Christmas: Its Origin and Associations, by CHAPTER I CHAPTER II CHAPTER III CHAPTER IV CHAPTER V CHAPTER VI CHAPTER VII CHAPTER VIII CHAPTER IX CHAPTER X CHAPTER XI CHAPTER XII CHAPTER XIII CHAPTER IV CHAPTER V CHAPTER VI CHAPTER IX CHAPTER X Christmas: Its Origin and Associations, by William Francis Dawson This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org Title: Christmas: Its Origin and Associations Together with Its Historical Events and Festive Celebrations During Nineteen Centuries Christmas: Its Origin and Associations, by Author: William Francis Dawson Release Date: July 10, 2007 [eBook #22042] Language: English Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 ***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CHRISTMAS: ITS ORIGIN AND ASSOCIATIONS*** E-text prepared by Robert Cicconetti, Turgut Dincer, and the Project Gutenberg Online Distributed Proofreading Team (http://www.pgdp.net) Note: Project Gutenberg also has an HTML version of this file which includes the original illustrations See 22042-h.htm or 22042-h.zip: (http://www.gutenberg.net/dirs/2/2/0/4/22042/22042-h/22042-h.htm) or (http://www.gutenberg.net/dirs/2/2/0/4/22042/22042-h.zip) Transcriber's note: In this text a character with macron is represented as [=x] Superscripted characters are enclosed by curly brackets and preceed by a caret character (example: ^{th}) [Illustration: BRINGING IN THE YULE LOG Frontispiece.] CHRISTMAS: ITS ORIGIN AND ASSOCIATIONS, TOGETHER WITH ITS HISTORICAL EVENTS AND FESTIVE CELEBRATIONS DURING NINETEEN CENTURIES: DEPICTING, BY PEN AND PENCIL, MEMORABLE CELEBRATIONS, STATELY MEETINGS OF EARLY KINGS, REMARKABLE EVENTS, ROMANTIC EPISODES, BRAVE DEEDS, PICTURESQUE CUSTOMS, TIME-HONOURED SPORTS, ROYAL CHRISTMASES, CORONATIONS AND ROYAL MARRIAGES, CHIVALRIC FEATS, COURT BANQUETINGS AND REVELLINGS, CHRISTMAS AT THE COLLEGES AND THE INNS OF COURT, POPULAR FESTIVITIES, AND CHRISTMAS-KEEPING IN DIFFERENT PARTS OF THE WORLD, DERIVED FROM THE MOST AUTHENTIC SOURCES, AND ARRANGED CHRONOLOGICALLY BY W F DAWSON At home, at sea, in many distant lands, This Kingly Feast without a rival stands! LONDON ELLIOT STOCK, 62, PATERNOSTER ROW, E.C 1902 Christmas: Its Origin and Associations, by REPUBLISHED BY GALE RESEARCH COMPANY, BOOK TOWER, DETROIT, 1968 [Illustration] PREFACE In the third quarter of the nineteenth century, it fell to my lot to write an article on Christmas, its customs and festivities And, although I sought in vain for a chronological account of the festival, I discovered many interesting details of its observances dispersed in the works of various authors; and, while I found that some of its greater celebrations marked important epochs in our national history, I saw, also, that the successive celebrations of Christmas during nineteen centuries were important links in the chain of historical Christian evidences I became enamoured of the subject, for, in addition to historical interest, there is the charm of its legendary lore, its picturesque customs, and popular games It seemed to me that the origin and hallowed associations of Christmas, its ancient customs and festivities, and the important part it has played in history combine to make it a most fascinating subject I resolved, therefore, to collect materials for a larger work on Christmas Henceforth, I became a snapper-up of everything relating to Christmastide, utilised every opportunity of searching libraries, bookstalls, and catalogues of books in different parts of the country, and, subsequently, as a Reader of the British Museum Library, had access to that vast storehouse of literary and historical treasures Soon after commencing the work, I