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The
Evolution
of
Counseling
Psychology
Donalo
H.
Blocher
~~~
Springer Publishing
Company
The Evolution
of
Counseling
Psychology
Donald H. Blocher, Ph.D.,
is
a profes-
sor emertitus
of
counseling psychology
at the State University of New York
at
Albany. Dr. Blocher received his Ph.D.
in
counseling psychology
at
the University
of Minnesota.
He
is
a Fellow of the Ameri-
can Psychological Association and a
past
president of the Division of Counseling
Psychology.
Dr.
Blocher has served
on
the faculties of
the
University of Minne-
sota and the University of Western
On-
tario as well as
at
the University at Albany.
He
was also a Fulbright Professor at the University of Keele in
the
United Kingdom.
He
has been a visiting lecturer
at
a number of
universities
in the United States and abroad. Dr. Blocher
is
the
author
of a number of books including
Developmental Counseling now in
its
4th
edition, and has contributed numerous
book
chapters
and
journal articles
to
the counseling literature.
Dr.
Blocher has taught
history in the public schools, served as a school counselor and school
psychologist, and was an Intelligence
Officer in the United States Air
Force.
He
is
currently engaged
in
writing and consulting.
The Evolution
of
Counseling
Psychology
Donald
H.
Blocher, PhD
[~j
Springer Publishing Company
Copyright©
2000
by Springer Publishing Company,
Inc.
All
rights ·reserved
No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval
system,
or
transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic,
me-
chanical, photocopying, recording,
or
otherwise, without the prior
permission of Springer Publishing Company,
Inc.
Springer Publishing Company, ]nc.
536
Broadway
New York,
NY
10012-3955
Acquisitions Editor: Bill Tucker
Production Editor:
J.
Hurkin-Torres
Cover design by Susan Hauley
oo
o 1
02 03
04
I s 4 3 2 1
Ubrary
of
Congress Cataloging-in-Publication
Data
Blocher, Donald H.
The
evolution
of
counseling psychology I Donald
H.
Blocher.
p. em.
h1cludes
bibliographical references and index.
ISBN
0-8261-1348-6
1. Counseling-United
States-History.
I.
Title
BF637.C6.B473
2000
158'3 dc21
Printed in the United States of America
Photo Credits
00-020289
CIP
John
Dewey, James McKeen Cattell,
G.
Stanley Hall, Leona Tyler,
Lewis
M.
Terman,
Jean
Piaget, courtesy of the Archive of the History
of American Psychology, University of Akron, Akron,
Ohio. Donald
Super, courtesy of Donald Blocher. Henry Borow, courtesy of Marian
Borow. Alfred Binet, Sigmund Freud, Carl Jung, Alfred Adler, Carl
Rogers, Ivan
Pavlov, B. F. Skinner, courtesy of
the
University of
Sonoma Web Site.
To Henry Borow,
a student of and
maker of
the
history of counseling psychology
Fhispage intentionally left hlank
List
of
Figures
Preface
Introduction
Chapter 1
Chapter 2
Chapter 3
Chapter 4
Chapter 5
Contents
Part I
In
the
Beginning
Guidance: A
Product of the American
Conscience
ix
xi
xiii
1
3
The Rise of Applied Psychology
33
The Professionalization of Counseling 7 5
Psychology
The Search for a Professional Identity
97
The Dawning of the Age of Psychotherapy
119
Part
II
Traditions, Traditions, Traditions
147
Chapter 6
Chapter 7
Chapter 8
Chapter 9
Chapter
10
The
Individual
Differences Tradition
The Developmental Tradition
The Humanistic Tradition
The Behavioral Tradition
149
177
207
233
Part
III
From Here
to
Uncertainty
261
From Theoretical Divisiveness to
Eclectic-Integrative Therapies
vii
263
viii
Contents
Chapter 11
Epilogue
Appendix A
Appendix B
Name Index
Subject Index
Coming of Age As a Profession
The Expansion of Counseling
Psychology
Markers and Milestones
in
the Evolution
of Counseling
Psychology
291
313
317
319
323
333
List
of
Figures
1.1
John
Dewey
21
2.1
James
McKeen Cattell
41
2.2
Alfred Binet
44
2.3
Donald
G.
