HAI MUOI NAM QUAN HE PHAP - VIET NAM (1975 - 1995) (Phdn mdt) Nguyen Thj Hanh Ldi Toa soan: Viet Nam vd Phdp la hai quoc gia ndm cdch xa nhau vi mat dja ly vd khdc biet ve vdn hod. Mac du vgy, trong ljch sir phdi trien cua minh, cd hai nudc dd cd nhiing mdi quan hi tir rdt sdm. Mdi quan he do mang nhieu tinh chdt, dgc diem khdc nhau luy vdo timg (hdi ky: khi Id mdi quan he cua ke di xdm luge vd ngudi bj xdm luge, khi la quan he cua ke Ihdng trj vd ngudi bi tri, khi lgi Id quan he binh ddng, hgp Idc giua hai qudc gia dgc lap. CO chu quyen vd cd dnh huang qua lgi lan nhau trong lich su ciia mdi nudc. Ngdy 12/4/1973. Phdp vd Viet Nam thiit lap quan he ngogi giao chinh thuc a cdp Dai su. Ndm 1975. Viet Nam gidnh dgc lap vd thdng nhdt hodn todn. quan hi Viet Nam vd Phdp cUng cd diiu kiin de phdt trien. Mac dii vdy. do dnh hudng cua nhieu yeu to trong nudc cUng nhu qudc te. nen quan he Viet Nam - Phdp cimg trai qua nhieu budc thdng Irdm a mdi giai dogn, mdi thai ki khdc nhau va no phdn dnh quan he qudc te ciing nhu cdc vdn di lrong limg thai ki. Quan hi Viet Nam- Phdp giai dogn 1975-1995 cd nhieu budc thdng trdm vd cd mite do khdc nhau tren nhiiu ITnh vuc, dugc chia ra ldm bdn giai dogn nhd: 1975-1977. 1977-1981, 1981-1989 vd 1989-1995. Bdy Id bdi viet ddi. chung tdi chia thdnh hai sd, mdi bgn dgc chit y ddn xem. truyen thdng giiia hai nudc'. Tiep ngay sau 1. Giai doan 1975-1977: Thdi ki md dau tot dep cua moi quan he Phap - Vict Chidn thdng miia Xuan 1975 da md ra mdt trang sir mdi ddi vdi dan tdc Viet Nam ndi chung vd lich sir quan he Phdp - Viet Nam ndi ridng. Viec Viet Nam gidnh thdng Igi hoan todn vd thdng nhdt ddt nudc da md ra mdt con dudng mdi trong quan he ngogi giao. Ngay sau khi mien Nam hodn todn giai phdng, 2/9/1975, Phdp dd cir mgt doan dai bieu do Bd trudng Bd Gido due dan ddu sang tham Viet Nam. Mae dii chua dd cgp den mdt van dd cu thd ndo trong chinh sdch giiia hai nudc, song chuyen thdm ndy Id mgt tin hieu dang mimg, ciing Id tin hieu eho thdy Viet Nam vd Phdp cd khd nang hgp tae trong iTnh vuc ffiao due tren c-a <ict rnn mni nnan Vi5 do, ngdy 25/11/1975, phdi dodn ciia Bd Ngoai giao Phap den Viet Nam nham thao ludn, trao ddi va tim each gidi quydt nhung vdn dd vd Phdp kidu, cdc xi nghiep cua Phdp d mien Nam. Hai ben thdo ludn va thdng nhdt vd cdch gidi quyet nhiing cdng vide cdn thiet, cap bdch trudc mdt nhu didu kien sinh sdng cua nhiing ngudi Phdp d Vidt Nam, edn nhiing vdn dd khdc vd kinh te phiic tap hon hai bdn thdng nhdt se trao ddi vd giai quydt timg budc mdt. Cdc cudc tidp xiic nay the hidn sy mong mudn hgp tdc d cd hai phfa Viet Nam vd Phdp. Ve phia minh, mac du cudc khdng chidn chdng My da hodn thdnh. ' B^o cao tiip xuc ciia Thii tuong Pham Van D6ng tilp Bp truong Bp Gido due Phdp Rene Haby, Ho sa Vu Chau Au 2, Bp Ngoai giao Vi?t Nam, ^ I 60 NGHIEN CCU CHAU AU - EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N°4 (139|.2012 ddt nudc thdng nhdt song Vigl Nam cung phdi ddi mdt vdi rat nhieu klid khdn vd thir thach mdi ndy sinh d cd trong nude vd qu6c Id. Tinh hinh dat nude het sire khd khdn do chien tranh, sy giiip dd to Idn cua Trung Quoc CO bdn khdng cdn nira bdi mau thuan Xd-Trung ngdy cdng trd nen gay gdi vd dd xuat hidn nhChig rgn nirt Idn trong quan hg giiia Viet Nam vd Trung Qudc. Bdn cgnh dd, vigc My ngay lap tiic thyc hi?n chinh sach bao vdy, cd lap Viet Nam khidn tinh hinh cdng trd nen khd khdn hon. Dd bdo v| nen dgc lap cua minh vd