realised that I had entered a very spacious field of research, and that, having to deal with the accumulated materials of nineteen centuries, a large amount of labour would be involved, and some years must elapse before, even if circumstances proved favourable, I could hope to see the end of my task Still, I went on with the work, for I felt that a complete account of Christmas, ancient and modern, at home and abroad, would prove generally acceptable, for while the historical events and legendary lore would interest students and antiquaries, the holiday sports and popular celebrations would be no less attractive to general readers The love of story-telling seems to be ingrained in human nature Travellers tell of vari-coloured races sitting round their watch fires reciting deeds of the past; and letters from colonists show how, even amidst forest-clearing, they have beguiled their evening hours by telling or reading stories as they sat in the glow of their camp fires And in old England there is the same love of tales and stories One of the chief delights of Christmastide is to sit in the united family circle and hear, tell, or read about the quaint habits and picturesque customs of Christmas in the olden time; and one of the purposes of CHRISTMAS is to furnish the retailer of Christmas wares with suitable things for re-filling his pack From the vast store of materials collected it is not possible to more than make a selection How far I have succeeded in setting forth the subject in a way suited to the diversity of tastes among readers I must leave to their judgment and indulgence; but I have this satisfaction, that the gems of literature it contains are very rich indeed; and I acknowledge my great indebtedness to numerous writers of different periods whose references to Christmas and its time-honoured customs are quoted I have to acknowledge the courtesy of Mr Henry Jewitt, Mr E Wiseman, Messrs Harper, and Messrs Cassell & Co., in allowing their illustrations to appear in this work My aim is neither critical nor apologetic, but historical and pictorial: it is not to say what might or ought to have been, but to set forth from extant records what has actually taken place: to give an account of the origin and hallowed associations of Christmas, and to depict, by pen and pencil, the important historical events and interesting festivities of Christmastide during nineteen centuries With materials collected from different parts of the world, and from writings both ancient and modern, I have endeavoured to give in the present work a chronological account of the celebrations and observances of Christmas from the birth of Christ to the end of Christmas: Its Origin and Associations, by the nineteenth century; but, in a few instances, the subject-matter has been allowed to take precedence of the chronological arrangement Here will be found accounts of primitive celebrations of the Nativity, ecclesiastical decisions fixing the date of Christmas, the connection of Christmas with the festivals of the ancients, Christmas in times of persecution, early celebrations in Britain, stately Christmas meetings of the Saxon, Danish, and Norman kings of England; Christmas during the wars of the Roses, Royal Christmases under the Tudors, the Stuarts and the Kings and Queens of Modern England; Christmas at the Colleges and the Inns of Court; Entertainments of the nobility and gentry, and popular festivities; accounts of Christmas celebrations in different parts of Europe, in America and Canada, in the sultry lands of Africa and the ice-bound Arctic coasts, in India and China, at the Antipodes, in Australia and New Zealand, and in the Islands