[...]... during the golf swing In A.J.Cochran (ED.), Science and Golf: Proceedings of the First World Scientific Congress of Golf, University of St Andrews, Scotland London: E&FN Spon 25–29, 1990 Barclay, JK, WE McIlroy Effect of skill level on muscle activity in the neck and forearm muscles during golf swing In A.J.Cochran (ED.), Science and Golf: Proceedings of the First World Scientific Congress of Golf, ... pressure under the last three fingers of the left hand, the base of the first three fingers of the right hand and the left thumb He 8 HOW HAS BIOMECHANICS CONTRIBUTED TO THE GOLF SWING? found that during the downswing the left thumb and right hand apply an impulsive force to the club, reaching peak 50 or 60 milliseconds prior to impact The last three fingers of the left hand were important to withstand centrifugal... equipment designers, golf course maintainers, designers and planners and inquiring golfers generally, as well as scientific researchers, will find something in the book that is of use to them as well as of interest Alastair Cochran Martin Farrally xxii The World Scientific Congress of Golf acknowledges financial support from the Royal and Ancient Golf Club of St Andrews and the United States Golf Association... axis of rotation14 The golfer must manage the club position by applying a negative torque throughout the first part of the downswing11, 14,17,24 The negative torque is applied with only gentle physical effort until the club was at approximately 60–70 degrees from the horizontal27 The time of downswing is approximately 230 to 250ms, with the Science and Golf II: Proceedings of the World Scientific Congress. .. novice golfers In A.J.Cochran (ED.), Science and Golf: Proceedings of the First World Scientific Congress of Golf, University of St Andrews, Scotland London: E&FN Spon 36–42, 1990 Neal, RJ, BD Wilson 3D kinematics and kinetics of the golf swing Int J Sport Biomech 1(3):221–232, 1985 Pink, M, FW Jobe, J Perry Electromyographic analysis of the shoulder during the golf swing Int J Sport Biomechn 1(3):221–232,... performance of the golf shaft during the downswing J.H.Butler and D.C.Winfield 312 40 An investigation of three dimensional deformation of a golf club during downswing A.M.Brylawski 319 41 The attitude of the shaft during the swing of golfers of different ability J.S.B.Mather and M.A.J.Cooper 326 42 Golf shaft flex point—an analysis of measurement techniques A.Chou and O.C.Roberts 336 43 Kick back effect of. .. from the International Council of Sport Science and Physical Education through the World Commission of Sports Biomechanics Part One The Golfer 1 How has biomechanics contributed to the understanding of the golf swing? C.J.Dillman and G.W.Lange Steadman-Hawkins Sports Medicine Foundation, Vail, Colorado, USA Abstract Research on the biomechanics of the golf swing has been carried out to understand and. .. Congress, held in 1990, namely of issuing it in time for distribution at the Congress This imposes quite strict deadlines on authors and reviewers and we wish to thank all of them for their co-operation The papers are grouped into three Parts, entitled The Golfer, The Equipment, and The Golf Course and the Game Within each Part, similar topics are located as near to each other as possible Much of the. .. during the golf drive: a case study involving a low handicap player and a high handicap player In A.J.Cochran (ED.), Science and Golf: Proceedings of the First World Scientific Congress of Golf , University of St Andrews, Scotland London: E&FN Spon 25–29, 1990 Williams, A J, Jr An obscure influence in the golf shot, J Dynamic Systems, Measurement and Control, Trails ASME, Series G, (94), December: 289–295,... problems of municipal provision J.R.Lowerson 721 90 Golf, development and the human sciences: the swing is not the only thing B.Stoddart 730 91 Discipline and flourish: golf as a civilising process? D.Collinson and K.Hoskin 739 92 Golf, media and change in Australia B.Parker 748 Index 759 Authors’ names and addresses The names and addresses in this list are those of the ‘contact authors’ of the papers . from the British Library World Scientific Congress of Golf St. Andrews, Scotland 4–8th July 1994 Held at the University of St. Andrews and approved and. 319 41 The attitude of the shaft during the swing of golfers of different ability J.S.B.Mather and M.A.J.Cooper 326 42 Golf shaft flex point—an analysis of measurement