phdt trien dat nudc, Viet Nam mdt mdt tdng cudng xiic lien cdc mdi quan he vdi cdc nudc trong khu vyc, thiet lap quan he song phucmg vdi timg nudc trong td chirc ASEAN, mat khdc lim cdch tiep xiic vdi cdc nudc phuang Tdy md eiia ngo duy nhdt liic bdy gid Id nude Phdp. Do vdy, chinh sdeh cua Vidt Nam ddi vdi Phdp Id thiic day quan he, coi trgng va mong mudn cd quan he tdt vdi Phdp. Chfnh sach ndy phii hgp vdi chii trucmg ddi ngogi ciia Phap ddi vdi Ddng Duong bdi trong ljch sir, Phdp chua bao gid cd y djnh tir bd quydn lgi ciia minh d khu vyc ndy. Mdt khdc, sy riil lui ciia My da tgo ra mgt khodng trdng quyen lyc, khuydn khich cae cudng qudc quan tdm den khu vye ndy nhieu ban. Didu ndy vira Id co hgi vd lai vira la thach thuc ddi vdi vide Phdp mudn dua dnh hudng ciia minh quay trd lai khu vuc nay. Ben cgnh dd, Viet Nam lai Id nudc c6 vai trd quan trgng trong khu vuc va cd uy tin trong nhdm cdc nudc dang phat tridn. Tdng cudng quan hg vdi Viet Nam giup Phdp giii vQ-ng vd md rgng hon niia anh hudng ddi vdi khu vyc Ddng Nam A vd ca the gidi thii ba, Vigc Phdp lang cudng quan hg vdi Vigt Nam cd cdc didu kign thudn lgi, bdi ngoai moi quan hg truyen thdng Idu ddi thi dnh hudng ciia Phdp ddi vdi xd hdi Vi?l Nam cdn Idn: mgt the hg lri thirc Viet Nam duge tiep cgn vd ydu thich nen van hoa Phap, su dyng thdng thgo tieng Phdp v.v. Tren co sd dd, cd Phdp vd Viet Nam deu chu trgng thlic ddy mdi quan he song phuang. Thang I I/I976, ngay sau khi hoan ihdnh su nghidp ihdng nhdt ddt nudc. Viet Nam da lidn hanh chuyen thdm ehinh thiic ddu tidn sang Phdp do Bg trudng Ngogi giao Nguyen Co Thgch dan ddu. Muc dich eua chuydn thdm ndy la 'tdng cudng su hgp tdc giira Viet Nam vd Phdp md dgc biet lrong ITnh v\tc hgp tdc kinh ti.'^ Trong ehuydn di nay, vdn de ve quydn Igi kinh Id ciia Phap d mien Nam dugc mang ra trao ddi vd nhidu bien phdp gidi quydt da dgt dugc su thoa thudn d cd hai phia. Didu ndy ddt nen mdng cho mdi quan he ciia hai nudc d giai doan sau. Mdi quan he giiia Viet Nam vd Phap thue sy ddnh ddu mdt budc phat tridn manh me sau chuyen thdm chinh thirc ciia lanh dao cao cdp chinh phu Viet Nam tdi Phdp. Tii ngay 25 ddn ngdy 30/4/1977, nhgn Idi mdi cua chinh phii Phap, Thu tudng Phgm Van ^ Lucmg Ninh (chu bien), Ljch su Dong Nam A, Nhi xuSt ban Giao dye. Ha Npi, 2005, tr.476. Le Monde, Une delegation gouvernementde vietnamienne en visile en France, le 1 novembre 1976. (Bdo Le Monde. Chuvin tham riin ohdi doan "SCai inu'O'i nam quan he 61 Ddng da thyc hidn chuyen thdm chfnh thiic tdi Phap. Trong chuyen di ndy, Phdp va Vigt Nam dd ky nhieu hidp djnh quan trgng: ''Hiep dinh hgp tdc kinh te vd cdng nghiep". 'Hiep dinh ve vdn hod, khoa hgc vd kT thudr va dac biet hai ben da ky tdt mdt Nghi djnh thu Tai chinh vdi ndi dung Id ehinh phii Phdp ddng y giup cho Viet Nam 458 trigu francs, trong dd khodn lien tang Id 78 trigu francs. Chuyen thdm nay dugc cd hai bdn ddnh gia la md ra "nhung su hap tdc mdi ciia mgi giai dogn mdi" trong mdi quan he giiia Phdp vdi Viet Nam"*. Phia Viet Nam bdy td mong mudn ^'sdn sdng hap tdc vdi Phdp tren mgi linh vuc md trudc het Id tren linh vuc kinh le vd vdn hod."' Cd the thdy rang, budc phdt trien mdi trong quan he hgp tdc giiia Viet Nam vd Phdp d thdi ky ndy Id mdt ddu hidu tdt ddi vdi Viet Nam vd nd tgo didu kien cho cd hai ben. Mdt mat, Viet Nam dang mudn tranh thii su ung hd ciia Phdp trong nliiing cugc ddm phdn giiia dai didn ciia chinh phii Viet Nam vd chinh