of the Pacific; in short, throughout the civilised world In looking at the celebrations of Christmas, at different periods and in different places, I have observed that, whatever views men hold respecting Christ, they all agree that His Advent is to be hailed with joy, and the nearer the forms of festivity have approximated to the teaching of Him who is celebrated the more real has been the joy of those who have taken part in the celebrations The descriptions of the festivities and customs of different periods are given, as far as possible, on the authority of contemporary authors, or writers who have special knowledge of those periods, and the most reliable authorities have been consulted for facts and dates, great care being taken to make the work as accurate and trustworthy as possible I sincerely wish that all who read it may find as much pleasure in its perusal as I have had in its compilation WILLIAM FRANCIS DAWSON [Illustration] [Illustration: Contents] CHAPTER I CHAPTER I PAGE THE ORIGIN AND ASSOCIATIONS OF CHRISTMAS 5 CHAPTER II CHAPTER II The Earlier Celebrations of the Festival 10 CHAPTER III CHAPTER III Early Christmas Celebrations in Britain 23 CHAPTER IV CHAPTER IV Christmas, From the Norman Conquest To Magna Charta 40 (A.D 1066-1215.) CHAPTER V CHAPTER V Christmas, From Magna Charta To the End of the Wars of the Roses (A.D 1215-1485.) 62 CHAPTER VI CHAPTER VI Christmas Under Henry VII and Henry VIII 94 (A.D 1485-1547.) 10 CHAPTER X Telesphorus, St., Bishop of Rome, 13 Tempest, great, 74 Templars' sports, 198 Temple-horn winded, 198 Temple of Minerva, 184 Temples, the, 111 Tenants' and labourers' feast, 231 Tennyson, 31, 270 Teonge, Rev Henry, 218 Tetzel, 89 Teuton forefathers, our, 26 Teuton kinsmen, 34 Tewkesbury, 94 Thackeray, Mr., 229 Thames, 108, 127 Thanet, Isle of, 28 Theatrical exhibitions, 141, 229, 230 Thelluson, Hon Mr and Miss, 273 Theobald, Archbishop, 53 Theobalds, 154, 193, 194 Theodosius the younger, 22 Thewlis, St., 284 Thomas, St., 54 Thomas, St (a place), 288 Thomas's Day, St., 130, 164, 265 Thomas, Thomas, 280 288 CHAPTER X Thomas, the Misses, 262 Thor, 15, 26, 29 Thorold, Sir Wilfrid de, 267 Thunder (see Thor), 29 Thurstan, Archbishop, 48 Thrybergh, 219 Tilting, 155 (see also Tournament) "Time's Alteration," 217 "Time's Complaint," 170 "Time's Telescope," 251 Tobacco, 259, 278 Toffee, 281 Tommy Atkins, 299 Torchlight procession, 286 Torksey Hall, 266 Tostig, Earl, 38 Tournaments, 32, 52, 67, 73, 78, 99, 101, 155, 189, 190 Tower of London, 79, 92, 117, 123, 223, 226 Towton, 87 Toys, 265 Tragedy of "Gowry," the, 153 Traill, Mr., 287 Transatlantic Saxons, 309 Transvaal, 288 Travelling, ancient, 31 "Treason! treason!" cried James I., 193 289 CHAPTER X Tricks by animals, 229 Trinity College, Cambridge, 110 Trinity Term, 131 Triphook, Robert, 155 Tripoli, 55 Triumphs of the tournament, 101 Trumpeters, 89 Trumpets, 220, 261 Trunks, small, 195 "Truth," in pageantry, 122 Tucker, Thomas, the elected Prince, 156 Tudela, Benjamin of, 52 Tudor, Edmund, Jasper, Owen, 94 Tumbling, 119, 228 Turkeys, 246, 340 "Turkish Knight," 284 "Turkish Magistrates," 119 Turnham Green, 284 Tusser, Thomas, 124, 140, 146 Twelfthtide, 15, 35, 95, 97, 100, 102, 125, 135, 153, 154, 188, 190, 193, 198, 201, 241, 320, 342 Twelve days of Christmas, 35, 111, 125, 227 Tyrrel, Sir Walter, 47 Tytler, General, 300 U Udall, Nicholas, 119 Ukraine, 345 290 CHAPTER X Ule (see Yule) Uniformity, Act of, 117 United States, 288, 309-316 Uphelya, 286 "Ups and Downs of Christmas," the, 209 "Ursa Minor," 273 Usher, 13 Ushers, Gentlemen, 139 Uvedale, Lord of Wickham Manor, 71 V Valorous deeds, 59 Vane, 213 Variety of players, 63 