Party-Voter Linkage in Africa Anja Osei Party-Voter Linkage in Africa Ghana and Senegal in Comparative Perspective RESEARCH ISBN 978-3-531-18612-2 ISBN 978-3-531-19140-9 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-3-531-19140-9 The Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliografie; detailed bibliographic data are available in the Internet at http://dnb.d-nb.de. Springer VS © VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften | Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden 2012 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. 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While the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication, neither the authors nor the editors nor the publisher can accept any legal responsibility for any errors or omissions that may be made. The publisher makes no warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein. Cover design: KünkelLopka GmbH, Heidelberg Printed on acid-free paper Springer VS is a brand of Springer DE. Springer DE is part of Springer Science+Business Media. www.springer-vs.de Anja Osei Konstanz, Germany  is work was submitted in ful lment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Politics at the University Leipzig, 2011. Content List of Abbreviations and Acronyms 9 List of Figures 12 List of Tables 13 1 Introduction: The Purpose of the Study 14 2 Conceptual Problems of Party Research in Africa 22 2.1 Introduction 22 2.2 Party Research in Africa: Findings and Problems 23 2.3 New Challenges: Neo-democracies and Party Change 28 2.4 Democratisation, Hybridisation and Political Parties 34 2.5 African Studies between Universalism and Exceptionalism 39 2.5.1 Research Paradigms in African Studies 39 2.5.2 Universalism 40 2.5.3 Exceptionalism 42 2.5.4 Spatiality, Discourse and Power Relations 44 3 Research Design and Methodology 49 3.1 Searching for a Framework of Analysis 49 3.2 Theoretical Guideline: the Concept of Linkage 54 3.3 Case selection and Comparative Design 56 3.3.1 The Comparative Method: Advantages and Limitations 56 3.3.2 The Most Different Systems Design 60 3.4. Data Collection 65 3.4.1 Collection of Qualitative Data 65 3.4.2 Collection of Quantitative Data 69 4 Background: Party Formation in Africa 72 4.1 Party Formation at Independence 72 4.2 Single-party States 77 4.3 Third Wave Parties 81 6 Content 5 Democracy, the State and Political Parties in Africa Today 86 5.1 Political Parties and Clientelism 86 5.2 Political Parties and Ethnicity 92 5.3 Political Parties and the Neoptrimonial State 97 6 Political Parties in Ghana . 100 6.1 Introduction 100 6.2 Party System, Legal and Institutional Framework 101 6.2.1 Party System 101 6.2.2 Legal and Institutional Framework 103 6.3 The Evolution of Political Parties in Ghana 104 6.3.1 Independence and First Republic 104 6.3.2 Political Parties in the Second Republic 107 6.3.3 Third Republic and PNDC Rule 109 6.3.4 Political Parties in the Fourth Republic 112 6.4 Voting Patterns in Ghana 116 6.4.1 Introduction 116 6.4.2 The Ethnic Factor 118 6.4.3 Regionalism 125 6.4.4 Party traditions 126 6.4.5 Socioeconomic Factors 130 6.4.6 Personalism 134 6.4.7 Conclusion 136 6.5 Party Organisation 138 6.5.1 Introduction 138 6.5.2 NPP 139 6.5.3 NDC 143 6.5.4 PNC 144 6.6 Ideological Orientations 146 6.6.1 Introduction 146 6.6.2 NPP 147 6.6.3 NDC 149 6.6.4 PNC 151 6.7 Party Activities 152 6.8 Voters’ Attitudes in Ghana 158 6.9 Conclusion 168 Content 7 7 Political Parties in Senegal 170 7.1 Introduction 170 7.2 Party System, Legal and Institutional Framework 171 7.2.1 Party System 171 7.2.2 Legal and Institutional Framework 174 7.3 The Evolution of Political Parties in Senegal 176 7.3.1 Independence and the Era Senghor 176 7.3.2 Political Parties under Abdou Diouf 180 7.3.3 Political Parties under Abdoulaye Wade 183 7.4 Voting Patterns 187 7.4.1 Introduction 187 7.4.2 Regional Distribution of Party Support 189 7.4.3 Ethnicity 193 7.4.4 Sociostructure 196 7.4.5 Sufi Brotherhoods and Party Support 202 7.4.6 Personalism 206 7.4.7 Conclusion 208 7.5 Party Organisation 210 7.5.1 Introduction 210 7.5.2 PDS 210 7.5.3 PS 214 7.5.4 AFP 216 7.6 Ideological Orientations 218 7.6.1 Introduction 218 7.6.2 PDS 219 7.6.3 PS 220 7.6.4 AFP 222 7.7 Activities 223 7.8 Voters’ Attitudes in Senegal 228 7.9 Conclusion 237 8 Political Parties in Ghana and Senegal in a Comparative View 239 8.1 Overview 239 8.2 Comparing Parties 240 8.3 Comparing Social