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BEIJING • CAMBRIDGE • FARNHAM • KÖLN • SEBASTOPOL • TOKYO
Illustrated Guide to
Home Forensic Science
Experiments
Robert Bruce Thompson and Barbara Fritchman Thompson
First Edition
diy Science
All Lab, No Lecture
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Illustrated Guide to
Home Forensic Science Experiments
All Lab, No Lecture
The O’Reilly logo is a registered trademark of O’Reilly Media, Inc. The DIY Science series designa-
tions, Illustrated Guide to Home Forensic Science Experiments: All Lab, No Lecture, and related
trade dress are trademarks of O’Reilly Media, Inc. The trademarks of third parties used in this work
are the property of their respective owners.
Important Message to Our Readers: Your safety is your own responsibility, including proper use
of equipment and safety gear, and determining whether you have adequate skill and experience.
Chemicals, electricity, and other resources used for these projects are dangerous unless used
properly and with adequate precautions, including safety gear. Some illustrative photos do not
depict safety precautions or equipment, in order to show the project steps more clearly. These
projects are not intended for use by children.
Use of the instructions and suggestions in Illustrated Guide to Home Forensic Science Experi-
ments: All Lab, No Lecture is at your own risk. O’Reilly Media, Inc., and the authors disclaim all
responsibility for any resulting damage, injury, or expense. It is your responsibility to make sure
that your activities comply with applicable laws, including copyright.
ISBN: 978-1-449-33451-2
[TI]
by Robert Bruce Thompson and Barbara Fritchman Thompson
Copyright © 2012 Robert Bruce Thompson and Barbara Fritchman Thompson. All rights reserved.
Printed in Canada.
Published by O’Reilly Media, Inc., 1005 Gravenstein Highway North, Sebastopol, CA 95472.
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Print History
July 2012
First Edition
Editor: Brian Jepson
Production Editor: Melanie Yarbrough
Copy Editor: Bob Russell, Octal Publishing, Inc.
Proofreader: Linley Dolby
Indexer: Bob Pfahler
Cover Designer: Mark Paglietti
Cover Photograph: Robert Bruce Thompson
Interior Designer: Ron Bilodeau
Illustrator: Rebecca Demarest
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To Edmond Locard (1877 - 1966), often called the French Sherlock Holmes, who, as a professor of forensic medicine and criminology
at the University of Lyons, in 1910 established the world’s first police crime laboratory. Locard’s lab occupied two attic rooms staffed
by two assistants provided grudgingly by the Lyons police department, and was initially less well equipped than the home forensics
lab we used in writing this book. Despite these limited resources, Locard’s results soon convinced police departments worldwide,
including Scotland Yard and the FBI, to found their own crime labs.
Locard was the first to state the fundamental principle of forensic science, now known as Locard’s Exchange Principle: “Wherever
he steps, whatever he touches, whatever he leaves, even unconsciously, will serve as a silent witness against him. Not only his
fingerprints or his footprints, but his hair, the fibers from his clothes, the glass he breaks, the tool mark he leaves, the paint he
scratches, the blood or semen he deposits or collects. All of these and more bear mute witness against him. This is evidence that
does not forget. It is not confused by the excitement of the moment. It is not absent because human witnesses are. It is factual
evidence. Physical evidence cannot be wrong, it cannot perjure itself, it cannot be wholly absent. Only human failure to find it, study
and understand it, can diminish its value.”
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Contents v
Contents
Preface xiii
1 Laboratory Safety 1
2 Equipping Your Forensics Laboratory 5
Optical Equipment 5
Laboratory Equipment 13
Chemicals and Reagents 19
Specimens 26
Group I Soil Analysis 31
Lab I-1 Gather and Prepare Soil Samples 35
Equipment and Materials 35
Background 36
Procedure I-1-1: Gather Soil Specimens 37
Procedure I-1-2: Dry Soil Specimens 38
Review Questions 40
Lab I-2 Examine the Physical Characteristics of Soil 43
Equipment and Materials 43
Background 44
Procedure I-2-1: Observe and Categorize Soil Color 44
Procedure I-2-2: Determine Soil Density 46
Procedure I-2-3: Determine Soil Settling Time 48
Procedure I-2-4: Determine Soil Particle Size Distribution 49
Review Questions 52
Lab I-3 Examine the Microscopic Characteristics of Soil 55
Equipment and Materials 55
Background 56
Procedure I-3-1: Examine Soil Specimens under Magnification 57
Review Questions 58
Lab I-4 Assay Phosphate Concentrations in Soil Specimens 61
Equipment and Materials 61
Background 62
Procedure I-4-1: Extract Soil Specimens 63
Procedure I-4-2: Assay Soil Phosphate Concentrations 64
Review Questions 65