phii My vd vide gidi quyet nhirng hau qua sau chidn tranh. Mat khdc, Phdp cung mudn trd thdnh trung gian trong vide giai quydt vdn de ndy nham md rdng dnh hudng d khu vye Ddng Nam A. Do do, Paris da trd thdnh noi md cd hai phdi doan Viet Nam va My gap nhau de bdn bac. Cudc di tham Phap ciia Thii ludng Phgm Vdn Ddng dugc ddnh gia Id mdt hogt ddng Michel Strulovici Nouveaux rapports d'une nouvelle epoque, Le Monde, le 30 avril 1977. (Nhirng quan h$ mai trong mgl thai ky moi, bdo Le Monde, ngdy 30/04/1977). ngogi giao het siic thdnh cdng bdi sau chuydn di ndy, uy lin ciia Viet Nam tren trudng qude td dugc nang len. Mdi quan he tdt dgp vdi Phap Id nhan td quan trgng tdc dgng tdi thdi dg ciia cdc nude tu ban Au-My: Anh, Tdy Diic td y muon rd ret cdi thien quan he vdi Viet Nam trong khi My, Nhat Bdn lgi td ra lo Idng trude tien trien tdt dep cua moi quan he ndy. Tuy nhidn, ngay sau dd, nhthig bdt ddng giiia Viet Nam vd Phdp ve vdn de Campuehia da khidn cho nhirng hidp dinh dugc ky kdt giiia Phdp vd Viet Nam khdng dugc thye hien mdt each hieu qud. Qud trinh binh thudng hod quan he giiia Viet Nam vdi cdc nudc tu bdn phuang Tdy ciing bi chiing lai. Viet Nam bi cd lap ve ngoai giao vd didu ndy dnh hudng khdng nhd tdi quan he Phdp-Viet. 2. Giai doan 1977-1981: Thol ky tram lang cua moi quan he Phap-Vi^t Tren thyc td, mdi quan he nay vira khdi ddu tdt dep lgi bj dnh hudng bdi nhiing didn bidn khdng thuan lgi ciia linh hinh qudc Id vd khu vyc. Quan he Viet Nam vdi Campuehia vd Trung Qudc ngdy mdt xau di, nhdt Id khi Viet Nam ngdy cdng trd nen thdn thidt vdi Lien Xd trong liic mdu thuan Xd-Trung ngay cdng trd nen gay gat. Tir cudi ndm 1977, tinh hinh bien gidi Viet Nam - Campuehia vd bien gidi Viet Nam - Trung Qudc trd ndn cdng thing. Xung dot bien gidi nd ra giiia Viet Nam vdi Campuehia vd Trung Qudc dd khidn tinh hinh khu vyc trd ndn mdt dn djnh. Dinh didm ciia mdu thuan khu vuc nd ra khi Viet Nam dua qudn tinh nguydn vao 62 NGHIEN CCrU CHAU AU - EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N°4 (139).2012 Campuehia tieu digt lgp dodn phdn dgng Khmc Dd, giup nhdn ddn Campuehia thdnh lap chinh quyen cdch mgng vd sau do quan dgi Viet Nam tiep tuc cd m^t d Campuehia theo thod ihugn ciia "Hi^p udc hod binh, hiru nghi vu hgp tdc'" ky bdi hai nudc ngdy 18/1/1979. Su cd mdt cua qudn dgi Vict Nam d Campuehia, ciing vdi sy ed mdt ciia Lien Xd d Afganixlan dd khidn cac nudc lrong khu \uc vd cdc nudc Tay Au lo nggi sy md rgng dnh hudng ciia phe xd hgi chu nghTa trong bdi cdnh cugc Chidn tranh Lgnh dang d giai doan cdng thdng. Cac nudc lrong khu vyc vd hau het cdc nudc tu bdn Idn dn Viet Nam xdm luge Campuehia, doi Vidt Nam phdi rill quan vd nudc v.v. Viet Nam bj roi vdo thd bj bao vdy, cd lap vd chfnh trj vd kho khdn vd cung ve kinh td. Bdi cdnh do da anh hudng tryc tiep tdi quan he giiia Phdp vd Viet Nam. Cung nhu cdc nudc tu ban phuong Tay khdc, Phap len tidng phdn ddi hanh ddng ciia Viet Nam ddi vdi Campuehia vd ydu cdu Viet Nam phdi riil qudn ve nudc. Ddng thdi, hang loat cdc hidp djnh ky kdt trudc dd khdng dugc thyc hidn. Tuy nhidn, khdng gidng nhu mgt sd nude khdc trong thdi diem bdy gid la gidm thidu quan he ngogi giao vd cd lap ve kinh td, Phdp Id nudc tu bdn phuong Tay duy nhat van duy tri quan he vdi Viet Nam bdi Phdp lim thdy d ddy nhijng co hgi khdng the bd Id. Tidp tuc phdt huy chinh sdch ciia Charles De Gaulle dd tuyen bd ndm 1966 ddi vdi khu vyc Ddng Nam A: "Phdp mudn