Anchorage 241 8.4 Comparing Countries 247 8 Content 9 Linkage Strategies in a Comparative View 253 9.1 Introduction 253 9.2 Direct Linkage and Indirect Linkage 253 9.3 Linkage by Reward 256 9.3.1 Clientelism 256 9.3.2 Patronage 259 9.3.3 Vote-Buying 260 9.4 Other Forms 263 9.5 Conclusion 265 10 Concluding Remarks 267 References 275 Appendix 292 Survey Ghana 2008 292 Survey Senegal 2008 299 List of Abbreviations and Acronyms Acronym Definition ACP Action Congress Party AFRC Armed Forces Revolutionary Council AFP AJ/PADS ANSD Alliance des Forces de Progrès And Jëf/ Parti Africain pour la Démocratie et le Socialisme Agence Nationale de la Statistique et de la Démographie APJ/JJ Alliance pour le Progrès et la Justice/Jëf Jël APR/Yakar Alliance pour la République/Yaakaar APRS Aborigines’ Rights Protection Society BDS Bloc Démocratique Sénégalaise BGC Bloc des Centristes Gaïnde BMS Bloc des Masses Sénégalaises BPS CDR Bloc Populaire Sénégalaise Committee for the Defence of the Revolution CDD Center for Democratic Development CDP/Garab-Gi Convention des Démocrates et des Patriotes) CNTS Confédération nationale des travailleurs du Sénégal CODEO Coalition of Domestic Election Observers COOC Code des Obligations Civiles et Commerciales CPP Convention People’s Party CRC Convergence pour Rénouveau et la Citoyenneté DFP Democratic Freedom Party EGLE ENEA Every Ghanaian Living Everywhere École Nationale d'Économie Appliquée FCFA Franc de la Communauté Financière d'Afrique FEANF Fédération des étudiants d’Afrique noire en France FORD Forum for Democracy FSD/BJ GA Front pour le Socialisme et la Démocratie/Benno Jubël Great Alliance GBA Ghana Bar Association GCP Ghana Congress Party GIGA German Institute of Global and Area Studies IDEA International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance IMF International Monetary Fund JSS Junior Secondary School 10 Abbreviations and Acronyms Acronym Definition KANU Kenya African National Union LD/MPT Ligue démocratique/Mouvement pour le Parti du Travail MAC Mouvement Autonome Casamançais MAP Muslim Association Party MDSD Most Different Systems Design MFDC Mouvement des forces démocratiques de la Casamance MFJ Movement for Freedom and Justice MMD MP Movement for Multiparty Democracy Member of Parliament MPS Mouvement Populaire Sénégalais MRDS Mouvement de la Réforme pour le Développement Social MSA Mouvement Socialiste Africain MSSD Most Similar Systems Design NAL National Alliance of Liberals NCP National Convention Party NDC National Democratic Congress NIMD Netherland Institute for Multiparty Democracy NIP National Independence Party NLC National Liberation Council NLM National Liberation Movement NPC Northern People’s Congress NPP New Patriotic Party NRP National Reform Party NUGS National Union of Ghana Students OAU Organisation of African Unity PAI Parti Africain de l’Indépendance PCF Parti communiste français PCP PDC People’s Convention Party People’s Defence Committee PDCI Parti Démocratique de Côte d'Ivoire PDS Parti Démocratique Sénégalais PFP Popular Front Party PHP People’s Heritage Party PIT Parti de l’Indépendence et du Travail PLS Parti Libéral Sénégalais PNC People’s National Convention PNDC Provisional National Defense Council Abbreviations and Acronyms 11 Acronym Definition PNDCL Provisional National Defense Council Law PNP PP People’s National Party Progress Party PPC Parti pour le Progrès et la Citoyenneté PRA Parti du Regroupement Africain PS Parti Socialiste PSA Parti Socialiste Authentique PSAS Parti Sénégalais d'Action Socialiste PSD/JB Parti Social-Démocrate/Jant-Bi PSR Parti Socialiste Républicain RDA Rassemblement Démocratique RES Rassemblement des Écologistes du Sénégal/Les Verts RND RP Rassemblement National Démocratique Rassemblement pour le Peuple RPS/JR Rassemblement Patriotique Sénégalaise/Jammi Rewmi RTS Radiodiffusion Télévision Sénégalaise SDF Social Democratic Front SFIO Section Française de l’Internationale Ouvrière SPD Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands TANU Tanganyika African National Union TFP Third Force Party TUC Trades Union Congress UDS UDS/R Union Démocratique Sénégalaise Union Démocratique Sénégalaise/Rénovation UGCC United Gold Coast Convention UNC United National Convention UNIP United National Independence Party UNP Union Nationale Patriotique UPS Union Populaire Senegalaise URD Union pour la Renouveau Démocratique VAT Value Added Tax WANC WDC West African National Congress of British West Africa Workers’ Defence Committees [...]