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vi DIY Science: Illustrated Guide to Home Forensic Science Experiments
Lab I-5 Examine the Spectroscopic Characteristics of Soil 67
Equipment and Materials 67
Background 68
Procedure I-5-1: Extract Ion Species from Soil Specimens 69
Procedure I-5-2: Test Soil Specimen Extracts with the Spectrometer 69
Procedure I-5-3: Identify Ions Present in Exemplar 72
Review Questions 73
Group II Hair and Fiber Analysis 75
Lab II-1 Gathering Hair Specimens 79
Equipment and Materials 79
Background 80
Procedure II-1-1: Obtain Hair Specimens with Forceps 81
Procedure II-1-2: Obtain Hair Specimens with Lift Tape 82
Review Questions 83
Lab II-2 Study the Morphology of Human Scalp Hair 85
Equipment and Materials 85
Background 86
Procedure II-2-1: Macroscopic Examination of
Human Scalp Hair 87
Procedure II-2-2: Wet-Mount Hair Specimens 88
Procedure II-2-3: Microscopic Examination of Human Scalp Hair 89
Review Questions 91
Lab II-3 Make Scale Casts of Hair Specimens 93
Equipment and Materials 93
Background 93
Procedure II-3-1: Make and Observe Scale Casts of Human Hair 95
Review Questions 96
Lab II-4 Study the Morphology of Animal Hair 99
Equipment and Materials 99
Background 100
Procedure II-4-1: Observe Animal Hair 101
Review Question 101
Lab II-5 Individualize Human Hair Specimens 103
Equipment and Materials 103
Background 104
Procedure II-5-1: Obtain Hair Specimens 105
Procedure II-5-2: Observe and Characterize Hair Specimens 105
Review Questions 106
Lab II-6 Physical and Chemical Tests of Fibers 109
Equipment and Materials 109
Background 110
Procedure II-6-1: Test Fiber Specimens by Burning 111
Procedure II-6-2: Test Fiber Specimens by Solubility 115
Procedure II-6-3: Test Fiber Specimens by Dye Stripping 118
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Contents vii
Procedure II-6-4: Test Fiber Specimens by Dyeing 120
Review Questions 122
Lab II-7 Study the Morphology of Fibers and Fabrics 127
Equipment and Materials 127
Background 128
Procedure II-7-1: Macroscopic Examination of Fabrics 129
Procedure II-7-2: Microscopic Examination of Fibers and Fabrics 130
Procedure II-7-3: Cross-Sectional Examination of
Fiber Specimens 132
Procedure II-7-4: Determine the Refractive Index of Fibers with
RI Matching Liquids 134
Procedure II-7-5: Examining Fibers by Polarized Light 139
Review Questions 141
Group III Glass and Plastic Analysis 145
Lab III-1 Determine Densities of Glass and Plastic Specimens 149
Equipment and Materials 149
Background 150
Procedure III-1-1: Determine Density by Displacement 152
Procedure III-1-2: Determine Density by Flotation 153
Review Questions 154
Lab III-2 Compare Refractive Indices of Glass and Plastic Specimens 157
Equipment and Materials 157
Background 158
Procedure III-2-1: Compare RI of Questioned and
Known Specimens 159
Review Question 160
Lab III-3 Observe Shatter Patterns 163
Equipment and Materials 163
Background 164
Procedure III-3-1: Produce Glass Shards 164
Procedure III-3-2: Observe and Compare Glass Shards 165
Review Questions 165
Group IV Revealing Latent Fingerprints 167
Lab IV-1 Dusting and Lifting Latent Fingerprints 177
Equipment and Materials 177
Background 177
Procedure IV-1-1: Dusting Latent Fingerprints 178
Procedure IV-1-2: Lifting Developed Fingerprints 179
Review Questions 180
Lab IV-2 Revealing Latent Fingerprints Using Iodine Fuming 183
Equipment and Materials 183
Background 184
Procedure IV-2-1: Fuming Latent Fingerprints with Iodine 185
Review Questions 187
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viii DIY Science: Illustrated Guide to Home Forensic Science Experiments
Lab IV-3 Revealing Latent Fingerprints Using Ninhydrin 189
Equipment and Materials 189
Background 190
Procedure IV-3-1: Developing Latent Fingerprints
with Ninhydrin 191
Procedure IV-3-2: Ninhydrin After-Treatments 192
Review Questions 193
Lab IV-4 Revealing Latent Fingerprints Using Superglue Fuming 197
Equipment and Materials 197
Background 198
Procedure IV-4-1: Preparing for Superglue Fuming 199
Procedure IV-4-2: Fuming Latent Fingerprints with Superglue 199
Procedure IV-4-3: Dusting and Lifting Superglue-fumed Fingerprints 200
Review Questions 201
Lab IV-5 Revealing Latent Fingerprints On Sticky Surfaces 203
Equipment and Materials 203
Background 204
Procedure IV-5-1: Preparing Specimens for Gentian
Violet Development 205
Procedure IV-5-2: Developing Specimens with Gentian Violet 205
Review Questions 207
Lab IV-6 Revealing Latent Fingerprints On Brass Cartridge Cases 209
Equipment and Materials 209
Background 210
Procedure IV-6-1: Treat Specimens with Acidified
Hydrogen Peroxide 210
Review Question 211
Group V Detecting Blood 213
Lab V-1 Testing the Sensitivity and Selectivity of Kastle-Meyer Reagent 217
Equipment and Materials 217
Background 218
Procedure V-1-1: Prepare Known Dilutions of Blood 219
Procedure V-1-2: Spot Known Dilutions of Blood 220
Procedure V-1-3: Test Sensitivity of Kastle-Meyer Reagent 221
Procedure V-1-4: Test Selectivity of Kastle-Meyer Reagent 222