Vaughan, Master, 88 Vawce, Sergeant, 117 "Venetian Senators," 119 Venice, 190, 336 Vere, Earl of Oxford, 75 Vere, Lady Susan, 153 Vernon, Dorothy, 224 Versailles, 35 Vespers, 331 Viands, 55 Victoria, Queen, 258, 260-3 Victoria's grandchildren, Queen, 262 Vienna, 336 291 CHAPTER X Vigil of Christmas, 49, 317 Vigilate, a, 178 "Vindication of Father Christmas," the, 212 Vineyard of pleasure, 88 Vintage, the, 16 Violins, 220 Virgil's Eclogues, 17 Virginian Colonists, 314 Virgin Mary, image of the, 317 Visors depicted in verse, 104 Vivian, Sir Francis, 156; Mr Vivian, 156 Volcano, 305 W Waits, 44, 240 Wakefield, battle of, 86 Wales, 38, 188, 200, 280, 288 Wales, Prince and Princess of, 85, 225, 263 Wallingford, 51, 68 Wanjani, 304 Ward, Rev John, 218 Warning shots, 127 Warren, Earl of, 64 Warrior-King (Edward III.), 74 Warriors rewarded, 42 Wars of Barons, 65 Wars of Roses, 85 292 CHAPTER X Wars of Roses ended, 93 War suspended for Christmas, 81, 84 Warton, author, 110 Warwick, Earl of, 87, 93, 139, 192 Warwick muses, 198 Warwickshire, 146, 284 Wash, the, 62 Wassail, 15, 58, 97, 181 "Wassail Bowl," 15, 273 Wassailing the apple-trees, 278-9 Washburn, Ex-Minister E B., 318 Washington negroes, 314 Wattewille, Monsieur Robert, 68 "Weekly Account," the, 208 "Weihnacten," 335 "Weihnactt's Bescheerung," 335 "Welcome to Christmas," 276 Welcome to all comers, 30, 148, 220, 256 Wellington, 304 Welsh border, 38, 43 Welsh Christmas, 280-2 Western Church, the, 12 West Kington, 113 Westminster, 46, 62, 64, 74, 87, 89, 123 Westminster Abbey, 38, 51, 123, 140, 193 Westminster Hall, 46, 60, 64, 68, 78, 93, 118, 123, 226 293 CHAPTER X Weston, Dr., 118 West Riding of Yorkshire, 282-4 West Newton, 263 Whalley, Colonel, 212 Wheatley, Mr W M., 265 Whippingham, 262 White, Sir Thomas, 118 Whitehall, 118, 154 Whitelock, 207 "White Rose of York," 85 Whittier, J G., 37 Wild Boar, 32, 33, 45, 110 William, Prince of Orange, 220 William and Mary, 221 William IV., 258 William the Almoner, 64 William the Conqueror, 39 William, King of Prussia, 35 William Rufus, 46 William, son of Henry I., 47 William of Malmesbury, 49 William of Ypres, 52 Williams, 99 Willoughby, Lord, 82 Winchester, 31, 34, 37, 47, 65; monks of, 56 Winchester, Bishop of, 195 294 CHAPTER X Winchester Palace, 62, 65 Winchester School, 71 Windsor, 31, 47, 48, 54, 62, 75, 80, 87, 225, 261 Wine and honey, 55 Winer, 13 Winters, hard, 67, 138, 154-5 Winter solstice, 15, 29, 295 Winwood, Mr., 153 Wise Men (Magi), 11, 19, 28 Wise Men (the King's), 29, 38, 45 Witches, 195, 237 "Wit-combats," 153 Witenagemot, 29 Wither, George, 190, 204 Wizard of Christmas, 310 Woden, 25, 29 Wolf, 45 Wolferton, 263 Wolley, Sir Francis, 154 Wolsey, Cardinal, 104, 106, 112 Women masks, 119 Wood, Mr., 109, 140, 157 Woodstock, 226 Woodville, Elizabeth, 89 Woodville family, 92 Woolsthorpe, 204, 266 295 CHAPTER X Worcester, 52, 60, 67; Earl of, 82, 189 Workhouse, Christmas at, 288 Worksop, 87 Worship in State, 96-7 Wortley, near Leeds, 291 Wotton, 200 Wrestling, 32 Wright, Thomas, F.S.A., 90 Wyatt, Sir Thomas, 118 Wykeham, William of, 71 Wynh, Lady Williams, 264 Wynn, Sir W W., Bart., 264 Wynnstay Park, 264 Wyrcester, William, 87, 89 X Xtemas, Y Yeoman, 124 Yew, 282 York, 31, 36, 43, 64, 68, 86 York, Archbishop of, 65, 240 York, Bishop of, 25 York, Duchess of, 82 York, Duke of, the young, 92 York, wars of, 85 Yorkshire, 251, 282-4 296 CHAPTER X 297 Yule, Jule, or Ule, 9, 15, 195, 285 Yule-log, 1, 268, 302, 319, 345 "Yuletide," 177, 227, 267, 285 Z Zambombas, 339 Zanzibar, 288 Zukkur Kehls, 300 ***END OF THE PROJECT 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bound and sold in the market; and this madness they