Ddng Nam A ludn Id mgi khu vuc hod binh, trung lap, dn dinh, phdn vinh, khdng cd su can thi^p cua nudc ngodi. mong mudn ASEAN bao gdm cd ba nudc Ddng Duang vd Miin Diin ", Phap chii truong ddng vai trd trung gian, tham gia vdo vi$c giai quyet cdc vdn dd d Ddng Nam A nhdm quay trd igi dnh hudng cua minh d Ddng Duong. Chii truong dd dugc the hien trong chuydn cdng du ciia Ngoai trudng Phdp ldi nhidu nudc Ddng Nam A, trong dd cd Vigt Nam vdo thdng 9/1978. Chuydn dl nhdm thyc hidn mgt chidn luge ngogi giao, the hign quan diem ciia Phdp phdn ddi su can thigp ciia cac cudng qudc vao khu vuc. Quan didm nay dugc thd hidn rd net trong bdi phat bieu ciia Bg trudng Ngogi giao Phdp De Guiringaud d Thai Lan. Ngdy 6/9/1978, Bd trudng Ngogi giao Phdp De Guiringaud cd chuydn thdm ehinh thuc tdi Vigt Nam. Chuydn thdm dien ra lrong bdi canh khu vyc het sue phiic tap: Quan he giira Viet Nam vdi Tnmg Qudc, Viet Nam vdi Campuehia ngay cdng trd nen cdng thdng do vice Trung Qudc mudn md rgng dnh hudng d khu vuc Ddng Nam A. Trong cugc gdp gd nay; Bd trudng Ngoai giao Nguyen Duy Trinh dd bdy td sy phan ddi ciia Viet Nam ddi vdi viec md rdng anh hudng d khu vuc ciia Trung Qudc, ddng thdi Dong chf Mai Van Bp, Vy tru-dfng Vu Chau Au 2 vk dong chf Phjim Bang tiSp cdc dai dien ciia Phdp tir Il/1970dln6/1978, H6SO59, Chau Au2, BpNgo?i Giao. ' Le Monde, Le minislre vietnamien des affaires etrangeres denonce I' expansionisme' et le 'chauvmisme' de Pekin\ (A.F.P), le 8 septembre 1978. (Bdo Le Monde, BQ iru&ng Ngogi giao Vi^l Nam to cdo Bac Kinh "banh trudng" vd "c\fc doaif\ 5i5«/ inu'O'i uani quan fie 63 thS hien mong mudn xdy dung mgt khu vuc Ddng Nam A tin edy, ben viing, hod binh vd trung Idp.^ Phia Viet Nam mudn nhan dip nay tranh thu su iing hg cua Phdp trong vide giai quydt nhirng bdt ddng. Vdn dd thii hai dugc dd cap trong chuydn gap gd nay la viec xiic tidn mdi quan he giiia Viet Nam va Phap, bdi trong bdi cdnh phire tgp bdy gid thi viec tang cudng dugc mdi quan he vdi Phdp se Id mgt ydu td thudn lgi cho Vidt Nam. Vd phfa Phdp, Bd trudng Ngogi giao Phdp iing hg lap trudng ciia Viet Nam trong viec xay dung mdt khu vyc Ddng Nam A hoa binh trung lap vd nhdt Id khdng ed su can Ihiep cua cdc cudng qudc ben ngodi. Bd trudng cam ket se cd gdng thue ddy hon nua su hgp tde ddi vdi Viet Nam trong mgi khd nang cd thd. Phia Phdp thd hien thdi do trung lap ddi vdi nhiing bat ddng giira Viet Nam va Trung Qudc. Trong chuydn gap gd Ian ndy, cd hai ben cung thao ludn thdm nhidu van de nhu : van de hdi huong Phap kieu, giai quydt nhiing khuc mdc vd van dd kinh Id v.v. Phdp bay td quan diem ung hd Viet Nam gia nhap Lien hgp qudc. Viee Bd trudng Ngogi giao Phdp tdi tham Viet Nam trong boi canh Viet Nam bi CO lap thd hien rd y mudn duy tri mdi quan he bdn viing giUa hai nudc ciing nhu lap trudng nhdt qudn cua Phdp lrong chinh sdch ddi ngoai ddi vdi Viet Nam. Mac dil cd nhiing budc phat trien mdi trong ITnh vyc quan he ngogi giao trong nhiing ndm dau sau khi thong nhat, song trdn thyc Id, sy hgp tdc ve kinh le chua thye sy ed hieu qud nhu mong mudn ciia cd hai phia. Mdt trong nhiing khd khan Id su bat ddng giiia Vigt Nam vd Trung Qudc ngdy cang tdng dd ngdn cdn sy xiic lidn hgp tdc mdt cdch cd hidu qud. Them vao do, vide Viet Nam ngdy cdng thdt chat hon mdi quan he vd nhdn ngdy cdng nhieu hon su giiip dd cua Lien Xd vd khdi cdc nudc XHCN dd khdi phuc ddt nudc dd Id trd nggi ddi vdi mdi quan he Viet Nam-Phdp trong