Paterson
67
3.1
G.
Stanley Hall
78
4.1
E.
G. Williamson
98
4.2
John
Darley
100
4.3
C.
Gilbert Wrenn
104
4.4 Leona Tyler
107
5.1
Sigmund Freud
121
5.2
Carl Gustav
Jung
125
5.3
Alfred Adler
127
6.1
Lewis
M.
Terman
167
6.2
Donald Super
173
7.1
Jean
Piaget
180
7.2
Henry Borow
198
8.1
Carl Rogers
209
9.1
Ivan Petrovich Pavlov
235
9.2
B.
F. Skinner
249
ix
[...]... "spirit of the times" from whence came the ideas and ideals of the pioneers of what eventually became counseling psychology The years around 1900 in the United States were, to borrow Dickens' classic phrase, "the best of times and the worst of times." The years following the end of the American Civil War were witness to a veritable economic and social explosion The full impact of the Industrial Revolution,... to their own visions of a distant reality The history of counseling psychology is no exception in this regard It is possible to detect the roots of counseling in the education of squires in the Court of Charlemagne (Miller, 1961), or even to trace the origins of its literature to the earliest outputs of the Gutenberg Press (Zytowski, 1972) It is equally possible to choose the date of publication of. .. chaired by Jessie B Davis, the English teacher from Grand Rapids, who was one of the true pioneers of school counseling and guidance Plans were begun for the formation of the first national professional organization of guidance workers, The National Vocational Guidance Association These plans were continued at the meeting of the NSPIE in Philadelphia in December of 1912 The goals of the new organization,... psychology to two great wars, the boom and bust of applied psychology during the Roaring Twenties and the counseling of the despairing jobless in the Great Depression are all integra] aspects of our history The return of the veterans after World War II, our nation's descent into the Cold War, and the race for space have all molded our profes :· sion The struggle for human rights, the Women's Movement, etl:mic... or the convening of a national conference (Aubrey, 1977) as points of departure from whence to unfold the story of counseling psychology' s emergence as a profession Such milestones may be important, but in themselves they seldom shed much light on the zeitgeist out of which a new profession actually came into being The history of counseling psychology is, after all, much more than a mere chronology of. .. guidance The list of dignitaries who addressed the joint conven- 20 In the Beginning tion of the NSPIE and the newly organized National Vocational Guidance Association was almost a Who's Who of national leaders of progressive causes Among them was Ida Tarbell, the queen of the "Muckrakers." She spoke on the vocational needs of women and gave impetus for the inclusion of home economics in the school... and the pioneering reformers of both vocational education and vocational guidance were in the forefront The New York Conference on Vocational Guidance in 1912 was held independently of the NSPIE meeting The problems of the masses of school children literally dumped out of the school system to struggle in the work world was a central theme of the Conference The approach to the problem that gained wide... goods, flour The industrial revolution was finally in full swing, remaking the country in its own image (p 127) The transformation of the country was geographical and psychological as well as economic In the years following the Civil War, a parade Guidance: A Product of the American Conscience 5 of new states joined the Union Most of these were carved out of the great heartland of the continent that only... and lofty The committee concluded that "Vocational education and guidance are generally recognized as two phases of the great economic and social movement to improve the condition of those who form the base of the human pyramid that we call civilization" (Stephens, 1970, p 31) Guidance: A Product of the American Conscience 19 GUIDANCE RIDES THE CREST OF THE PROGRESSIVE MOVEMENT The tie-in of these... In the Beginning The changes in the nature of work in the newly industrialized society triggered new concepts of the work ethic and particularly vastly differing notions about the just rewards of labor These ideas and the interplay of moral, intellectual, and economic issues that they triggered occupied the thinking of labor leaders, industrialists, and philosophers for the next half century It was the . Index
Coming of Age As a Profession
The Expansion of Counseling
Psychology
Markers and Milestones
in
the Evolution
of Counseling
Psychology
291.
the
Beginning
Guidance: A
Product of the American
Conscience
ix
xi
xiii
1
3
The Rise of Applied Psychology
33
The Professionalization of Counseling
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