Procedure V-1-5: Field Testing with Kastle-Meyer Reagent 222
Review Questions 223
Group VI Impression Analysis 227
Lab VI-1 Tool Mark Analysis 231
Equipment and Materials 231
Background 232
Procedure VI-1-1: Produce and Compare Compression Specimens 233
Procedure VI-1-2: Produce and Compare Scoring Specimens 235
Review Questions 236
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[...]... 407 xii DIY Science: Illustrated Guide to Home Forensic Science Experiments www.it-ebooks.info Preface You’re reading this preface, so it’s a fair assumption that you’re interested in forensic science You’re in good company For more than 100 years, forensic science has fascinated a lot of people Popular interest in forensic science started with the detective stories of Edgar Allen Poe... a disposable respirator mask if you handle chemicals that are toxic by inhalation 2 DIY Science: Illustrated Guide to Home Forensic Science Experiments www.it-ebooks.info Avoid laboratory hazards Don’t Do Stupid Things • Avoid chemical hazards • Never eat, drink, or smoke in the laboratory Never taste any laboratory chemical or sniff it directly (Use your hand to waft the odor toward your nose.) Never... xvi DIY Science: Illustrated Guide to Home Forensic Science Experiments www.it-ebooks.info analysis He has worked in the forensic field since 1980 He was appointed acting director of the State Crime Laboratory in 1992, appointed to the director’s position in 1995, and has held a position in the University of Rhode Island College of Pharmacy as an adjunct assistant professor of biomedical sciences... scientists are at what they do, how persistent and inventive they have to be, and just how hard they work to get the job done Welcome to the world of real forensics xiv DIY Science: Illustrated Guide to Home Forensic Science Experiments www.it-ebooks.info Individual versus Class Evidence Throughout this book, we refer to the two categories of forensic evidence Individual evidence is evidence—such as a fingerprint... contains links to equipment kits customized for this book, corrections and errata, supplemental material that didn’t make it into the book, and so on Visit this page before you buy any equipment or chemicals and before you do any of the experiments Revisit it periodically as you use the book www.thehomescientist.com/forensics Thank You Thank you for buying Illustrated Guide to Home Forensic Science Experiments. .. directly, send mail to: robert@thehomescientist.com barbara@thehomescientist.com Preface xvii www.it-ebooks.info We read all mail we receive from readers, but we cannot respond individually If we did, we’d have no time to do anything else But we do like to hear from readers We also maintain a dedicated landing page on our main website to support Illustrated Guide to Home Forensic Science Experiments This... need to equip your forensics lab and work safely in your lab II Laboratory: Hair and Fiber Analysis III Laboratory: Glass and Plastic Analysis 1 Laboratory Safety IV Laboratory: Revealing Latent Fingerprints 2 Equipping a Forensics Lab V Laboratory: Blood Detection The bulk of the book is made up of the following 11 hands-on laboratory chapters, each devoted to a particular topic Each of the laboratory... vendors, drugstores Mounting fluids for temporary mounts ● drugstores, supermarkets Scanner with software (optional) ○ Local/online vendors Spectrometer (optional) ○ See text Ultraviolet light source ○ See text 12 DIY Science: Illustrated Guide to Home Forensic Science Experiments www.it-ebooks.info Laboratory Equipment In designing the lab sessions for this book, we made every effort to keep equipment... O’Reilly website for Illustrated Guide to Home Forensic Science Experiments lists examples, errata, and plans for future editions You can find this page at: http://oreil.ly /home_ forensic_ science_ exp MAKE unites, inspires, informs, and entertains a growing community of resourceful people who undertake amazing projects in their backyards, basements, and garages MAKE celebrates your right to tweak, hack, and... Robert, the co-author of numerous books about computers, science, and technology With her masters in library science and 20 years’ experience as a public librarian, Barbara is the research half of our writing team xviii DIY Science: Illustrated Guide to Home Forensic Science Experiments www.it-ebooks.info www.it-ebooks.info www.it-ebooks.info Laboratory Safety 1 First things first This is a short chapter, . purposes.
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xvi DIY Science: Illustrated Guide to Home Forensic Science Experiments
We consider forensics to be the ideal introductory lab-based
science course. mail to:
robert@thehomescientist.com
barbara@thehomescientist.com
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xviii DIY Science: Illustrated Guide to Home Forensic Science Experiments
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