bdi cdnh thd gidi didn dang ra cudc Chien tranh Lanh vdi sy ddi dau eiia hai khdi Ddng vd Tdy. 3. Giai doan 1981-1989: Thoi ky hdi phuc moi quan hd Phap - Vidt d" miic do nhat dinh Ddy la giai doan ma quan he Viet Nam vd Phdp, bdt chdp nhirng khd khan vd trd ngai cua tinh hinh qudc Id vd khu vyc, van phdt tridn d miic do nhdt djnh. Tuy nhien, sy phdt tridn ndy khdng ddng ddu trdn tdt cd cdc ITnh vyc ma "phuc hdi chdm chgp" trong quan he kinh td-chinh trj va phdt tridn tuong ddi mgnh trong hgp tdc vdn hod, khoa hge - kT thudt. * Quan hi kinh ti- chinh tri Nam 1981, tinh hinh chinh tri nudc Phap cd nhiing bidn ddi sau sdc. Cudc khung hoang kinh td, nhiing khd khan ma nudc Le Monde, Le minislre vietnamien des affaires elrnnoofai. J" '' •' ' ' Le Monde, M. de Guiringgaud a Hanoi, le 6 septembre 1978. (Bdo Le Monde, Ngai De Guirinseaud tdi tham Ha Noi, ngdy 06/09/1978). 64 NGHIEN CCru CHAU AU - EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N°4 (139).2012 Phdp phdi doi mdt trong sudt ihdp ky 70 ciia the ky XX dd dua den sy thay doi tren cUiiih trudng nudc Phdp vd dieu ndy cd dnh hudng khdng nhd tdi chfnh sdch eiia Phdp doi vdi cdc nudc dang phdt trien. Ngdy 10/5/1981, Dang Xd hgi Phap thdng cir vd len ndm quydn, ndi ede dugc thdnh lap vdi sy cd mdt ciia nhieu thdnh vien thugc Dang Cgng sdn Phdp Id mdt lin higu dang mirng ddi vdi Vicl Nam. Ngay sau dd, chinh sdch ngogi giao eiia Phdp ddi vdi Vigt Nam c6 sy thay ddi. Mgt 'bdu khdng khi mdi' dugc bdt dau md bieu hien ddu lien Id hai nghj djnh thu dugc ky kdt giira Viet Nam va Phap: Nghj djnh thu vi Tdi chinh va Nghi dinh thu ve Ngoai giao. Ngdy 23 thdng 12 ndm 1981, Viet Nam vd Phdp ky Nghj dinh thu ve Tdi chinh sau 4 ndm ngdt quang (Nghj djnh thu vd Tdi chinh eudi ciing dugc ky vdo ndm 1977). Phdp cam ket danh cho Vidt Nam 200 tridu francs'** vdi muc dfch giiip Vi$t Nam phdt trien thdng qua cdc dy dn ndng nghigp vd cdng nghigp song song vdi vide tidp tyc hgp tdc lrong ITnh vyc vdn hod va khoa hgc kl thuat. Vigc ky Nghj djnh thy chiing td sy phuc hdi lai mgt budc Nghj djnh thu c6 tdng gid trj Id 200 Irifu franc, trong do phia Phdp vi^n trp cho Vi?t Nam 56 tri^u franc, 64 trieu franc vay ciia Ngan kh6 Quoc gia Phap vdi lai sudt 3% trong v6ng 30 nam vd 80 tri?u franc c6n l^i vay tir cdc to chiic tu nhan dir6i sy bao trp ciia COFACE. (Compagnie Francaise d'Assurance pour le Commerce Ext^rieur - Cong ty bao hi^m ngo^i thuang Phap). Nguon: Jacques De Barrin, Kier Nam -Le contraintes economiques et politiques mainliennent la cooperation avec la France a vn niveau modeste, Le Monde, le 4 ft vrier 1983. {Nhung bdt ddng vi vdn di kinh te vd chinh trj da gdy cdn trd cho mdi quan h$ Vi4t Nam-Phdp, Bdo Le Monde, ngay 4/02/1983). lrong quan hg hgp tdc kinh le giiia Viet Nam vd Phdp sau mgt thdi gian dinh trd bdi nhimg bat dong ve vdn dd Campuehia. Myc tidu cua Phap lrong vide chii dgng dc nghj Wj/ Nghj djnh thu hgp tdc Kinh te len tdi 200 trigu francs la nhdm khdng de cho Vigt Nam qud phu thu^c vdo Lidn Xd va khoi cdc nudc xa hgi chti nghTa. Tren thuc le, Phdp cung nhgn ra rdng vide cdc nudc phuong Tdy cd lap Vigt Nam chi cang day cac nudc Vigt Nam, Lao, Campuehia ve phfa Lien Xd, didu md trong bdi cdnh cugc Chien tranh Lgnh dang d giai doan cang thdng thi ddy chinh la yeu td bdt lgi ddi vdi cdc nudc phuong Tdy ndi chung va Phap ndi rieng trong vide duy tri va md rgng dnh hudng 6 khu vuc Ddng Nam A. Mdt khdc, Phap mudn sir dyng "Id bdi kinh ti'* de tgo siic ep vdi Vigt Nam trong vide gidi quydt van de Campuehia. Phia Phdp khdng che ddu quan diem ciia minh, gdn vign trg va hgp tdc kinh td vdi vigc gidi quyet vdn de Campuehia: "StJt giiip da lo lan vi kinh ti se khdng tiin trien khi vdn de Campuehia chua duac gidi quyit.