... population in Western democracies In contrast, in the two African cases that were included – South Africa and Nigeria – 44.1% and 43.4% respectively perceived themselves as being party members The problem with this kind of comparison is that the Western understanding of a dues-paying and card-bearing party membership is largely absent in Africa Therefore, the respondents in Nigeria and South Africa are... Findings from the Case Studies in a Comparative View Table 23: Direct and Indirect Linkage in Ghana and Senegal 62 64 102 119 124 132 133 133 136 160 172 173 174 185 191 199 200 200 202 207 230 248 254 1 Introduction: The Purpose of the Study A wind of change swept the African continent in the 1990s when a large number of countries introduced multiparty systems and numerous longstanding... neo-democracies – sometimes called hybrid regimes – in Africa, Asia, Latin America and Eastern Europe defy some of the established assumptions Here, Africa is no exception, it rather seems that A Osei, Party-Voter Linkage in Africa, DOI 10.1007/978-3-531-19140-9_2, © VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften | Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden 2012 Party Research in Africa: Findings and Problems 23 what is often thought... some of the findings and problems of party research in Africa and relate them to the latest developments in the field of general party research as well as that of democracy studies 2.2 Party Research in Africa: Findings and Problems Following independence most African countries had multiparty systems which stimulated a first body of literature on political parties (see for example Hodgkin 1961; Morgenthau... poorly financed and find it therefore difficult to maintain permanent administrative structures State funding is provided only in a few African countries (Saffu 2003: 22) and where it exists, it tends to over-advantage ruling parties (Gyimah-Boadi 2007: 26) The second commonality is the low ideological profile For instance, political parties in Africa cannot be placed on a traditional left-right continuum... present study seeks to contribute to a better understanding of party-voter linkage in Africa by comparing two country cases, namely Ghana and Senegal The thesis proceeds as follows In chapter 2, the question of ‘universal‘ or Africa- specific‘ research criteria will be discussed in more detail This is necessary because research on political parties in Africa draws on two sources: the classical field of... who reported voting in recent elections in the Afrobaometer survey4 in a number of countries Despite these shortcomings, electoral participation on the continent is in sum encouraging and political parties seem to play a key role in voter mobilisation 4 The Afrobarometer is an independent, nonpartisan research project that measures the social, political, and economic atmosphere in Africa Afrobarometer... factionalism weak funding lack of internal democracy weak formal linkages to society Party Research in Africa: Findings and Problems 25 predominantly regional and/or ethnic based membership and electorate Erdmann’s characteristics are worth quoting at length, and not just because they reflect the contemporary state of the debate; they also reveal the two sources that party research in Africa draws on This... weaknesses of parties Political parties in Asia, Eastern Europe, Africa, Latin America and the Middle East are thought to have weak formal structures and weak ideologies (see for example Carothers 1 This notion goes back to Samuel Huntingtons book “The Third Wave: Democratization in the Late Twentieth Century”, published in 1991 A Osei, Party-Voter Linkage in Africa, DOI 10.1007/978-3-531-19140-9_1,... portrayed in negative terms For example, Erdmann (2004: 65), who is one of the pioneers in this field, characterised political parties in Africa as having the following properties: hardly distinguishable programs which in most cases are meaningless to policies hardly countable members weak bureaucratic organisation informal relations, partly based on clientelistic relations and patronage, predominate the . Party-Voter Linkage in Africa Anja Osei Party-Voter Linkage in Africa Ghana and Senegal in Comparative Perspective RESEARCH ISBN. Comparing Social Anchorage 241 8.4 Comparing Countries 247 8 Content 9 Linkage Strategies in a Comparative View 253 9.1 Introduction 253 9.2 Direct Linkage