorf 168 directive 134 directive 97 directive 22 Regular Expression 60 Regular Expressions 61 relative URL 60, 70 Request for Comments directive 76, 89, 109, 110 directive 75 directive 75 directive 78, 98 directive 100 directive 98, 100, 101 directive 98 directive 99 directive .98–100 directive 52, 68, 98, 100, 101, 137 ¦    f R   qualifiers 61   Q directive 88 Rob Hartill 11, 13 Rob McCool 13 Robert McCool Robert Thau 13 Roy T Fielding 11, 12   Ted Nelson .7 Tim Berners-Lee 8, Tony Sanders Vannevar Bush Vint Cerf directive 87 directive 69, 83, 87, 93 port number 60 position-independent code 46 private key 153 directive 134 directive 137 directive 136, 137 directive 137 directive 134, 135 Pseudo-Random Number Generator 151 (US letter) (AWL repro)  âĐĐ     Ư ă Ô Ư  Ư Đ       Ơ Ư  Ư      Ơ Ư  Ư     "ă Ô  Ư     Ô Ă f  Ư       Ê ƠÔ Ê Ơ  Ư      Ê Ă  Ư      âÔ ă Ơ  Ư      Ơ Ư  Ư     Ô   ÂĂ â Ơ ÂÔ  Ê   Ă Ô   ÂĂ â Ơ ÂÔ  Ê   Ă  ƠÔ    Ơ Ư Ư Ư Ư Ư Ư Ư ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ Index 181 ¦ £  âÂ"  Ơâ Ă f ăâ   â   ă ÂĂ âÔ Ô  â f ăâ Ê  â directive 152 directive 155 Subject Distinguished Name 157 Symbolics Document Examiner T Ted Nelson Tim Berners-Lee 8, directive 81, 93 Tony Sanders directive 130 directive 87 Transmission Control Program Transmission Control Protocol directive 119 Ư âƠ Ă     Ô Ă f A ƠÂă     Ô Ê Ô Ă f A ƠÂă     Ô Ê Ô Ê  ÂĂ Ô Ă  Ê  U Uniform Resource Identifiers 172 Uniform Resource Locator 59 Uniform Resource Locators (URL) 172 directive 55, 94, 116 directive 102   © AâÔ Ê     AâÔ Ê V Vannevar Bush Vint Cerf directive 64, 65, 68, 69, 77, 79, 83, 86, 87, 94, 130, 152 ¢ Ư Ô Ă % ă Ơ Ư  Ă  ( ¡ W Web Server Survey 1, Wildcard Pattern 60 wildcard pattern 70–72 Wildcard Patterns 61 X Xanadu directive 76     ă ( Ư  Ơ Z ZOG ƯÔ  âĐÔ   ă Ư Ư Ô   ă Ư Ô ĂÊ Ă ââĐƠ Papersize: Cropmarks: (US letter) (AWL repro) 182 Index ƯÔ  âĐÔ   ă Ư Ư Ô   ă Ư Ô ĂÊ Ă ââĐƠ Papersize: Cropmarks: (US letter) (AWL repro) This book was typeset in Europe by the author on the UNIX operating system FreeBSD 4.2 with the typesetting system TEX and its macro language A ) with crop marks L TEX It was designed for U.S.-letter paper ( at for reproduction It is typeset in the 10pt Adobe Palatino font family It was shipped to the publisher in camera-ready Postscript format via the Internet ƯÔ  âĐÔ   ă Ư Ư Ô   ă Ư Ô ĂÊ Ă ââĐƠÂ Đ Ê â Đ Ơ ÂÔ ăƠ ĐÊ  ăƯÊĂ Papersize: Cropmarks: (US letter) (AWL repro) Đ  â Đ ăƠ   ăƠ   ... 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