*^" - Dai sir Phdp tai Viet Nam Yvan Bastouil bay td quan diem. Tuy nhien, viec ky kdt Nghi dinh ihu Tdi chinh giiia Phdp vd Viet Nam da ngay lap tlic gdp sy phan ung mgnh me tir phi'a Le Monde, Reprise de la cooperation economigue et industrielle entre le Vietnam et la France, le 24 d^cembre 1981. (Bdo Le Monde, Ndi lgi hgp tac kinh ti vd cong nghiep giua Vi^t Nam vd Phdp, ngay 24/12/1981). Jacques De Barrin, Le contraintes economiqu^'^t politiques mainliennent la cooperation avec la France Kfl/ mu'o'i nam quatt fie 65 nhung ben dang kjch liet phdn ddi hdnh ddng cua Viet Nam tai Campuehia. Nude Cdng hoa Nhan ddn Trung Hoa ddnh gid hdnh dong nay ciia Phdp Id mgt "hdnh dgng ihiiu chin chan", "mdt su linh todn lot" vd "nd chi mang lgi cho nudc Phdp mgt thir duy nhdt do la mdt di dnh hudng d chdu A."*^ Chinli quyen Khome Dd thi cho rang: "Tdt cd sit giiip d& ddi vdi Hd Ngi deu Id hdnh dgng idn cong Ddng Nam A." Cdc nudc trong ASEAN, ngay sau ngdy ky kdt Nghj dinh thu Phap-Viet, da tidn hdnh mdt cugc hgp klidn cap cac Ngoai trudng, bay td su lo Idng ciia ho va de nghi Phdp gidi thich ro y dd ciia Phap trong hdnh ddng ndy.'^ Sy phdn ddi manh me cua cdc nudc trong khu vyc Id mdt trong nhiing nguydn nhdn chinh ddn ldi vide Nghj djnh thu khdng dugc thyc hidn. Du sao chang niia, Phdp ciing khdng thd vi vdn dd nay ma dd dnh hudng tdi quan he ciia minh vdi cac nudc Ddng Nam A vd dae biet la vdi Tnmg Qudc. Ben cgnh do, mdt sd nhihig van dd khd khan khdc cung khidn "Nghi dinh thu Tdi chinh" hi tri hoan nhu: vdn de trd ng cua Viet Nam,'^ vide thdo lugn khdng thdnh cdng P. Sabatier, France-Vietnam: le degel bien tempere. La Liberation, le 20 Janvier 1982. (Bdo La Liberation, Quan he Phdp-Vi4l Nam: lien tai su hod diu, ngdy 20/01/1982). P. Sabatier, France-Vietnam: le degel bien tempere. La Liberation, le 20 Janvier 1982. '* Nam 1981, phia Viet Nam dd tra cho Phdp dist?c 500 trieu franc trong t6ng s6 no. Sau d6 Vi^t Nam xin hoan tra ng va Chinh phu Phdp chip nhan k^o dai thtxi M trd npr cho Viet Nam. !^gu6n: Le Monde, Vers une meilleure cooperation, 'e 10 avril 1982. (Bao Le Monde, Hudng t&i mdt su hf- • ' vd cae bign phdp gia ban ng ciia ede thanh vidn Cdu Igc bg Paris (Club de Paris)'^ dudng loi phdt tridn kinh td theo kidu tap trung, quan lieu, bao cdp ciia phia Vidt Nam , nhiing bat ddng quan didm giiia Phdp vd Viet Nam vd vdn dd "thuydn nhdn" {boatpeople), vdn dd trai cdi tgo De gidi quyet tinh trgng be tdc do, ngdy 8/4/1982, Bd trudng Ngoai giao Viet Nam Nguyen Co Thgch dd thye hien ehuydn thdm ehinh thuc nudc Phap, gap gd vdi Bg trudng Ngogi giao Phdp. Myc lieu eo ban ciia chuydn thdm Id nhdm tim ra gidi phdp vd vdn dd Campuehia. Trdn quan diem chung, cd hai ben ddu mong mudn "ngudi ddn Campuehia se dugc hodn todn tu do, khong chiu su de doa bdi cd cdc luc lugng bin lrong vd bin ngodi^^". Tuy nhidn, de trd ldi cho quan didm ciia Phdp yeu cdu Viet Nam nit qudn ngay lap tlic khdi Campuehia, Bd trudng Ngogi giao Nguyen Co Thach khdng djnh: ''Viet Nam se riil qudn ngay sau khi Trung Qudc chdm ditl su de dog cua minh vd se bdt ddu riil qudn ngay khi lanh ihd Thdi Lan khdng cdn bi sit dung la cdn cu qudn su de chdng lgi Campuehia nira." '^ Club de Paris dupe thdnh lap vdo ndm 1956, Id to chirc khong chinh thijc ciia cac ngdn hdng nhd nuac cho nu6c ngodi vay np, thanh lap nhJlm muc dich tim kiSm nhihig gidi phap ben vung cho cac quoc gia vay na nhung gdp kho khdn trong viec tra np. TTieo so lieu thfing ke, din thdi di^m 1983, Viet Nam dS np nuac ngodi tir 2 dSn 3 tri?u USD. (So voi nhung nudc dang phdt trien thi so vay np ndy vdn la khiem ton). Nguon: Le Monde du 28 mars 1983. (Bdo Le Monde ngay 28/03/1983). '^ Le Monde, Vers une meilleure cooperation, le 10 avril 1982. 66 NGHIEN CCru CHAU AU - EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N°4 (139}.2012 Phfa Vidt Nam cung bay td quan diem mong mudn Phdp ddng gdp "vai trd lo lan ciia niinh trong yi('c gidi quyii vdn di Campuehia vd mong mudn phdt Irien moi quan h4 giira Vict Nam vd Phdp vi lgi ich cua cd hai ddn tgc vd vi hod binh cua khu virc Ddng Xam A. " Vc phia Phdp. Bg trudng Ngoai giao Phdp khang djnh: "Phdp vdn giu nguyen quan diem cua minh ve vdn de Campuehia do Id Phdp khdng cdng nhgn chinh phu Campuehia hien tgi dugc thdnh lap do si/ giiip dd ciia I 'iet Nam vd Viel Nam phdi rdt qudn dgi ve nitdc*\ Nhdn dinh ve vai trd ciia Phdp trong quan he ve ehinh trj, Bd trudng Ngoai giao Nguyen Co Thgch dd khdng djnh: "Phdp chiem mdt uu the ndi troi nhdt lrong quan hi giira Viet Nam vdi cdc nudc phuang Tdy Viet Nam ddnh gid cao duang ldi nhdt qudn cua Phdp ve vdn di trung lap a khu vuc Ddng Nam A vd chinh sdch hgp idc ciia Phdp ddi vdi cdc nudc a the giai thir ba. "'" Mac dil cd nhiing trao ddi ngoai giao thudng xuydn vd su hoat ddng hdt sue tich cyc eiia nhirng thanh vidn ciia Ddng Cgng sdn Phdp trong Qudc hdi vd Chinh phii nhdm xiic tidn tang cudng mdi quan hg, song La declaration du Minislre vietnamien des Affaires etrangeres Nguyen Co Thach dans la visile officielle en France du 8 avril 1982, Le Monde du 10 avril 1982. (Bdi phdi bieu cua BQ Iru&ng Ngogi giao Viet Nam Nguyen Ca Thgch trong chuyen tham chinh thuc nuac Phdp ngdy 8/4/1982, Bao Le Monde, ngdy 10/04/1982). Jacques De Barrin, Le contraintes economiques et politiques mainliennent la cooperation avec la France a un niveau modeste, Le Monde, le 4 fevrier 1983. nhirng bdt dong lrong khu vuc van khdng dugc gidi quyet dd khidn sy hgp tdc ve tai ehinh giiia Vigt Nam vd Phdp - yeu td then chdt trong qud trinh hgp tdc - khdng dat ket qua nhu mong mudn. Tuy vdy, vigc phat tridn quan hg giiia Phap va Viet Nam d thdi ky ndy mang mgt y nghTa hdt siic quan trgng vd cd the coi Id ""cira ma" de giai quydt vdn dd Campuehia, bdi quan he vdi Phdp Id cau ndi duy nhat cua Vigt Nam vdi the gidi tu bdn, giiip Vigt Nam timg budc thodt khdi su cd lap d khu vyc va budc vao ddm phdn de gidi quydt van dd ndy khi dieu kidn chin mudi. Ngdy 27/3/1983, Bg trudng Ngogi giao Phdp Claude Cheysson, sau khi tham du Hgi nghi ede Ngoai trudng cua Cdng ddng Kinh td Chdu Au (EEC) vd cua Hidp hgi cac qudc gia Ddng Nam A (ASEAN), da tdi Ha Ngi. Van dd trung tdm ciia chuyen thdm md Bg trudng Phap trao ddi cung vdi dong nghiep eiia minh, Bg trudng Ngogi giao Viet Nam Nguyen Co Thgch dd la: sy giiip do vd hgp lac giua hai nudc tren ITnh vyc kinh id cung nhu nhiing vdn de khu vyc cdn phdi giai quydt. Tuy nhidn, ciing nhu nhiing cudc dam phdn trudc dd, van dd kinh td van chi nam trdn gidy td bdi nhirng bd tdc tir sy bdt ddng quan didm vd Campuehia. Vdn dd trgng tam ciia cudc vidng thdm chinh Id ban vd nhung gidi phdp cho khu vyc. Ngogi trudng Phap bdy td quan didm cua minh: "Nitac Phdp phdn ddi vi^c quay tra lgi cua PonpSt b Campuehia cUng nhu viic Lien hgp qudc ^ai lut/f^'i nam quan ftp 67 ch&p thudn su lien minh cdc luc lugng Irong S c6 luc lugng cua PonpSt. Nuac Phdp cung se khdng dgt quan he chinh ihitc vdi chinh phu thdn Viet Nam cua Campuehia hien nay. Mac dii vdy, viic giup dd cho nhdn dan Campuehia ve to chitc citu trg nhdn dgo va luang thuc vdn dugc Phdp lien hdnh Ihong qua Lien hgp qudc vd cdc td chitc phi chinh phu." Lien quan ddn viec riit qudn dgi Viet Nam tai Campuehia, quan diem ciia Phdp van khdng djnh: "Viec Viit Nam rut qudn khoi Campuehia Id mgt viec ldm cdn ihiil vd khdn ngoan."' Ben cgnh nhiing bdt ddng, cd Viet Nam va Phdp ddu tim thdy mdt didm chung do Id khdng chip nhdn su quay lai ciia Khome Dd ducri sy hau thuan ciia Trung Qudc nhdm ndm Igi chinh quydn d Campuchia.^^ Su tuong ddng vd y kidn ndy chfnh Id mdt yeu 16 rdt quan trgng, mdt co hdi ma cd Viet Nam vd Phdp ddu cd gdng nam bat dd tim cho dugc mdt gidi phdp khu vuc. ^^ Le discours du Ministre fran^ais des Affaires filrangeres en visite au Vietnam du 27 mars 1983, cite dans Le Monde du 28 mars 1983 par Daniel Roussel, Claude Cheysson d Hanoi. (Bai phdt biSu cua Ngo^i truong Phdp trong chuydn thdm Viet Nam ngdy 27/03/1983, dupe trich ddng tren bdo Le Monde ngdy 28/03/1983 Uong bai viit ciia Daniel Roussel: Claude Cheysson tdi Hd Ndi). " Le discours du Ministre fran^ais des Affaires Strangfires en visite au Vietnam du 27 mars 1983, cite dans Le Monde du 28 mars 1983 par Daniel Roussel: Claude Cheysson a Hanoi. " Noel Darbroz, Paris - Hanoi: Trente ans apres. La Croix le 19 octohrp 1983. (Paris - Ha Nai: Ba muai Bdt ddu tir 1986, chinh phu Viet Nam cd sy thay ddi to Idn trong dudng ldi phdt tridn ddt nudc ciia minh. Dc phu hgp vdi tinh hinh mdi ciia thd gidi, de tdn tai vd phdt trien, Vigt Nam tien hdnh cdng cudc ddi mdi ddt nudc. Dudng ldi ddi mdi dugc dd ra cu the trong Dgi hgi Dang Idn thir VI (12/1986) vdi nhiing thay doi co bdn ve chfnh sdch phdt trien kinh te, vd dudng ldi ddi ngoai v.v. Van dd Campuehia dugc xem xet mgt cdch tfch cue vd ehii truong thue day viec binh thudng hod quan he vdi tat cd eae nudc da md ra mdt CO hgi mdi eho viec Viet Nam hoa nhdp thd gidi. Sy thay ddi dudng ldi phdt trien ciia Viet Nam da nhdn duge su iing hg mgnh me tir phia Phdp, dac biet Id tir sau khi Francois Mitterrand trd thdnh Tdng thdng Phdp ndm 1988." Bdn cgnh vide tidp tuc giiip dd, vien trg vd luong thyc, thuc phdm vd thudc men, Phdp tdng cudng ddng vai trd trung gian, tim cdc bien phdp cho viec gidi quydt vdn dd Campuehia, chudn bi cho viec td chiic Hgi nghi qudc td vd Campuehia tai Paris. Vdn dd Campuehia dan ddn dugc gidi quydt vd viec cdc nudc Ddng Nam A ngdi lai vdi nhau dd ddi thogi, bdn bgc tim ra gidi phdp da md ra mgt giai dogn mdi trong mdi quan he cua cdc nudc d khu vuc. Ciing vdi vide Chien tranh Lgnh kdt thuc trdn thd gidi, xu hudng ddi thoai, hgp tac da md ra mdt thdi ky mdi day thuan lgi cho mdi quan he Phdp-Viet. " Tr^n Vu Phuang, Quan h4 Phdp-Vi?t trong nhirng ndm gan ddy, T?p chi NghiSn cuu Chdu Au, s6 . HAI MUOI NAM QUAN HE PHAP - VIET NAM (1975 - 1995) (Phdn mdt) Nguyen Thj Hanh Ldi Toa soan: Viet Nam vd Phdp la hai quoc. chgp" trong quan he kinh td-chinh trj va phdt tridn tuong ddi mgnh trong hgp tdc vdn hod, khoa hge - kT thudt. * Quan hi kinh ti- chinh tri Nam 1981,